Accuracy and value of the Hemoccult test in symptomatic patients

Hemoccult faecal occult blood testing is widely advocated as a screening test for colorectal cancer but few studies have shown its correlation with conventional methods of investigation for colorectal disease. In a prospective study of 802 symptomatic patients with suspected colorectal disease there was good patient compliance (92.5%) and a high specificity for colorectal cancer (85.4%). The false positive rate was 8.6% (12 of 140 patients with positive results), and while the test result was positive in 22 of 26 colonic cancers the false negative rate for rectal cancer (45.4%) should not detract from its value as a screening test if proper digital anorectal and proctosigmoidoscopic examination are widely practised. A positive Hemoccult test result is a useful indicator for the need to proceed to full colorectal investigation, including colonoscopy.     

Faecal occult blood screening: knowledge, attitudes, and practice in four Hong Kong primary care clinics

OBJECTIVES. To assess primary care patients for their awareness, knowledge, and attitude towards colorectal cancer and screening, to report on the uptake of faecal occult blood test screening and the results of screening, and explore predictors of screening uptake. DESIGN. Cross-sectional study. SETTING. Four primary care clinics in Hong Kong. PATIENTS. A total of 1664 patients aged 50 to 74 years attending the clinics in the period July 2006 to July 2007. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES. Percentage of subjects who were aware that colorectal cancer is common and curable at an early stage, and who knew that faecal occult blood test or colonoscopy is useful for screening; relevant knowledge score; uptake rate of faecal occult blood testing; rate of testing positive; and factors predicting uptake. RESULTS. A total of 1645 questionnaires were collected. In all, 89% (95% confidence interval, 88-91%) were aware that colorectal cancer is common, 95% (94-96%) believed faecal occult blood test and colonoscopy are useful for screening, and 58% (56-61%) achieved a knowledge score of 50% or above. The uptake rate of the faecal occult blood test was 35%. Uptake was higher among those with a positive family history (odds ratio=1.57; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-2.27; P=0.02), those who were more aware that colorectal cancer is common (1.86; 1.29-2.69; P=0.001), and that colorectal cancer is potentially curable at an early stage (1.76; 1.32-2.36; P=0.0001). Rate of testing positive was 2.1% (95% confidence interval, 0.9-3.3%); no colorectal cancer was detected and the neoplasia detection rate (for cancers and adenomas) was 5.1 per 1000 subjects screened. CONCLUSIONS. Patients were aware that colorectal cancer is common in our community, and faecal occult blood test or colonoscopy is useful for screening. The uptake of screening was low, though relatively higher for those with a positive family history and greater awareness of the high frequency and potential for cure of colorectal cancer. Faecal occult blood test positivity rate was 2.1%, and neoplasia detection rate 5.1 per 1000 screened.     

北京云岗地区体检人群结直肠癌机会性筛查结果分析

目的 探索与单位年度体检相结合的结直肠癌筛查的有效性及可行性。方法 选择2013年4月至2013年7月北京云岗地区某集团40~74岁的于中国航天科工集团七三一医院体检的5 270人进行危险因素问卷调查和便潜血实验(faecal occult blood test,FOBT)相结合的初筛,高危人群进行结肠镜检查为复筛。结果 初筛的参与率100%,完成率62.87%。复筛完成率为30.33%。腺瘤性息肉检出率为22.28%。非腺瘤性息肉检出率为24.75%。结论 与单位体检相结合的结直肠癌筛查具有较高的初筛及复筛完成率,可以有效检出结直肠癌的癌前病变。     

Comparative evaluation of investigations for colorectal carcinoma in symptomatic patients.

