TLR4/NLRP3炎症复合体介导对比剂诱导的肾小管上皮细胞炎症和损伤

目的:探讨Toll样受体4(TLR4)/Nod样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)炎症复合体是否介导了对比剂(CM)引起的肾小管上皮细胞炎症和损伤。方法:本研究运用碘普罗胺作用于大鼠肾小管上皮细胞NRK-52E建立损伤模型。应用CCK-8法测定细胞存活率;Western blot测定TLR4、NLRP3、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(ASC)、caspase-1和cleaved caspase-3的蛋白水平;ELISA法检测炎症因子白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)和IL-18的水平;Hoechst 33258核染色法检测凋亡率;JC-1染色法测定线粒体膜电位。用小干扰RNA沉默NLRP3表达。结果:CM可降低NRK-52E细胞的存活率并上调cleaved caspase-3的蛋白水平(P0.05);此外,CM可上调细胞TLR4/NLRP3炎症复合体的表达并促进炎症因子IL-1β和IL-18的分泌(P0.05)。沉默NLRP3可以对抗CM诱导的炎症因子分泌;TLR4抑制剂TAK-242及沉默NLRP3能减轻CM引起的细胞凋亡和线粒体功能损伤。结论:TLR4/NLRP3炎症复合体参与了CM致急性肾损伤的发病机制,并介导了CM诱导的肾小管上皮细胞损伤和炎症。     

大黄素可通过抑制NLRP3炎性小体活化减轻哮喘小鼠的炎症反应

目的探讨大黄素对哮喘小鼠炎症反应及对肺组织中NOD样受体蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NODlike receptor pyrin domain containing 3,NLRP3)、凋亡相关微粒蛋白(apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD,ASC)和胱冬肽-1(caspase-1)表达的影响。方法 36只BALB/c雌性小鼠随机分为对照组、哮喘组和大黄素组。以卵蛋白为致敏原制备哮喘小鼠模型。收集肺泡灌洗液(BALF)进行细胞计数和分类计数,ELISA方法检测BALF中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)与白介素-4(IL-4)水平。HE染色观察小鼠肺组织病理学改变。Western-blot检测各组小鼠肺组织中NLRP3、ASC和caspase-1的表达。结果大黄素能减少BALF中炎性细胞总数和嗜酸性粒细胞,降低BALF中TNF-α、IL-1β与IL-4含量,减轻肺组织炎性反应。Western-blot结果显示,哮喘组小鼠肺组织NLRP3、ASC和caspase-1的蛋白表达显著高于对照组(P0.01);与哮喘组比较,大黄素组小鼠肺组织NLRP3、ASC和caspase-1的蛋白表达显著降低(P0.01)。结论大黄素可通过抑制NLRP3炎性小体活化减轻哮喘小鼠的炎症反应。     

灯盏乙素对大鼠脑缺血后小胶质细胞cGAS/STING/NLRP3信号轴的调控

目的:探讨灯盏乙素对大鼠脑缺血后小胶质细胞环状GMP-AMP合成酶(cGAS)/干扰素基因刺激蛋白(STING)轴及NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NLRP3)表达的影响。方法:将36只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(sham)、大脑中动脉栓塞(MCAO)、MCAO+灯盏乙素干预组(MCAO+S)。开颅法制备大鼠脑缺血模型,分别用HE染色观察大鼠脑组织病理性变化,免疫荧光染色检测大鼠小胶质细胞中cGAS、STING、NLRP3表达的变化,Western Blot检测大鼠缺血后3 d脑内cGAS、STING、NLRP3蛋白表达的变化。结果:HE染色显示,灯盏乙素干预后,缺血区皮质中神经细胞数量减少、分布紊乱、细胞间隙大等病理现象较MCAO组明显改善;免疫荧光染色显示MCAO+S组中小胶质细胞的激活受到抑制,cGAS、STING、NLRP3在小胶质细胞中的表达水平下降;Western Blot结果显示,MCAO组中cGAS、STING、NLRP3表达显著增加,灯盏乙素干预后,上述指标明显下降。结论:灯盏乙素可抑制大鼠脑缺血后小胶质细胞中cGAS/STING/NLPR3的过表达,减轻小...     

