中西医结合治疗小儿秋季腹泻36例疗效观察

目的观察中西医结合治疗小儿秋季腹泻临床疗效。方法 72例秋季腹泻病患儿随机分为观察组和对照组各36例,对照组根据脱水情况给予口服补液盐或静脉补充电解质,服用乳酸菌素及蒙脱石散,观察组在此基础上给予中药口服。1~5 d后观察两组临床疗效及临床症状恢复时间(粪便性状、大便次数、发热等)。结果观察组总有效率94.44%,对照组总有效率75.00%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患儿在粪便性状、大便次数、发热、粪便化验4项恢复时间优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论采用中药中西医结合疗法治疗小儿秋季腹泻可以缩短病程,提高临床疗效。     

慢性腹泻患儿腹泻营养奶治疗疗效观察

目的观察腹泻营养奶治疗慢性或迁延性腹泻患儿的疗效。方法用自拟腹泻营养奶治疗慢性或迁延性腹泻患儿32例。结果治疗组上臂围值、皮褶厚度、体重以及血清总蛋白、白蛋白于治疗前后比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05),对照组治疗前后无显著性差异(P＞0.05);大便次数和大便性状恢复时间在两组间有显著性差异(P＜0.05)。结论本配方腹泻营养奶治疗小儿慢性或迁延性腹泻疗效满意,且原料来源丰富、价廉,适于农村及基层医疗单位推广。     

消旋卡多曲颗粒治疗婴幼儿轮状病毒肠炎43例

目的观察消旋卡多曲颗粒治疗婴幼儿轮状病毒(RV)肠炎的疗效和安全性。方法RV肠炎65例。分为治疗组43例,对照组22例。治疗组先口服消旋卡多曲颗粒0.5 h后,再口服蒙脱石散和妈咪爱;对照组仅口服蒙脱石散和妈咪爱。二组均于空腹状态喂服药物,追踪观察治疗后排便次数、性状和症状变化。结果治疗组服用消旋卡多曲颗粒症状大便次数恢复时间为(3.57±1.12)d,大便性状改变(3.48±0.85)d,治疗组72 h总有效率为90.69%,与对照组比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论消旋卡多曲颗粒治疗婴幼儿轮状病毒肠炎能较快减少腹泻次数,改变大便性状,缩短腹泻病程。     

布拉氏酵母菌散剂预防肺炎儿童抗生素相关性腹泻的疗效观察

目的 评价布拉氏酵母菌散剂治疗对肺炎儿童抗生素相关性腹泻(antibiotic-associated diarrhea,AAD)的预防作用.方法 采用双盲随机对照的方法将245例患有肺炎的住院儿童完全随机分成2组.预防组104例在抗生素治疗基础上加用布拉氏酵母菌散剂治疗;对照组141例,使用安慰剂及抗生素;出现腹泻后对照组加用布拉氏酵母菌散剂治疗,2组患儿均加用蒙脱石散口服和补液治疗.每日观察患儿排便次数及性状,统计2组患儿腹泻发生率、疗效、腹泻持续时间及肺炎总疗程.结果 预防组共16例(15.38％),对照组共41例(29.08％)患儿发生AAD.2组患儿AAD发生率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);与对照组相比,预防组发生AAD的风险下降了55.7％(RR =0.443,95％ CI0.233～0.845,P=0.012).预防组发生AAD的患儿腹泻持续时间及肺炎总疗程均较对照组短,差异有统计学意义(P分别为0.001、0.030).治疗期间未见药物不良反应.结论 早期使用布拉氏酵母菌散剂可有效降低肺炎住院患儿发生AAD的风险,改善疗效,缩短住院时间,未发现不良反应.     

布拉氏酵母菌散剂联合阿奇霉素序贯治疗肺炎支原体肺炎继发腹泻患儿的临床研究

目的 探讨布拉氏酵母菌散剂联合阿奇霉素序贯治疗肺炎支原体肺炎继发腹泻患儿的效果。方法 选取2015年6月至2017年3月肺炎支原体肺炎继发腹泻患儿88例为研究对象,随机数字表法分为对照组（n=44）和研究组（n=44）。对照组采取常规治疗+阿奇霉素序贯治疗,研究组在对照组基础上口服布拉氏酵母菌散剂,用药至阿奇霉素序贯治疗结束。疗程结束后统计比较两组临床症状改善时间、住院时间,以及临床疗效、治疗前后大便次数、肠道菌群失调情况、不良反应发生率。结果 研究组临床症状改善时间及住院时间较对照组缩短（P < 0.05）;研究组治疗有效率高于对照组（P < 0.05）;治疗第3天及第5天研究组患儿大便次数较对照组明显减少（P < 0.05）;两组肠道菌群失调率比较,研究组较对照组低（P < 0.05）;两组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论 采用布拉氏酵母菌散剂联合阿奇霉素序贯治疗肺炎支原体肺炎继发腹泻,可有效改善患儿临床症状,缩短住院时间,减少大便次数,改善肠道菌群失调情况,提高治疗效果,且不会增加不良反应发生风险。     

