维生素D在预防骨质疏松性骨折中的作用

骨折是骨质疏松症的严重后果，预防骨折是治疗骨质疏松症的目标。随着我国人口正在步入老龄化。老年人的常见病—一骨质疏松及其所致骨折也已成为重要的公众健康问题。最常见的骨质疏松性骨折有椎体骨折、髋部骨折、前臂骨折和肋骨骨折等。流行病学资料表明1990年全球髋部骨折的人数约130万，     

骨质疏松性骨折

一、骨质疏松症及骨质疏松性骨折的流行病学我国60岁以上老龄人口已达1.3亿。在华北、华东、华南、西南及东北五大区,对40岁以上汉族人群5602人的调查结果显示,骨质疏松症患病率为12.4%(男8.5%,女15.7%)。Morgan报道,妇女每10年平均骨量丢失10%,男性每10年骨量丢失5～7%。全球大约有2亿人口罹患骨质疏松症。骨质疏松的后果是导致骨折。美国绝经妇女中预期有1/4发生骨质疏松性骨折。60岁以后,妇女每增龄5岁,骨折发生率将增加一倍。欧洲1999年统计资料显示髋部骨折达48万5千余人。美国因骨质疏松性骨折住院治疗者40万人,另有250万人需接受门…     

海口地区老年人骨质疏松患病率及骨折发生率的调查

目的 分析海口地区老年人骨质疏松患病率及骨折发生率的变化规律,为骨质疏松防治提供科学依据.方法 对长期居住海口地区的60岁以上的人群531名,准确记录其性别和年龄,采用美国LUNAR公司生产的DPX-MD型双能X线骨密度仪进行腰椎(L2～4)正位和髋部骨密度测量,同时通过问卷调查一年内因摔倒致骨折的发生情况,并记录骨折的发生部位,进一步分析得出骨质疏松患病率及骨折发生率.结果 骨质疏松患病率随年龄增加而上升,但在男性65～69岁及75～79岁组反有略下降表现.骨质疏松性骨折的发生率也随年龄增加而上升,但80岁以上组反而下降,骨折发生部位以髋部为主.同龄男性组骨质疏松患病率及骨折发生率均低于女性组.结论 海口地区老年人群应普及骨质疏松防治知识及采取相应干预措施,加强锻炼,以减少骨质疏松患病率及骨折的发生.     

老年人骨质疏松性骨折风险评估及其与脊柱曲度的关系

目的评估老年人骨质疏松性骨折风险,并探讨其与脊柱曲度之间的关系。方法于2016年1月至2017年6月对北京市海淀医院1 213例老年人进行调查评估。通过双光能X线骨密度仪,采用骨折风险测评工具(FRAX)评估10年内主要骨质疏松性骨折(包括前臂、肩部、脊椎骨折等)概率和髋部骨折概率。采用脊柱电子测量仪测量直立位的躯干倾斜角、脊柱椎间夹角、脊柱曲度。最后对老年人骨质疏松性骨折风险进行评估并分析其与脊柱曲度的关系。结果≥80岁组发生髋部骨折概率≥3%的检出率高于60～79岁组(P0.05),女性发生髋部骨折概率≥3%的检出率显著高于男性(P0.05);骨量正常组、骨量减少组、骨质疏松组发生髋部骨折概率≥3%的检出率整体比较以及两两互相比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。主要骨质疏松性骨折风险概率、髋部骨折风险概率与T7、T8夹角及躯干前倾角呈正相关(P0.05)。主要骨质疏松性骨折风险概率、髋部骨折风险概率与直立胸椎曲度及直立腰椎曲度呈正相关(P0.05)。结论老年人骨质疏松性骨折风险不但与年龄、性别、骨量有关系,而且与脊柱曲度具有相关性,能够反映骨质疏松性骨折风险的高低。     

宁波地区515例老年髋部骨折患者的临床特征

目的回顾性分析宁波地区515例老年髋部骨折患者的临床特点,为防治骨质疏松性骨折提供依据。方法 2010年1月至2012年12月在宁波市第一医院、宁波市第二医院治疗的515例老年髋部骨折患者(男158例,女357例,年龄60岁~96岁)纳入本研究。按5岁为1个年龄段进行分组,分析患者性别、年龄、致伤原因、骨折类型,受伤时间、治疗方式、伴随疾病、住院费用、住院时间等情况。结果冬季(10月至1月)是老年人髋部骨折高发时期,老年女性髋部骨折病例数为男性的2.25倍,显著高于男性,男性患者髋部骨折发病的年龄高峰为70~80岁,女性发病高峰在75~85岁。515例老年髋部骨折患者中股骨粗隆间骨折236例,占45.8%;股骨颈骨折279例,占54.2%。跌倒是骨折主要原因,占89.3%。515例老年髋部骨折患者手术治疗率为78.3%,1年死亡率为3.2%。手术组1年死亡率低于保守治疗组的9.9%(P=0.004)。骨密度检测率为58.8%,其中T值-2.5SD者占48.5%。结论跌倒是老年人髋部骨折的主要原因;骨质疏松是老年人髋部骨折的内在因素。     

