女性抑郁症患者血清甲状腺激素水平研究

目的:探讨女性血清甲状腺激素水平与抑郁症的关系.方法:采用免疫化学发光法对58例女性抑郁症患者及对照组40例健康女性的血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3),游离甲状腺素(FT4),促甲状腺素(75H)进行了检测.结果:女性抑郁症患者治疗前血清FP4,TSH较对照组低(P均<0.01),而FT3与对照组差异无显著性(P>0...     

难治性抑郁症患者血清胰岛素和神经内分泌激素的对照研究

目的研究难治性抑郁症患者治疗前后血清胰岛素和神经内分泌激素变化。方法难治性抑郁症患者(TRD组)、非难治性抑郁症患者(NTRD组)、健康者(正常对照组)各60例为研究对象,使用HAMD量表评估患者的临床症状,检测患者血清胰岛素、皮质醇(CORT)、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)、三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、甲状腺素(T4)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、促甲状腺激素刺激激素(TSH)等神经内分泌激素水平,并进行治疗前后各组上述指标的统计学处理。结果 TRD组血清胰岛素、CORT、ACTH、T3、FT3、T4、FT4、TSH与正常对照组存在显著差异,血清胰岛素、CORT、ACTH、FT4与NTRD组存在显著差异;NTRD组血清CORT、ACTH、T3、FT3、T4、FT4、TSH等与正常对照组存在显著差异(P0.05);治疗后,TRD组胰岛素、CORT、ACTH、FT3、FT4、TSH与对照组存在显著差异,而NTRD组CORT与对照组存在显著差异(P0.05)。结论 TRD患者HPA轴功能亢进、HPT轴功能低下等较NTRD患者更为严重,药物治疗后仍存在显著差异。     

抑郁症患者的家庭环境、甲状腺功能与抗抑郁药疗效的关系

目的:探讨抑郁症患者的家庭环境、甲状腺功能与抗抑郁药疗效的关系。方法:66例抑郁症患者给予单一5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(帕罗西汀,舍曲林或西酞普兰)治疗8周;以治疗后汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)≤7分者归入治愈组,7分者归入非治愈组。给予两组家庭环境量表(FES-CV)评分并与中国常模比较;比较两组治疗前甲状腺三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、甲状腺素(T4)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)及促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平。结果:8周治疗后25例患者归入治愈组,41例患者归入非治愈组;与中国常模比较,抑郁症患者FES-CV中情感表达、独立性、成功性、知识性和娱乐性因子分显著降低,矛盾性因子分显著升高(P均0.01);治愈组FES-CV中情感表达因子分显著高于非治愈组(P0.05);血清T3和T4水平显著高于非治愈组(P0.01)。结论:抑郁症患者的家庭功能存在缺陷;疗效差的患者家庭功能中的情感表达更差,且甲状腺激素水平更低。     

抑郁症首次发病与复发患者甲状腺激素水平的研究

目的:探讨甲状腺激素水平与首发和复发抑郁症之间的相关性及临床意义。方法:采用电化学发光免疫分析法,分别测定127例抑郁症患者(其中首发抑郁组66例、复发抑郁组61例)和53名正常者(正常对照组)的血清三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、甲状腺素(T4)、游离甲状腺激素(FT3、FT4)和促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平;采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评估患者抑郁程度。结果:复发抑郁组血清FT3水平显著低于正常对照组(P=0.009),血清T3、T4、FT4、TSH水平与正常对照组差异无统计学意义;首发抑郁组血清T3、T4、FT3、FT4、TSH水平与正常对照组差异无统计学意义。相关分析显示,首发抑郁组血清T3水平与HAMD总分呈负相关(r=-0.250,P=0.043);复发抑郁组血清T3、T4、FT3、FT4、TSH与HAMD总分均无相关(r=0.014~0.204,P均0.05)。结论:抑郁症首次发病与复发患者血清甲状腺激素水平存在一定变化,复发较首发抑郁者可能存在更严重的甲状腺功能减退。     

男性抑郁症患者自杀行为与糖脂水平及甲状腺功能的关系

目的:探讨男性抑郁症患者自杀行为与糖脂水平、炎症因子、甲状腺功能的相关性。方法:收集有自杀行为(23例)和无自杀行为(112例)的男性抑郁症患者年龄、病程、受教育年限、婚姻状况、是否伴有躯体疾病、是否首发、精神疾病家族史、自杀家族史等资料,抽取空腹血标本检测空腹血糖(FBS)、血浆总胆固醇(TCH)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、血清游离甲状腺素(FT4)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)及超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)的水平,并进行比较和分析。结果:与无自杀行为组相比,有自杀行为组的首发抑郁症患者更多(P0.05)、hs-CRP水平较高(P0.05)、TSH水平较低(P0.05)。结论:男性抑郁症患者的自杀行为与首次发病及血清hs-CRP、TSH水平有关。     