We studied 154 patients presenting with significant colonic symptoms and subsequently diagnosed to have colorectal carcinoma. They were investigated by faecal occult blood tests, fibresigmoidoscopy, double contrast barium enema (DCBE) and colonoscopy. Faecal occult blood tests (Haemoccult) alone were positive in 26% of patients with Dukes'' A, in 69% with Dukes'' B and in 64% with Dukes'' C lesions. DCBE alone identified the lesion in 32% of Dukes'' A, 79% of Dukes'' B and 81% of Dukes'' C carcinomas. Fibresignoidoscopy diagnosed colorectal malignancy in 84% of patients with Dukes'' A, 90% with Dukes'' B and 81% with Dukes'' C stage. A diagnostic yield of 88% for Dukes'' A, 96% for Dukes'' B and 100% for Dukes'' C carcinomas was seen with colonoscopy. Detection rate for all stages of carcinoma was greater than 95% when fibresigmoidoscopy and DCBE were used together. Faecal occult blood tests and DCBE alone are inadequate in diagnosing early malignancy in symptomatic patients. Fibresigmoidoscopy and DCBE used in conjunction compare favourably with the technically difficult procedure of colonoscopy and should routinely be undertaken in these patients before malignancy can confidently be excluded.     

The clinical value of Haemoccult and Fecatwin in the detection of colorectal neoplasia in hospital and general practice patients

Four hundred and fifty asymptomatic general practice patients and 330 hospital inpatients had their stools tested for occult blood with the Haemoccult and Fecatwin methods. In general practice, 9/64 (14%) of patients with a positive result had a colonic neoplasm (three carcinomas, one Dukes' Stage A, two Dukes' Stage C, six adenomas) and in hospital 12/142 patients (8%) were found to have colonic tumours, (nine carcinomas, two Dukes' Stage A, two Dukes' Stage B, five Dukes' Stage C and three adenomas). The overall detection rates for colonic neoplasia were 2% in general practice and 3.4% in hospital. In 2 years of follow-up, none of the general practice patients have presented with colonic symptoms. Two hospital patients with colonic carcinomas produced negative tests with both methods. Out of the total of 21 colonic neoplasms, nine were detected by Fecatwin alone, but this trend in favour of the more sensitive test did not reach the 5% level of statistical significance. In contrast, the number of false positive results were significantly greater with Fecatwin than Haemoccult. From our data it would appear that the Fecatwin method warrants assessment in a full controlled trial of its value as a population screening test for colonic cancer.     

An industry based approach to colorectal cancer screening in an asymptomatic population

The uptake of faecal occult blood testing in a workplace based colorectal cancer screening programme was investigated. Altogether 1828 employees aged 41-65 years at a large British industrial company were invited to receive a free faecal occult blood test (Haemoccult). Faecal occult blood tests were completed on three separate days. Patients with positive results were invited to undergo colonoscopy. The number of employees completing kits was measured and differences in compliance according to age, sex, and occupation were tested with a chi2 test. Compliance was 25.4%, and similar in men (25.0%) and women (32.0%, chi2=3.0, not significant). In men, compliance was highest in those aged 51-60 years (30.5% chi2>1.6, p<0.001). Compliance in women aged 41-50 years, 51-60 years, and 61-65 years was similar (Yates's corrected chi2<2.08, not significant). Managers returned more kits than clerical and blue collar workers (28.6% v 23.5%, chi2=5.6, p<0.02). One percent of tests were positive and one patient had a tubular adenoma. Compliance in employees aged 51-60 years was comparable to that achieved in one-off British general practice programmes, but less than that in the large randomised trial of screening in general practices in Nottinghamshire. Health education of large numbers of people is easier at the workplace than in the community. Future screening must target older employees and those with clerical and blue collar jobs.     

