小儿气管、支气管异物1524例

目的 探讨小儿气管、支气管异物围手术期治疗的经验教训。方法 回顾1524例患儿气管、支气管异物患儿病例资料,分析围手术期出现严重并发症的原因,总结经验。结果 1524例中死亡4例,异物取出经气管切开囗处5例,自行咳出32例,其余均行支气管镜检顺利取出。结论 实施术前评估,建立应急机制,采用适时有效的围手术期抢救和治疗措施,是降低病死率和并发症的重要保证。     

特殊类型的小儿气管支气管异物的处理

目的 探讨小儿气管－支气管特殊类型异物的有效处理方法。方法 回顾1998年1月－2000年11月北京儿童医院治疗的48例气管、支气管特殊异物（塑料笔帽、 玩具、哨、大头针、图钉、乳牙、笔头、钢珠、杏核、鸡骨头、螺丝钉)的处理过程。患儿年龄最小9个月,最大14岁,平均8．3岁。男：女为2．4：1。结果 46／48例特殊异物经气管镜取出其中3例异物经过声门处被刮脱,出现呼吸窘迫,再由对侧支气管取出。1例图钉异物从气管切开口处取出,1例杏核异物开胸取出。结论 小儿气管、支气管特殊异物术中采用全身麻醉,保留自主呼吸,取异物时需做好应变的准备。应正确判断和处理并发症,对从声门取出确有困难的异物可从气管切开口处取出。异物取出后行生理盐水支气管灌洗及抗生素支气管内注药可以促进肺功能的恢复。     

A prospective study of foreign-body ingestion in 311 children

OBJECTIVE: To determine the preferable management protocol of foreign body ingestion in pediatric patients. METHODS: All pediatric patients aged less than 12 years who presented with suspected foreign body ingestion in a hospital setting over a period of 3 years were prospectively studied. The usefulness of symptoms and various diagnostic procedures to identify the impacted foreign bodies were analyzed. RESULTS: Of 311 children aged 4 months to 12 years, 115 foreign bodies were encountered. The presentations in children aged younger than 5 years were markedly different from the older children, who behaved more like adults. All sharp foreign bodies (107 cases or 93%), mostly fish bones (90.4%), were found in the oropharynx under direct vision using either tongue depressor (57%), Macintosh laryngoscope (6%), indirect laryngeal mirror (2%) or transnasal flexible endoscopy (28%). Coins (eight cases or 7%) were the only foreign body impacted at or below the level of cricopharyngeus. A plain cervical X-ray has a low sensitivity (15.9%) and a high specificity (99.5%) in identifying the foreign bodies. CONCLUSIONS: As the majority of the foreign bodies were sharp bones and situated in the oropharynx, a management protocol involving examination with a tongue depressor, transnasal laryngoscope, selective lateral soft tissue neck X-ray, chest X-ray and watchful observation is usually adequate. Removal of these foreign bodies can be accomplished using a tongue depressor and Macintosh laryngoscope. Patients with a suspected coin ingestion have to be evaluated by X-ray, and a rigid pharyngo-oesophagoscopy should be the mainstay of treatment.     

小儿气管支气管异物312例

目的 总结小儿气管支气管异物的诊断、治疗及围手术期并发症防治方面的经验,提高诊治水平,降低围手术期并发症的发生.方法 回顾性分析以气管支气管异物收住院312例的病历资料,其中有1例张开的别针和1例大头针异物因位置特殊转外院胸科开胸取出,7例术前将异物咳出,8例病情危急在无麻下直接取出异物,其余均在全身麻醉下用硬质支气管镜取出异物. 结果 312例中支气管异物左侧123例,右侧129例;气管60例.其中异物取出后麻醉苏醒期出现窒息26例,经面罩加压给氧抢救后好转;苏醒回病房后出现窒息1例,回手术室再次支气管镜下取出遗留部分异物后好转;术后考虑脑水肿转综合医院小儿科1例,治疗好转;因窒息时间太长,到医院后抢救无效死亡1例;其余病例均手术顺利,恢复好.结论 气管支气管异物发病以男性多见,以1岁左右年龄段高发,异物种类以花生和瓜子最多,异物位置左右支气管无明显差异,术前及时明确诊断、术中仔细操作及术后严密观察是降低围手术期并发症的关键.     

What is the diagnostic value of flexible bronchoscopy in the initial investigation of children with suspected foreign body aspiration?