左甲状腺素钠片对抑郁症患者残留症状治疗的增效作用

目的:探讨左甲状腺素钠片对抑郁症患者残留症状治疗的增效作用。方法:将经治疗后仍有残留症状的抑郁症患者分为低动力组(68例)和非低动力组(16例);给予左甲状腺素钠片及氟西汀替换原有的抗抑郁药治疗8周。治疗前检测血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)和促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平;治疗前后进行汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)和疲劳量表(FS14)评定;并与20位正常对照者(对照组)比较。结果:抑郁症患者血清TSH水平明显低于对照组(P0.01);治疗后低动力组FS14和HAMD-17评分明显下降(P均0.01);疗效与治疗前FS14评分呈正相关(r=0.241,P0.05);与病程、血清TSH水平和HAMD-17评分呈负相关(r=-0.319,-0.530,-0.643;P均0.01)。结论:有残留症状的抑郁症患者血清TSH水平明显降低;左甲状腺素钠片治疗对低动力抑郁症患者的残留症状有增效作用。     

慢性精神分裂症患者血糖、血脂及甲状腺激素水平分析

目的调查长期服用氯氮平治疗的慢性精神分裂症患者糖、脂代谢异常的发生率及与血清甲状腺素水平的关系。方法对100例住院的慢性精神分裂症患者采用全自动生化分析仪检测血糖(FPG)、胆固醇(TC)和甘油脂(TG),采用放免法测定甲状腺相关激素水平;比较血糖、血脂异常者和正常者的甲状腺相关激素水平,并进行相关分析。结果100例慢性精神分裂症患者中,血糖异常者26%;血甘油三脂异常者37%;血糖、甘油三脂均异常者占20%;无胆固醇异常者。所有患者血清甲状腺素水平均在正常范围以内。血糖异常组血清FT3水平显著低于血糖正常组(P<0.01);甘油三脂异常组血清FT3水平显著低于甘油三脂正常组(P<0.01);血糖与血清FT3和T3水平均呈显著负相关;甘油三脂与FT3水平呈显著负相关。结论长期服用氯氮平治疗的慢性精神分裂症患者血糖、血脂代谢异常的发生率高,而且可能与甲状腺功能状态有关联。     

首发青少年抑郁症血清甲状腺激素水平研究

目的探讨首发青少年抑郁症与血清甲状腺激素水平的相关性。方法将82例首发青少年抑郁症患者设定为病例组,70例健康青少年设定为对照组。比较两组患者的血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)、三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、甲状腺素(T4)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)和游离甲状腺素(FT4)水平,并用HAMD-24量表对病例组患者进行评定。结果病例组患者的FT3、T3和T4水平低于对照组,TSH水平高于对照组(P0.05);男性病例组患者T3、T4水平低于男性对照组(P0.05),女性病例组患者FT3、FT4、T3、T4水平低于女性对照组,TSH水平高于女性对照组(P0.05);女性病例组患者TSH水平高于男性病例组(P0.05),FT3水平低于男性病例组(P0.05);病例组患者FT3水平与绝望感呈正相关(P0.05)。结论青少年抑郁症的发病可能与甲状腺激素水平变化相关。FT3水平可能是青少年抑郁症患者的生物学标记。     

抑郁症患者甲状腺激素水平的特征、治疗前后的变化及疗效性分析

目的:探讨抑郁症患者血清甲状腺激素水平的特征、治疗前后的变化及疗效性分析。方法:于2013年5月至2015年12月入组抑郁症患者40例、健康对照者47名。抑郁组予选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂治疗4周,分别于治疗前后检测血清甲状腺激素水平,评估抑郁、焦虑症状严重程度。结果:抑郁组治疗前血清甲状腺素(T4)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平明显低于对照组;治疗后HAMD-17总分、HAMA总分、T4、FT4水平显著下降(P0.05或P0.01)。临床痊愈组治疗前后血清三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、治疗后游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)水平低于非临床痊愈组(P0.05或P0.01)。抑郁组治疗前,T4与HAMD-17有罪感因子分、工作和兴趣因子分、总分呈负相关;FT4与躯体性焦虑因子分呈正相关,与总分呈负相关;TSH与体质量减轻因子分呈负相关(P0.05或P0.01)。结论:抑郁症患者血清T4、FT4、TSH水平均低于健康正常人,与抑郁症状及严重程度具有相关性。治疗前T3水平低的患者可能对抗抑郁药更敏感,疗效更好。     

脑卒中患者的抑郁与甲状腺功能和泌乳素水平相关性的临床研究

目的:探讨脑卒中急性期抑郁患者甲状腺功能和泌乳素(PRL)的变化。方法:100例急性脑卒中患者分为:无抑郁组68例;抑郁组32例。脑卒中后第6和15天测定两组患者血清甲状腺功能和PRL水平,并与40例对照组(健康体检者)比较。结果:脑卒中后第6天甲状腺功能和PRL:抑郁组和无抑郁组与对照组比,游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)水平明显下降(P<0.01);游离四碘甲状腺素(FT4)水平显著增高(P<0.01);抑郁组比无抑郁组的变化程度更显著(P<0.01)。脑卒中后无抑郁组血清促甲状腺素(TSH)和PRL水平比对照组显著增高(P<0.01),但抑郁组TSH、PRL升高不明显。脑卒中后第15天:无抑郁组FT3、FT4、TSH、PRL均恢复接近正常,与对照组比较差异无统计学意义;抑郁组FT3、FT4虽有恢复但不明显,与对照组比差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01);3组的TSH、PRL水平比较均差异无统计学意义。结论:脑卒中后患者甲状腺功能和PRL发生变化,而有抑郁者比无抑郁者FT3和FT4变化更明显,且恢复慢。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.