皮质酮抑制LPS诱导的小鼠巨噬细胞NLRP3表达及与XO的关系

目的:探讨皮质酮(CORT)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠巨噬细胞核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)表达的抑制作用及与黄嘌呤氧化酶(XO)的关系。方法:用LPS构建小鼠巨噬细胞RAW 264.7的炎症模型。运用不同浓度(0~900μg/L)的CORT处理巨噬细胞后提取细胞总蛋白,Western blot法检测细胞NLRP3和caspase-1的蛋白水平;按处理因素分组为:对照组、LPS组、LPS+CORT组和LPS+别嘌呤醇(allopurinol)组,分别于0、0.5、1、1.5和2 h提取细胞成分,运用real-time PCR和Western blot法检测细胞NLRP3和XO的m RNA和蛋白水平。结果:高于700μg/L的CORT可显著抑制LPS诱导的巨噬细胞中NLRP3的表达及caspase-1的活化(P0.05);与LPS组相比,LPS+CORT在下调LPS诱导的巨噬细胞NLRP3表达的同时抑制XO的表达(P0.05),LPS+allopurinol组巨噬细胞NLRP3的表达减少(P0.05)。结论:较高浓度的CORT能抑制LPS诱导的小鼠巨噬细胞NLRP3的表达,而CORT的抑制作用可能与其下调XO的表达水平有关。     

原花青素减轻TCP磨损颗粒诱导的骨细胞氧化损伤

目的:研究原花青素(PC)对磷酸三钙(TCP)磨损颗粒诱导的骨细胞氧化损伤的影响,并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法:将TCP磨损颗粒(0.1 g/L)与小鼠长骨MLO-Y4骨细胞共孵育构建骨细胞体外损伤模型,实验分为4组:正常对照(control)组、TCP组、PC(10μmol/L)组和PC(50μmol/L)组。应用Calcein-AM染色和MTT等方法检测骨细胞活力;ELISA检测细胞培养上清液中牙本质基质蛋白1(DMP-1)、骨硬化蛋白(SOST)及白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)水平;流式细胞术定量分析骨细胞凋亡情况;化学比色法检测骨细胞中丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,以及细胞培养上清液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放量;Western blot法检测骨细胞中NOD样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)、含CARD的凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(ASC)、cleaved caspase-1和IL-1β蛋白水平的变化。结果:与control组比较,TCP组MLO-Y4细胞的损伤、凋亡率及MDA含量显著增加(P0.05),SOD活性显著降低(P0.05),NLRP3、ASC、cleaved caspase-1和IL-1β蛋白水平显著上调,上清液中IL-1β和LDH的水平明显增加(P0.05);与TCP组比较,PC组MLO-Y4细胞的损伤明显减轻,凋亡率显著降低(P0.05),NLRP3、ASC、cleaved caspase-1和IL-1β的蛋白水平显著下调(P0.05),IL-1β和LDH水平明显降低(P0.05)。结论:PC可明显抑制TCP磨损颗粒诱导的骨细胞氧化损伤,其机制可能与减轻NLRP3炎症小体的活化和细胞焦亡相关。     

NLRP2-caspase-1 炎性小体在脑缺血损伤中的表达量及作用

目的:探究NOD样受体家族蛋白2-含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶1(NLRP2-caspase-1)炎性小体与脑缺血损伤的关系及作用机制。方法:荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)和免疫印迹试验(Western blot)检测氧糖剥夺损伤的星形胶质细胞中NLRP2基因的表达;采用小RNA干扰(siRNA)技术沉默NLRP2的表达,将其分为对照组、模型组、空载体组、siRNA NLRP2组,RT-PCR和Western blot观察转染后细胞中NLRP2的表达量;流式细胞术检测细胞的凋亡,Western blot检测B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病-2(Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)、含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶3(caspase-3)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、核转录因子k B(NF-κB) p65、含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶1(caspase-1)、caspase-1前体(Pro-caspase-1)、磷酸化p65(pp65)蛋白水平。结果:结果显示,氧糖剥夺损伤的星形胶质细胞中NLRP2基因的表达量显著增加(P0. 05),促进细胞凋亡(P0. 05),显著降低Bcl-2蛋白水平(P0. 05),显著增加Bax、caspase-3蛋白水平(P0. 05)。沉默NLRP2表达较模型组显著抑制细胞的凋亡(P0. 05),上调Bcl-2蛋白水平(P0. 05),下调Bax、caspase-3蛋白水平(P0. 05); siRNA NLRP2组细胞中caspase-1、IL-1β、P65、p-P65蛋白显著低于模型组(P0. 05)。结论:NLRP2在氧糖剥夺损伤的星形胶质细胞中显著上调,可能通过调控细胞的炎症反应、凋亡信号通路以及NF-κB信号通路参与脑缺血损伤神经细胞的凋亡。     