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: The diagnosis and early bronchoscopic extraction of a foreign body (Fb) in children are life-saving measures. Many studies have described the manifestation of foreign body aspiration (FbA); however, only a few analyzed the role of flexible bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of FbA. The aim of this work is to define the indications of flexible bronchoscopy in the management algorithm of suspected FbA. SETTING: This study was conducted at a tertiary referral University Medical Center with an outpatient clinic and a 20-bed pediatric emergency unit. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between January 2002 and July 2006 children referred with suspected FbA were included in this prospective study. Children with asphyxiating FbA requiring immediate rigid bronchoscopy, were excluded. If there was no convincing evidence of FbA, a diagnostic flexible bronchoscopy was performed under local anesthesia. In the case where a Fb was actually found, extraction was always performed by rigid bronchoscopy. RESULTS: Seventy cases (median age: 2 years, males: 44/females: 26) were analyzed. Among the 19 children who underwent flexible bronchoscopy first, 7 (37%) had a Fb. Among the 51 who underwent rigid bronchoscopy first, 43 had a Fb and 8 (16%) had a negative first rigid bronchoscopy. Predictive signs of a bronchial Fb were a radiopaque Fb, foreign body aspiration syndrome (FbAS) associated with unilaterally decreased breath sounds or localized wheezing and obstructive emphysema or atelectasis. CONCLUSION: In case of suspected FbA in children, the following management algorithm is suggested: rigid bronchoscopy should be performed solely in case of asphyxia, finding of a radiopaque Fb, or in the presence FbAS associated with unilaterally decreased breath sounds, localized wheezing and obstructive radiological emphysema, or atelectasis. In all other cases, flexible bronchoscopy should be performed first for diagnostic purposes.     

Bronchoscopic removal of foreign bodies from children in Bosnia and Herzegovina: experience with 230 patients

Objectives: To present the experience from an emerging country, in the bronchoscopic removal of foreign bodies in children. Methods: Retrospective analysis of medical records from 230 patients treated at the ENT Department, Tuzla University Hospital, Bosnia and Herzegovina, between January 1987 and December 1998. Results: Positive bronchoscopic findings were present in 136 (59.1%) cases. Right bronchus (53.7%) and left bronchus (30.1%) were the most frequent location of extracted foreign bodies. The types of extracted foreign bodies were organic in 114 (83.8%), non-organic in 12 (8.8%) and of an indefinite nature in ten (7.4%) cases. The most frequent type of foreign body was: pumpkin seed (23.4%), peanut (18.4%), bean (14.6%). The nature of the foreign body could not be determined in 7.4% cases: either because the foreign bodies were in the state of disintegration or were too small. Two children (0.87%) died during the bronchoscopy. Conclusion: Aspiration of foreign body into tracheobronchial tree in children carries a high risk although prompt treatment of survivors is associated with low mortality. Health care education is the key to prevention.     

纤维支气管镜在儿童支气管异物残留病例诊治中的作用

目的　探讨纤维支气管镜在儿童硬质气管镜异物取出术后残留病例中的应用价值。方法　对2012年1月～2016年12月间硬质气管镜异物取出术后,远端支气管内仍有异物残留的18例患儿进行了纤维支气管镜检查及治疗。结果　本组18例患儿除1例未发现异物考虑自行咳出外,其余均存在异物,其中12例经纤维支气管镜一次取出,5例进行2次以上纤维支气管镜检查后最终取净异物,所有患儿术后均无喉水肿、皮下气肿,复查胸部X线片无气胸、纵膈气肿及肺炎表现。结论　纤维支气管镜在治疗儿童硬质气管镜异物取出术后残留病例中具有良好的效果,是诊治深部异物安全、有效的手段。     

Plastic laryngeal foreign bodies in children: a diagnostic challenge

OBJECTIVE: To review Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center experience with pediatric airway foreign bodies, and examine the incidence and treatment of laryngeal foreign bodies. To determine if plastic laryngeal foreign bodies present differently than other laryngeal foreign bodies. METHODS: A retrospective review of all cases of children (1874 patients) undergoing direct laryngoscopy and/or bronchoscopy from 1st January 1997 to 9th September 2003 at a tertiary care children's hospital. Patients with endoscopically documented laryngeal foreign bodies were identified and the medical record reviewed in more detail. Patient age, gender, foreign body location, foreign body type, duration of foreign body presence, radiographic findings, endoscopic findings and treatment complications were recorded. RESULTS: One hundred and five aspirated foreign bodies were identified. The nine laryngeal foreign bodies included five clear plastic radiolucent items, two radiolucent food items, and two sharp radioopaque pins. Time to diagnosis and treatment was on average 11.6 days with 17.6 days for thin/plastic foreign bodies and 1.6 days for metal/food foreign bodies. CONCLUSION: Laryngeal foreign bodies represent a small portion of all pediatric airway foreign bodies. Difficulty in identifying laryngeal foreign bodies, especially thin, plastic radiolucent foreign bodies can delay treatment. Thin plastic foreign bodies can present without radiographic findings, can be difficult to image during endoscopy and can be particularly difficult to diagnose. A history of choking and vocal changes is associated with laryngeal foreign bodies. Laryngeal foreign bodies should be in the differential diagnosis of all children presenting with atypical upper respiratory complaints especially if a history suggestive of witnessed aspiration and dysphonia can be obtained.     