消旋卡多曲治疗婴幼儿急性水样腹泻临床观察

目的观察消旋卡多曲治疗婴幼儿急性水样腹泻的疗效及安全性。方法筛选154例急性水样腹泻婴幼儿,随机分成3组,①组给予消旋卡多曲颗粒治疗;②组给予必奇+金双歧治疗;③组给予乐度+必奇+金双歧治疗。结果用药前后大便次数及大便性状的评分三组间无显著性差异(P>0.05),临床改善率、综合疗效率及不良反应发生率亦无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论消旋卡多曲是一有效、安全的治疗婴幼儿急性水样腹泻药物。     

喜炎平注射液肌内注射治疗小儿急性支气管炎的疗效:一项多中心、随机、平行对照临床研究北大核心CSCD

目的观察喜炎平注射液肌内注射治疗小儿急性支气管炎的疗效和安全性。方法采用多中心、随机、平行对照方法,前瞻性纳入2021年12月—2022年10月在3家医院的78例急性支气管炎患儿。按1∶1比例分为试验组(常规治疗加喜炎平注射液;n=36)和对照组(单用常规治疗;n=37)。喜炎平注射液采用0.3 mL/(kg·d)(日剂量≤8 mL),2次/d肌内注射,疗程≤4 d,观察7 d。比较两组患儿的治疗疗效和安全性。结果试验组治疗后第3天总有效率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),两组治疗后第5天总有效率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。试验组治疗后第3天发热缓解率、咳嗽缓解率、肺啰音缓解率高于对照组(均P<0.05);试验组治疗后第5天咳嗽缓解率高于对照组(P<0.05),两组发热缓解率、肺啰音缓解率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。试验组咳嗽缓解时间、日咳嗽缓解时间、夜咳嗽缓解时间均显著短于对照组(P<0.05);两组热程和肺部啰音缓解时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患儿不良事件发生率的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论常规治疗联用喜炎平注射液肌内注射治疗小儿急性支气管炎比单独常规治疗的总体疗效更佳,且未增加不良反应的发生。     

双歧杆菌BB-12治疗婴幼儿腹泻临床疗效对照研究

目的评估双歧杆菌BB-12对婴幼儿腹泻治疗的有效性和安全性。方法对2015年12月至2016年8月吉林大学白求恩第一医院小儿消化内科诊治的120例腹泻患儿,采用随机、单盲方法,分为双歧杆菌BB-12治疗组、枯草杆菌二联活菌阳性对照组、未添加益生菌的安慰剂组,各40例。均配合蒙脱石散及补液等对症治疗,比较各组病例临床资料并进行分析。结果治疗组的显效率及有效率分别为37.50%、52.50%,阳性对照组为42.50%、42.50%,安慰剂组为17.50%、52.50%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),治疗组与阳性对照组相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。3组大便次数:第4天治疗组(3.10±1.41)次/d、阳性对照组(3.05±1.63)次/d、安慰剂组(3.93±1.91)次/d;第7天治疗组(1.45±0.64)次/d、阳性对照组(1.43±0.90)次/d、安慰剂组(1.95±1.30)次/d,3组较治疗前均明显减少,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。但治疗组与阳性对照组相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),与安慰剂组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。3组患儿治疗后腹泻好转所需天数方面,治疗组、阳性对照组及安慰剂组分别为(4.20±1.32)d、(4.40±1.37)d、(5.18±1.57)d,3组差异有统计学意义(P0.05),但治疗组与阳性对照组相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论双歧杆菌BB-12治疗婴幼儿腹泻安全有效。     

长沙市362例5岁以下急性腹泻临床分析(摘要)

自1987年6～12月,我们对我院儿科肠道门诊5岁以下疑似急性感染性腹泻的362例患儿,进行了病原学的调查及临床分析,现报告如下。资料和结果一、临床资料凡大便次数突然增多(≥3次/天),大便性状有明显改变,起病在5天以内,未经治疗的5岁以下小儿作为调查对象。于6～10月共收     