石河子地区老年人骨质疏松性骨折患者风险评估及相关性

目的评估并分析石河子地区老年人骨质疏松性骨折的风险概率值。方法选择60岁及以上骨质疏松性骨折患者264例,使用世界卫生组织推荐的骨折风险评估工具(FRAX)计算出该患者未来10年主要部位(脊柱、前臂和肱骨近端)发生骨质疏松骨折的概率和髋部骨折(股骨颈和股骨粗隆间)的概率。结果石河子地区老年人主要部位骨折概率值和髋部骨折概率值分别为:5.8±2.7和2.7±1.8;其中,不同年龄组老年人主要部位骨折概率值和髋部骨折概率值整体比较,6个年龄组均存在显著差异(P<0.01),同一年龄组不同性别主要部位骨折概率值比较,女性均大于男性(P<0.05);同一年龄组不同性别髋部骨折概率值比较,70⁷4岁和8074岁和80⁸4岁的女性大于男性(P<0.05);6084岁的女性大于男性(P<0.05);60⁶4岁年龄组平均风险因子个数与主要部位骨折概率值和髋部骨折概率值的相关系数r分别是0.558和0.645,P<0.01,两者存在着正相关,7064岁年龄组平均风险因子个数与主要部位骨折概率值和髋部骨折概率值的相关系数r分别是0.558和0.645,P<0.01,两者存在着正相关,70⁷4岁年龄组体质指数与主要部位骨折概率值和髋部骨折概率值的相关系数r分别是-0.385和-0.597,P<0.01,两者存在负相关。结论骨折风险评估工具能够有效地预测本地区老年人未来10年骨折发生的概率,石河子地区60岁以上老年人骨质疏松性骨折病人风险概率值与国外老年人群相比,主要部位骨折的概率值和髋部骨折的概率值都偏低。风险因子个数与体质指数和骨折概率值存在一定的相关性。     

从全球的角度看亚洲骨质疏松症的流行病学

骨矿物质密度及骨折的危险因素可以用来预测骨质疏松性骨折。髋部、脊椎和前臂是骨质疏松性骨折的常见部位。在高加索人群、亚洲中部人群髋部骨折的发生率最高,而在黑人人群中最低。不管是男性还是女性,髋部骨折的发生率均随年龄的增长而增加,而女性在一生中的任何时期,其髋部骨折的发生率均高于男性。大多数脊椎骨折在临床上均不易发现,但却可导致多种并发症。在发达国家,用于髋部骨折的直接医疗费用非常高,而在发展中国家,这个费用也在不断增加。     

从全球的角度看亚洲骨质疏松症的流行病学

骨矿物质密度及骨折的危险因素可以用来预测骨质疏松性骨折。髋部、脊椎和前臂是骨质疏松性骨折的常见部位。在高加索人群、亚洲中部人群髋部骨折的发生率最高，而在黑人人群中最低。不管是男性还是女性，髋部骨折的发生率均随年龄的增长而增加，而女性在一生中的任何时期，其髋部骨折的发生率均高于男性。大多数脊椎骨折在临床上均不易发现，但却可导致多种并发症。在发达国家，用于髋部骨折的直接医疗费用非常高，而在发展中国家，这个费用也在不断增加。     

骨质疏松性骨折及治疗原则

介绍了骨质疏松症及明质疏松性骨折的流行病学。对中国五大区40岁以上人群5602人次调查，骨质疏松症患病率为12.4%，骨量减少症患病率为为15.8%。北京地区50岁以上女脊椎骨折患病率为15%。骨质疏松性骨折与骨量丢失、微结构破坏导致物理性能降低有关，四肢骨折还与外伤因素有关。骨质疏松性骨折骨痂成熟与新骨形成迟缓，骨的矿化与骨痂质量相对较差。老年骨质疏松性骨折的治疗目的和治疗原则是减少并发症，降低病死率，改善生活质量。另外，不应忽视骨质疏松症的治疗，以防止和降低骨折再发生率等。对常见的髋部转子间骨折、股骨颈囊内骨折、脊椎骨折及肱骨近端骨折等骨质疏松性骨折当今常用治疗方法与适应症也作了简要介绍。     

骨质疏松性骨折患者抗骨质疏松治疗与管理专家共识

<正>一、概述(一)骨质疏松性骨折的流行病学骨质疏松性骨折是骨质疏松症最严重的后果之一。骨质疏松时骨密度和骨质量下降、骨强度减低,受到轻微暴力即可发生骨折,故属于脆性骨折。常见的骨折部位包括脊椎、髋部、桡骨远端和肱骨近端。据估计,全世界每3秒就发生一次骨质疏松性骨折,50岁以后约三分之一的女性和五分之一的男性将会罹患一次骨折[1]。对女性     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.