Tracheobronchial foreign bodies in children. Experience at ORL clinic Tuzla, 1954-2004

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical characteristics and the results of bronchoscopic treatment of children due to foreign body aspiration in a university hospital. SETTING: Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Bosnia and Hercegovina. METHOD: The analysis of the cases of aspirated foreign bodies within the period from January 1954 to December 2004. The analyzed patients were the children up to 14 years of age. All cases underwent the bronchoscopy. Each patient was analyzed for age, sex, nature and location of the foreign body, results of bronchoscopic removal, complications of bronchoscopy and presence of foreign bodies in the airways. RESULTS: Six hundred and sixty-two children who underwent bronchoscopy for removal of foreign body in the airways were evaluated. From evaluated children 66.8% were boys, ages ranging from 9 months to 14 years. Foreign bodies were more frequent in children under 3 years of age (65.2%). Most of the foreign bodies removed were organic (87.1%) and more frequently found in the right bronchial tree (53%). CONCLUSIONS: More attention is necessary to the prevention of aspirations. Prevention of aspiration of foreign bodies is better than cure. Public awareness through mass media needs attention to prevent foreign body inhalation.     

儿童气管及支气管异物418例临床分析

目的 探讨儿童气管及支气管异物的临床病理特征，总结诊疗经验。方法 回顾性分析1998年1月-2003年12月间本院诊治的儿童行气管及支气管镜检查的418例的临床资料。结果 418例患儿中，支气管镜检查发现有异物者287例（68．7％），有脓性分泌物从气管、支气管内吸出者62例（14．8％），无异常发现者69例（16．5％）；异物位于右主支气管者145例（145／287，50．5％），位于左主支气管者78例（78／287，27．2％），位于双侧支气管者12例（12／287，4．2％），异物位于气管内者52例（52／287，18．1％）。最常见的异物种类为花生米、瓜子和豆类。结论 对于儿童气管及支气管异物，应高度重视详细询问异物吸人史和胸部X线检查结果，以避免延误病情。对父母及其子女进行相关的健康教育是预防该类疾病的关键所在。     

特殊类型的小儿气管支气管异物的处理

目的探讨小儿气管、支气管特殊类型异物的有效处理方法。方法回顾1998年1月～2000年11月北京儿童医院治疗的48例气管、支气管特殊异物（塑料笔帽、玩具、哨、大头针、图钉、乳牙、笔头、钢珠、杏核、鸡骨头、螺丝钉）的处理过程。患儿年龄最小9个月,最大14岁,平均8.3岁。男∶女为2.4∶1。结果46/48例特殊异物经气管镜取出,其中3例异物经过声门处被刮脱,出现呼吸窘迫,再由对侧支气管取出。1例图钉异物从气管切开口处取出,1例杏核异物开胸取出。结论小儿气管、支气管特殊异物术中采用全身麻醉,保留自主呼吸,取异物时需做好应变的准备。应正确判断和处理并发症,对从声门取出确有困难的异物可从气管切开口处取出。异物取出后行生理盐水支气管灌洗及抗生素支气管内注药可以促进肺功能的恢复。     

Foreign bodies in the lower respiratory tract: experience based on materials gathered in the ENT department of the Poznań Higher School of Medical Sciences between 1945 and 1997

258 foreign bodies were removed from the lower respiratory tract in ENT Department of Poznań High School of Medical Sciences between 1945 and 1997. The age ranged from 0 to 85 years, but the most numerous group (68%) was found between 0 and 10 years. 86.5% patients were admitted to hospital during first three days after inserting the foreign body. The longest time of foreign body existence inside the bronchus was a period of 18 years. The most often met foreign bodies were: bones, bean seeds, fruit stones, pieces of food, iron nails. Spontaneous evacuation of the foreign body took place in 4% of cases. 98% of foreign bodies were removed by means of rigid bronchoscopy. Bronchofiberoscopy was performed for diagnostic purposes or for taking out foreign bodies located in the peripheral parts of the bronchial tree. 3% of patients were referred to the further toracosurgery treatment.     