三七总皂苷抑制小鼠星形胶质细胞活化缓解完全弗氏佐剂所致炎性痛

目的 探讨三七总皂苷(PNS)对完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)所致慢性炎性疼痛小鼠模型的镇痛作用及可能机制。方法 48只C57BL/6J雄性小鼠随机分成生理盐水对照组(Ctrl)、CFA组(CFA)、CFA+PNS组、CFA+地塞米松(DEX)组(CFA+DEX)。采用Von Frey纤维丝检测小鼠机械疼痛;采用免疫组织化学法检测脊髓后角胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)阳性星形胶质细胞数目和形态结构变化;采用Western blotting检测各组小鼠相应节段脊髓GFAP、核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域(NOD)样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NLRP3)、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(ASC)、Caspase-1、白细胞介素(IL)-1β和IL-18的表达。结果 与Ctrl组相比,CFA组小鼠机械痛阈值在第1、3、5、7、14天明显下降,小鼠脊髓NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1、IL-1β和IL-18的表达均显著增加。PNS干预可缓解模型小鼠机械痛觉,下调小鼠脊髓NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1、IL-1β和IL-18的表达,且与CFA+DEX组表达差异无显著性。免疫组织化学结果显示,与Ctrl组相比,...     

TRIM31 过表达改善脂多糖诱导下神经细胞的炎症损伤

目的:探讨E3泛素连接酶31(TRIM31)对LPS诱导PC12细胞炎症性损伤的保护作用和机制。方法:用不同浓度LPS处理PC12细胞24 h,MTT法检测细胞增殖活性,Western blot检测LPS最佳浓度处理后PC12细胞TRIM蛋白表达水平。将TRIM31过表达质粒(pcDNA3.1-TRIM31)及其阴性对照质粒(pcDNA3.1-NC)转染至PC12细胞,qRT-PCR和Western blot检测细胞TRIM31 mRNA和蛋白表达水平。PC12细胞分为对照组(Control)、LPS组、LPS+NC组和LPS+TRIM31组,分组干预后,ELISA检测细胞上清IL-6、TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-18含量,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,免疫荧光检测NLRP3蛋白表达,qRT-PCR检测NLRP3、caspase-1 mRNA表达,Western blot检测NLRP3、caspase-1、Cleaved-caspase-3、Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达。结果:LPS剂量增加,PC12细胞增殖活性逐渐降低(P0.05),LPS处理可降低PC12细胞TRIM31蛋白表达水平(P0.01),TRIM31过表达,PC12细胞TRIM31 mRNA和蛋白表达水平显著提高(P0.05)。与Control组相比,LPS组细胞上清中IL-6、TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-18含量、细胞凋亡率及细胞Cleaved-caspase-3和Bax蛋白水平显著提高(P0.05),Bcl-2和TRIM31蛋白水平显著降低(P0.05),NLRP3蛋白荧光强度及NLRP3、caspase-1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平显著提高(P0.05);与LPS组相比,LPS+TRIM31组细胞上清中IL-6、TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-18含量、细胞凋亡率及细胞Cleaved-caspase-3和Bax蛋白水平显著降低(P0.05),Bcl-2蛋白水平显著提高(P0.05),NLRP3荧光强度及NLRP3、caspase-1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平显著降低(P0.05)。结论:过表达TRIM31能通过抑制NLRP3炎症小体活化,改善LPS诱导的PC12细胞炎症损伤。     

miR-22-3p靶向NLRP3表达对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠细胞焦亡的影响北大核心CSCD