保留灌肠佐治小儿慢性腹泻56例疗效观察

目的观察保留灌肠佐治小儿慢性腹泻的临床疗效。方法将56例小儿慢性腹泻患儿随机分为观察组32例和对照组24例。对照组采用综合方法治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加用蒙脱石散及盐酸小檗碱片(或制霉素片)混合液保留灌肠,疗程5d,观察两组治疗效果。结果观察组总有效率93.7%(30/32)明显优于对照组70.8%(17/24),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在综合治疗基础上加用保留灌肠治疗小儿慢性腹泻,疗效显著。     

Breastfeeding perceptions in communities in Mangochi district in Malawi

Aim: To investigate mothers’ perceptions of breastfeeding and influences from their social network. Methods: A cross‐sectional survey was carried out in Mangochi district, Malawi where questionnaire data from 157 rural and 192 semi‐urban mother–infant pairs were obtained. Results: The proportion of mothers who thought that exclusive breastfeeding should last for 6 months and those who reported to have actually exclusively breastfed were 40.1% and 7.5% respectively. Of those who reported practising exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, 77.5% stated that exclusive breastfeeding should last for 6 months. This opinion was independently associated with giving birth in a Baby‐Friendly facility, OR = 5.22; 95% CI (1.92–14.16). Among the mothers who thought that exclusive breastfeeding should last for less than 6 months, 43.9% reported having been influenced in their opinion by health workers. Infant crying was the most common (62.4%) reason for stopping exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusion: The findings illustrate the positive impact health workers can have, as well as the need to raise awareness of the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding among both health workers and mothers. Furthermore, continued counselling of mothers on how to deal with stressful infant behaviour such as crying may assist to prolong exclusive breastfeeding.     

胶原成分在儿童系膜增生性肾小球肾炎中的变化

目的观察系膜增生性肾小球肾炎（ＭｓＰＧＮ）系膜区胶原成分的变化。方法应用链菌素亲生物素过氧化酶连接法观察了３０例轻度ＭｓＰＧＮ肾穿刺活组织标本和正常的肾小球系膜区Ⅳ型胶原及其α链（α１、α３、α５链）、Ⅵ型胶原及Ⅰ型胶原的变化。结果（１）正常肾脏组织中，Ⅳ型胶原及其α１（Ⅳ）链分布于系膜区和基底膜，α３（Ⅳ）、α５（Ⅳ）链分布于基底膜，Ⅵ型胶原分布于系膜区、肾小球基底膜和间质，Ⅰ型胶原仅分布于肾间质。（２）在轻度ＭｓＰＧＮ时，系膜区内Ⅳ型胶原及其α１链、Ⅵ型胶原含量较正常对照明显增多（Ｐ＜０．０１）；当系膜区系膜细胞超过４个时，Ⅰ型胶原开始在肾小球内出现，且在硬化肾小球内Ⅰ型胶原均呈阳性；α３（Ⅳ）、α５（Ⅳ）链与正常对照比较无明显变化，硬化肾小球α３（Ⅳ）、α５（Ⅳ）染色呈阳性。结论系膜区胶原成分增多可先于系膜细胞增生，并随系膜细胞增生而增多，间质胶原成分Ⅰ型胶原，不但出现于硬化肾小球内，而且出现于系膜细胞增生较重时     

Achalasia in siblings in infancy

Achalasia is rare in children, more so familial. We report two siblings with familial achalasia who presented in their infancy with vomiting and failure to thrive. Achalasia can be misdiagnosed as upper gastrointestinal obstruction as happened in one of our siblings. Esophageal contrast roentgenography is diagnostic. Both the children were treated successfully by transabdominal esophagomyotomy with fundoplication.     

哮喘大鼠气道重塑中尾加压素-的表达变化

目的：研究哮喘大鼠气道重塑血清和支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中尾加压素 Ⅱ（U-II）含量的变化及其作用。方法：32只雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠随机分为正常对照组、哮喘2周组、哮喘4周组和哮喘8周组,每组8只。以卵清白蛋白(OVA)致敏与激发建立哮喘大鼠气道重塑模型,图像分析技术测量大鼠支气管壁总面积和平滑肌面积,计算单位基底膜周径(Pbm)的支气管壁厚度(Wat)和平滑肌厚度(Wam),ELISA法测定血清和BALF中U-II的含量。结果：哮喘各组Wat及Wam均明显高于正常对照组（P<0.01）;哮喘组血清和BALF中U-II含量均显著高于正常对照组（P<0.01）,其中哮喘8周组血清和BALF中U-II含量显著高于哮喘4周组和哮喘2周组（P<0.01）,哮喘4周组也显著高于哮喘2周组（P<0.01）。各组大鼠BALF中的U-II含量与Wat及Wam呈正相关,BALF与血清中U-II含量亦呈正相关。结论：哮喘大鼠气道重塑血清和BALF中U-II含量增加;且U-II含量的变化与气道重塑相关。［中国当代儿科杂志,2010,12（4）：287-289］     