消化科门诊应用粪便潜血筛检大肠肿瘤的研究

目的探究粪便潜血检查对于大肠肿瘤的筛检意义。方法纳入北京协和医院消化科门诊行粪便潜血和结肠镜检查并有病理学检查结果的512例患者,以结肠镜及病理检查结果为标准,评价粪便潜血结果的诊断价值。结果512例患者中,203例粪便潜血结果阳性,353例结肠镜检查正常,115例有各种息肉,病理检查结果示9例高度不典型增生、21例为大肠癌。粪便潜血检查对于大肠腺瘤性息肉检出的灵敏度、特异度、阳性似然比和阴性似然比分别是42．8％、60．9％、1．09和0．93;对大肠癌及高度不典型增生的灵敏度、特异度、阳性似然比和阴性似然比分别是76．6％、62．5％、2．05和0．37。结论在消化内科就诊的患者中,粪便潜血检查对于大肠癌有一定的诊断和筛查意义,有助于临床医生合理临床决策,但尚需前瞻性研究以建立更可靠的大肠癌筛查模型。     

上海市金山区某社区大肠癌筛查效果评估

目的 评估社区大肠癌筛查工作现况,为完善大肠癌社区筛查工作提供理论参考。 方法 选取2013年5月—2015年1月期间在上海市金山区朱泾社区卫生服务中心进行大肠癌筛查的40岁以上社区居民的筛查资料,采用SPSS 19.0统计软件对这些居民的大便潜血检查结果、危险度评估结果与肠镜检查和活检的最终结果进行一致性分析。 结果 2013年5月—2015年1月期间共计7 787例辖区居民进行大肠癌社区初筛,筛出1 727例阳性,检出率22.4%;其中,大便潜血阳性1 447例,检出率为18.8%,问卷危险度评估阳性438例,阳性率为5.7%,2种方法检出的阳性重复病例为158例,重复率为9.15%。转诊818例(47.37%),确诊病例303例(37.04%),大便潜血和危险度评估确诊率分别为36.24%、39.90%。经检验,2种办法与诊断结果一致性也并不显著(P＞0.05)。 结论 我国社区目前在大肠癌初筛过程中所使用的危险度评估和大便潜血检验方法,筛查效能相当且重复率较低,这就保障了卫生资源的充分利用。多种低重复、高效度筛查指标协同配合可有效提高社区人群大肠癌筛查的早发现、早诊断,但人群转诊依从性有明显限效作用需进一步提高。      

老年人服用非甾体抗炎药致上消化道出血临床分析

目的:探讨老年人服用非甾体抗炎药导致上消化道出血的临床特点。方法:对在我院诊治的上消化道出血病例进行了回顾性分析和随访。结果:老年人服药后以消化性溃疡合并出血为主,较中青年人更易引发上消化道出血,发病率为33.3%。结论:老年人服用非甾体抗炎药应注意和防治上消化道出血,应用过程中应积极预防。     

粪便脱落细胞学与粪隐血试验联合检测在结直肠癌诊断的临床意义

目的:通过分析粪便脱落细胞学与粪便隐血在结直肠癌发生、发展中的规律,进而评判粪便脱落细胞学与粪便隐血试验在结直肠癌诊断中的临床意义。方法:对243例患者粪便脱落细胞学与粪便隐血试验与癌胚抗原(CEA)的关系进行分析。结果:243例患者中,粪便隐血试验阳性率为79.5%;粪便脱落细胞学阳性率83.5%;CEA检出率为45.4%或52.9%。结论:粪便脱落细胞学与粪便隐血试验对结直肠癌的诊断有重要的临床意义,是结直肠癌筛检的重要手段,所以在临床应用中,采取两者互补的方法,可大大提高结直肠癌的检出率,且阳性率优于CEA。     

Elderly people taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are unlikely to have excess renal impairment

The importance of possible adverse effects on renal function of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been widely discussed. Elderly people have been thought to be particularly at risk. We therefore studied simple indices of renal function and plasma potassium in 54 patients with a mean age of 85 years, 27 taking these drugs and 27 controls. Twenty five of our 54 patients were also taking diuretics. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs did not affect renal function or plasma potassium in these patients.     