Chronic esophageal foreign bodies in pediatric patients: a retrospective review

OBJECTIVE: Chronic esophageal foreign bodies (CEFB) are associated with a high incidence of morbidity and mortality in adults. However, the presentation, management and outcome of chronic esophageal foreign bodies in children are not well described. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of children with chronic esophageal foreign bodies admitted to the Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, between May 1990 and January 2002. A chronic esophageal foreign body was defined as a foreign body estimated to have been present for over 1 week. RESULTS: Over the inclusion period, 522 children were admitted with esophageal foreign bodies, 41 (8%) of which were chronic. The most common foreign bodies were coins. Seventy-six percent of patients presented with a primary complaint of respiratory symptoms, with respiratory distress being the most common followed by asthmatic symptoms and cough. Twenty-two percent of patients had primarily gastrointestinal symptoms including nausea/vomiting and dysphagia. One patient was asymptomatic on presentation. A perforated esophagus was identified in 18 patients, with 17 of these being a technically perforated esophagus and one case being a classic esophageal perforation. There were no deaths or permanent morbidity in this series. CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory symptoms are more common than gastrointestinal symptoms in pediatric patients with chronic esophageal foreign bodies. Removal by rigid esophagoscopy is recommended. A small proportion of cases require open removal of the foreign body. Conservative management is appropriate for the technically perforated esophagus. A good outcome should be anticipated for the majority of cases.     

儿童鼻腔异物与过敏性鼻炎关系的初步研究

目的 探讨儿童鼻腔异物与过敏性鼻炎的关系。 方法 选择资料完整的161例鼻腔异物患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。 结果 161例鼻腔异物患儿中,3~5岁为高发人群,占81.4%。137例(85.1%)患儿平时有鼻痒、打喷嚏、流清涕等鼻部症状,其中112例(69.6%)特异性IgE检测阳性,并确诊为过敏性鼻炎。鼻腔异物患儿中过敏性鼻炎的患病率为69.6%,明显高于普通人群的7.83%和20.42%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。 结论 鼻腔异物与过敏性鼻炎关系密切。对鼻腔异物的患儿,应关注是否有过敏性鼻炎,并予以规范化诊疗。     

Inhalation of foreign bodies in chinese children: A review of 400 cases

A retrospective review of 400 Chinese children who had inhaled foreign bodies was undertaken. There has been a yearly increase in the total number of cases of airway foreign bodies removed in our hospital. Fifty-eight percent of the children presenting were from the countryside; 42% were townspeople. Approximately 90% of the patients were under 3 years of age, with the peak incidence of foreign body inhalation occurring between 1 and 2 years of age (57.8%). The male-female ratio was about 1.2:1. About 95% of the removed foreign bodies were organic in origin. The majority of the foreign bodies were found most often in the right bronchial tree (46%). A positive history of foreign body inhalation was obtained in 98% of the cases. Twenty-eight percent of the children presented at the hospital within 24 hours, 71% within 1 week, and 29% more than 1 week after inhaling the foreign body. The most common presenting symptoms of lar-yngotracheal foreign bodies were cough, wheezing, dyspnea, and hoarseness; those of bronchial foreign bodies were cough, wheezing, decreased air entry, and rhonchi. More than two-thirds of the children with laryngotracheal foreign bodies had normal x-ray findings. The most common fluoroscopic findings in those children with bronchial foreign bodies were mediastinal shift (36.8%), obstructive emphysema (35.7%), and normal findings (35%). A total of 348 (87%) bronchial foreign bodies were removed by rigid bronchoscopy (81%), rod-lens bronchoscopy (5%), and spontaneous expulsion (1%); 52 (13%) laryn-geal and tracheal foreign bodies were removed by direct laryngoscopy (12%) and tracheotomy (1%). A single endoscopic procedure successfully removed 92.5% of 400 foreign bodies detected in the airways. One child died during bronchoscopy, for a mortality rate of 0.25%.     