Cardiomyopathy in children in Ahmedabad

A clinical study and follow up of 20 children with cardiomyopathies upto age of 16 years are presented. The DCM was most common variety followed by RCM and HCM in pediatric age group. SHMD presenting with cardiomyopathy were common in infancy and early childhood. Cardiomyopathies presented most frequently between 2–5 years and 10–16 years age group with DCM having almost equal distribution. Clinical presentation of various types is described, despite of vigorous decongestive and vasodilator treatment in advanced cases, course was rapidly downhill and prognosis is poor in general.     

转流术治疗小儿精索静脉曲张

目的 采用转流术治疗小儿精索静脉曲张，重新建立精索静脉通道，使静脉回流受阻立即得到改善，消除因睾丸淤血而造成的损害，以利睾丸的正常发育。方法 对28例30侧(左侧26例，双侧2例)精索静脉曲张与腹壁下静脉进行吻合，通过腹壁下静脉，髂静脉转流，手术在放大镜下应用显微外科技术进行，其中28侧用精索静脉主干，2侧结扎一条属支，用另一条静脉进行吻合。结果 通畅率为100％。术后扩张迂曲静脉团消失，阴囊下坠感消失。术后随访24例，时间为3个月-10年。除1例二次手术证实为一条静脉属支漏扎而复发外，另23例全部治愈。结论 精索静脉曲张转流术效果明显优于结扎术，可减少因睾丸淤血对其造成的进一步损害，且术后复发率低。     

北京地区2007年儿童A群轮状病毒腹泻的流行病学研究

目的 研究北京地区急性腹泻儿童中A群轮状病毒(RV)感染的流行病学特点.方法 收集2007年4月至12月我院肠道门诊就诊的2039例急性腹泻患儿的粪便标本,采用标记金的A群RV单克隆抗体,以免疫层析双抗体夹心法定性检测A群RV抗原.结果 2039份粪便标本中,621份检测到A群RV,总检出率为30.5%(621/2039),其中男430例(69.2%),女191例(30.8%).RV感染者中,以6个月～2岁年龄段的患儿为最多,共571例(91.9%).检出率以10～12月份最高,均在30%以上,其中高峰出现在11月份,达43.4%.北京地区18个区县的统计数据显示,距市区较近的区县RV抗原检出率较低,边远区县较高.少部分患儿合并肠道细菌感染.结论 A群RV为北京地区2岁以下儿童急性腹泻病的主病原,6个月～2岁婴幼儿是A群RV的易感人群,10～12月份为北京地区的流行高峰.在流行季节对肠道细菌感染患儿常规进行A群RV抗原检测有助于避免漏诊和进行更合理的治疗.     

Poisoning in children in Japan

The Japan Poison Information Centre (JPIC) received 31510 inquiries about poisoning in children under 6 years old being exposed to poison in the fiscal year 1995. The most frequently implicated products were tobacco (20%) and the peak age for ingestion of household products was 1 year and younger (83.3%). Especially, the inquiries related to children less than 1 year old were 35.7% of the cases. In contrast, the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) data showed that the most common poisonings were due to pharmaceutical products and the inquiries related to children less than 1 year old were only 12.1%. The objective of this report was to find out the poison exposure in children in Japan and to compare the data with that of AAPCC.     

Cocaine use in pregnancy in Amsterdam

To study the effects of cocaine use in pregnancy in Amsterdam, clinical data on cocaine-using pregnant women ( n = 21) and their offspring ( n = 23) were obtained retrospectively (1987–1994) at the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam. Infants exposed to cocaine had a median gestational age of 39 weeks and a median birth weight of 3090 g. There were six preterm infants, two small-for-gestational-age infants and five infants with a small head circumference. Three infants had a congenital malformation. One infant (Potter's syndrome) died shortly before birth. One infant had congenital syphilis, four had intracerebral abnormalities on ultrasound and four had abnormal neurologic symptoms in the neonatal period. One infant died after 21 days of life. At follow-up four infants showed abnormal development. In 12 of the 23 infants (52%), one or more possible effects of cocaine were found.