Two-phase test of fecal occult blood screening for colorectal cancer

The detection of colorectal cancer in an early curable stage has become the focus of considerable interest recently. A two-phase test using both guaiac test and Hemolex latex immuno-agglutination test was applied for fecal occult blood screening of colorectal cancer. A total of 4,725 veterans aging 60 to 69 years were registered, and 2,176 persons (average age 66 years) completed the test giving a compliance rate of 46%. The positive rates of both tests were accounted 20.5% and 6.7% respectively. Five hundred and forty five persons had positive reaction for at least one of the tests. Of these, 90 had a follow up diagnosis with colonoscopy or combined with barium enema. Three rectal adenocarcinomas were detected, of which only one was positive by guaiac test, but two by Hemolex test. A rectal carcinoid was found by rectodigital examination. It was negative by both tests. Nineteen cases were detected to have one or more polyps in colon or rectum, of which only 6 were positive by guaiac test, but 18 by Hemolex test. Hemolex test using antibody against human hemoglobin is based on latex agglutination reaction. It is more sensitive and specific than guaiac test. Moreover, no dietary restriction is required. In the view point of cost-effectiveness, mass screening for colorectal cancer in general public is not recommended, but hospital-based screening for high risk group is still worthwhile to study.     

Epidemiology of perforated colonic diverticular disease

Perforated colonic diverticular disease results in considerable mortality and morbidity. This review appraises existing evidence on the epidemiology and mechanisms of perforation, highlights areas of further study, and suggests an epidemiological approach towards preventing the condition. Computerised searches were used to identify published articles relating to the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical features of perforated colonic diverticular disease. Several drug and dietary exposures have potential biological mechanisms for causing perforation. Of these only non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been consistently identified as risk factors in aetiological studies. The causes of perforated colonic diverticular disease remain largely unknown. Further aetiological studies, looking specifically at perforation, are required to investigate whether cause-effect relationships exist for both drug and dietary exposures. The identification of risk factors for perforation would allow primary public health prevention, secondary risk factor modification, and early prophylactic surgery to be aimed at people at high risk.     

上海某社区人群大肠癌伺机性筛查结果分析

目的了解社区人群大肠癌危险因素现况,验证分析序贯模式的伺机性筛查效率。方法上海欧阳社区50～85岁常住居民问卷调查和粪便潜血试验（FOBT）初筛,阳性者行肛指、血清肿瘤标记物和结肠镜精筛。结果1206人完成初筛,FOBT总阳性率4％（45／1206）,评估为高危176人,阳性率15％,均接受后续精筛,结肠镜顺应率100％。结肠息肉检出率9％（15／176）,大肠癌检出率5％（8／176）,其中结肠癌5例（63％）,直肠癌3例（37％）。结论社区人群大肠癌高危因素聚焦在遗传背景、腹型肥胖和体力活动缺乏。序贯模式的伺机性筛查顺应性好、效率高、成本低,适合社区人群大肠癌筛查应用。     

直肠镜下取肠液隐血检测和常规粪便隐血检测的差异分析

目的对比评价直肠镜下取肠液检测隐血和粪便隐血检测,揭示直肠镜下取肠液检测隐血和粪便隐血检测的差异所在。方法对本院1380例健康体检人群行粪便血红蛋白测定以及直肠镜检查和肠液血红蛋白测定,并对结果进行分析。结果体检人群中粪便血红蛋白的阳性率为13.77%,肠液血红蛋白的阳性率为3.12%,查出直肠息肉的有41例。结论粪便隐血检测是消化道出血筛查的重要方法,但是容易受到肛周出血性疾病如痔疮、肛裂的影响出现假阳性。同时因为粪便隐血检查的标本依靠受检者自主排便获得,标本在肠道中存留时间过长,容易受消化酶和肠道细菌作用,或者少量消化道出血与粪便混合不匀,取样不足的情况下容易检测出现假阴性。肠液血红蛋白的检测能避免这些因素的影响,得出不一样的结论。     

Improved screening for colorectal cancer by immunological detection of occult blood