儿童气管支气管异物诊治686例

目的 探讨儿童气管支气管异物的临床特征、诊治方法及时机。方法 回顾总结686例气管支气管异物患者临床资料,应用硬气管镜、纤维支气管镜、开胸等方法进行治疗,追踪临床转归。结果 异物种类中植物性658例（95.9%）,小塑料制品7例,金属6例。经硬质气管镜取出气道异物660例,纤维支气管镜取出基底支内异物5例,基底支内异物转胸科手术取出1例,自行咳出1例。结论 幼儿期为儿童气管支气管异物的高发年龄段;病情发展迅速、手术风险较大;术中要求迅速、准确取出异物;术后需加强病情监控。     

ENT foreign bodies: profile of the cases seen at a tertiary hospital emergency care unit

Individuals often seek help with foreign bodies (FB) in their ears, noses, and throats. Proper recognition, study, and management of foreign bodies is required to prevent complications.ObjectiveTo analyze the profile of the patients seen for FB at a reference otorhinolaryngology emergency care unit between February of 2010 and January of 2011.MethodCross-sectional retrospective historical cohort study based on digitized patient charts.ResultsFB accounted for 827 cases and 5.3% of all patients seen in the ENT emergency unit. Children were affected more frequently, particularly when aged 8 and under. No statistically significant differences were seen between genders. Foreign bodies were mostly located in the ears (64.4%), followed by the nasal fossae (19.5%), and the oropharynx (8.9%). Complications were seen in 4.5% of the cases, and 4.4% required general anesthesia to have the FB removed.ConclusionIn our ENT practice, foreign bodies were more commonly seen in children; the ears were the preferential site of occurrence. Complication rates and use of general anesthesia were low in our practice. It should be stressed that ENT foreign bodies need to be properly managed so as to avoid complications.     

Ear, nose and throat foreign bodies in Melanesian children: an analysis of 1037 cases

OBJECTIVE: Occurrence of foreign bodies (FBs) in ear, nose and throat (ENT) in children are not uncommon in clinical practice. We described our experience with ENT foreign bodies in Melanesian children. METHOD: The study was carried out at the tertiary referral center which is also a University teaching hospital. The 15-year period from 1990 to 2004, 1037 cases of ENT foreign bodies were managed. The clinical, operative and follow up data of these patients were collected from available clinic cards and admission charts. A retrospective analysis was made with these data. RESULTS: Foreign bodies in the external auditory canal constituted 711 (68.6%) cases. It was followed by nose in 258 (24.9%), pharynx in 26 (2.5%), esophagus in 21 (2.0%) and laryngotracheobronchial (LTB) tree in 21 (2.0%) cases. Innumerable varieties of foreign bodies were removed from the ear. The common ones were stones in 277 (39.0%), seeds in 142 (20.0%), plastic ornament beads in 70 (9.8%) and cotton in 48 (6.8%) cases. Six hundred and thirteen (86.2%) of them were removed under microscope at the clinic without any complications. The difficult ones in uncooperative children were removed in the operation theatre. They numbered 98 (13.8%). The nasal foreign bodies were exclusively limited up to the age of 12 years. Common nasal foreign bodies were foam in 54 (20.9%), seeds in 51 (19.8%), stone in 28 (10.9%) and ornament beads in 24 (9.3%) cases. Two hundred and forty-six (95.3%) of them were removed in the clinic. Only 12 (4.7%) were removed in the operation theatre. Fishbone was the commonest (23, 90.2%) foreign body encountered in the pharynx of the children. Coins were the exclusive esophageal foreign bodies in children and all were removed in the operation theatre under general anesthesia. In the LTB tree the FBs were mostly localized to the right main bronchus which occurred in 11 (52.4%) cases. This was followed by the trachea in four (19.1%) cases. The different types of FBs encountered were coffee beans in eight (38.0%), peanuts in five (23.8%), plant seeds in three (14.2%) cases. We encountered two mortalities in these LTB FB patients. CONCLUSIONS: Otolaryngological foreign bodies in children are common. For early diagnosis a high index of suspicion has to be maintained by pediatric otolaryngologist.     

螺旋CT多平面重建在小儿可疑气道异物诊断中的应用

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT多平面重建（MPR）在不典型X线穿透性异物的诊断价值。方法:对71例可疑呼吸道异物患儿行螺旋CT扫描多平面重建。结果：35例MPR直观显示异物的位置、大小、形态及与周围组织关系，其中气管异物6例、右主支气管异物16例、右下支气管异物5例、左主支气管异物7例、左下支气管异物1例、双侧主支气管异物1例；排除异物35例，手术未证实异物1例。结论:MPR对气管支气管异物显示率高、定位准确，在可疑气道异物诊断及鉴别诊断中有重要意义。