A radial immunodiffusion technique for detecting faecal haemoglobin and the Hemoccult II kit used with and without rehydration of the faecal sample were compared in a screening programme for bowel cancer, in which 1328 subjects took part. A positive result was obtained in 170 (13%) subjects. Nineteen of the 153 subjects investigated were found to have colorectal carcinomas and 52 had polyps (40 with adenomas). Radial immunodiffusion and Hemoccult II with and without rehydration detected bleeding in, respectively, all 19, 15, and 11 subjects with colorectal carcinoma. Hemoccult II with and without rehydration detected only seven and six, respectively, of 11 Duke's stage A carcinomas, whereas all 11 were detected with the immunological test. Hemoccult II with and without rehydration and radial immunodiffusion detected bleeding from adenomas in, respectively, 22, 14, and 34 of the 40 subjects. False positive results occurred in 55 out of 1302 subjects by Hemoccult II with rehydration, in 28 out of 1304 by Hemoccult II without rehydration, and in 50 out of 1304 by the immunological technique; true positive results were defined as bleeding from carcinomas and adenomas. Immunological detection of occult blood in faecal samples seems to show more adenomas and carcinomas (particularly early lesions) than the Hemoccult II kit and has a rate of false positive results that is acceptably low.     

上海某社区结合体质辨识的大肠癌筛查危险因素分析

目的 研究社区人群大肠癌危险因素现况与高危人群的中医体质类型的分布规律。 方法 以2016年1—12月上海浦兴社区50~74岁常住居民为调查对象,进行问卷调查和粪便潜血试验(FOBT)初筛,判定为高危人群者进行中医体质辨识分析并随访肠镜检查结果。 结果 4 136人完成初筛,1 102人判定为高危人群,阳性率为26.64%(95%CI:25.30%~27.99%),1 006人FOBT结果为阳性,占24.90%(95%CI:23.57%~26.23%)。接受后续精筛228人,结肠镜顺应率为20.69%(228/1 102),结肠息肉检出率为24.56%(56/228),大肠癌检出率为1.31%(3/228)。中医体质辨识结果最高为平和质,占37.9%(418/1 102),偏颇体质以痰湿质[28.9%(319/1 102)]、气虚质[12.8%(142/1 102)]、阳虚质[9.6%(106/1 102)]为主。 结论 中老年人群中大肠癌高危人群占比较高,肠镜结果以息肉多见,值得引起重视。中医体质辨识平和质最高,提示中老年人大肠癌高危人群具有较高隐匿性,开展大肠癌筛查具有必要性。偏颇体质以痰湿、气虚、阳虚为主,提示中老年人群应高度重视大肠癌早期防治,通过中医干预进行防治有一定研究价值,治疗原则可以从健脾、益气、温阳入手。      

Cancer screening in Queensland men

OBJECTIVES: To describe the self-reported use of prostate specific antigen (PSA) tests, faecal occult blood tests (FOBTs), and whole-body skin examinations among Queensland men, reasons for use, and the personal characteristics of men undergoing the tests for cancer screening. SETTING AND DESIGN: Data were obtained from the Queensland Cancer Risk Study (QCRS), a population-based telephone survey conducted in 2004, which used random sampling stratified by age, sex, and geographic location. PARTICIPANTS: All men aged 50-75 years who participated in the QCRS (n = 2336). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Use of PSA test, FOBT, or whole-body skin examination, specifically as a screening procedure; the probability of being screened; and associations with sociodemographic factors, risk behaviour, and cancer experience. RESULTS: More than a third of men reported never having been screened for prostate, colorectal, or skin cancer. Of those who had been screened, the odds of PSA testing being reported were more than two times greater than the odds of whole-body skin examination (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.54; 95% CI, 1.49-4.32), and the odds of reporting an FOBT were less (adjusted OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.22-1.04). Men who participated in cancer screening tended to be older, white, living with a partner, and to have private health insurance. Smokers were less likely to be screened with any of the three screening tests. CONCLUSIONS: Of these three cancer screening tests, the FOBT has the best evidence for reducing mortality and yet is the least frequently used by Queensland men. There are disparities in reported screening prevalence between the specific tests and across certain population subgroups.