目的:探究miR-22-3p对脑缺血再灌注损伤(CIRI)大鼠细胞焦亡的作用及其对核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)表达的靶向调控机制。方法:选取2019年12月至2020年3月甘肃医学院附属医院收治的45例急性缺血性脑卒中患者(CIRI)作为研究对象,并选同期体检的健康志愿者40例作为对照组,qRT-PCR检测血清miR-22-3p和NLRP3等相关基因表达,并进行相关性分析;双荧光素酶基因报告分析miR-22-3p与NLRP3的关系;线栓法构建CIRI大鼠模型。Sham组大鼠在造模过程中仅暴露不结扎,造模手术前4 h,CIRI+mimic组大鼠侧脑室注射10µl miR-22-3p-mimic,CIRI+mimic+pc大鼠侧脑室注射10µl miR-22-3p-mimic和pcDNA3.1-NLRP3,Sham组和CIRI组大鼠侧脑室注射等剂量miR-22-3p-mimic-NC。TTC染色检测各组大鼠脑梗死面积,尼氏染色检测各组大鼠脑组织神经细胞活性;ELISA检测大鼠血清IL-1β和IL-18含量;免疫组化检测各组大鼠脑组织半胱氨酸蛋白酶-1(Caspase-1)表达;Western blot检测各组大鼠脑组织NLRP3、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(ASC)表达。结果:与对照组相比,CIRI患者血清miR-22-3p、Akt、JAK1、PI3K、STAT3等基因表达明显下降,NLRP3、IL-1β、IL-18、Caspase-1、ASC等基因表达明显升高(P<0.05)。CIRI患者血清miR-22-3p与NLRP3(r=−0.80,P=0.000)、IL-1β(r=−0.20,P=0.002)、IL-18(r=−0.25,P=0.004)、Caspase-1(r=−0.35,P=0.005)、ASC(r=−0.30,P=0.001)等基因表达呈负相关。miR-22-3p靶向调控NLRP3表达。过表达miR-22-3p明显降低CIRI大鼠脑梗死面积,增强神经细胞活性,下调IL-1β和IL-18含量及Cas-pase-1、NLRP3、ASC表达。而pcDNA3.1-NLRP3能明显逆转这些抑制作用。结论:CIRI中,miR-22-3p能够靶向调控NLPR3表达抑制神经元细胞焦亡,发挥神经保护作用。     

ASC在ONO-AE-248诱导的中性粒细胞非凋亡、非坏死性死亡中的表达

目的:探讨凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein,ASC)在ONO-AE-248所诱发的中性粒细胞非凋亡、非坏死性死亡中的作用及意义.方法:TUNEL法标记凋亡细胞,结合激光共聚焦扫描显微镜观察细胞核形态以及DNA片段化发生的情况;Western blot法检测不同药物刺激组(LPS延迟凋亡组、TNF-α促进凋亡组、ONO-AE-248刺激组以及自发性凋亡组)的ASC蛋白的表达差异性.结果:TUNEL法检测ONO-AE-248培养12小时后的中性粒细胞,未见TUNEL阳性细胞.Western blot结果显示ONO-AE-248刺激后中性粒细胞ASC蛋白的表达一直处于下调状态.结论:ONO-AE-248诱导人中性粒细胞死亡过程中细胞核DNA断裂方式明显不同于自发性凋亡组,核内染色体可能只发生DNA较大片段的断裂,而没有发生小片段化.ONO-AE-248引起的ASC表达的下调可能是这种新型细胞死亡方式区别于自发性凋亡的重要差异点.     

Circular RNA EGLN3 silencing represses renal cell carcinoma progression through the miR-1224-3p/HMGXB3 axis

BackgroundRenal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common tumor of the urinary system, and its global incidence is increasing annually. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in RCC tumorigenesis; however, the role of circ-EGLN3 (hsa_circ_0031594) derived from the Egl nine homolog 3 (EGLN3) gene in RCC remains undetermined.MethodsCirc-EGNL3 expression was examined before and after RNase R and actinomycin treatments in RCC cells and tissues. Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were assessed using the CCK-8 assay, EdU staining, and wound-healing and Transwell assays. The interactions between microRNA (miR)-1224-3p and circ-EGLN3, and between miR-1224-3p and HMG box domain containing 3 (HMGXB3) were predicted by bioinformatics analysis and validated by dual-luciferase reporter assay.ResultsCirc-EGLN3 was identified using RNase R and actinomycin treatments. Circ-EGLN3 was upregulated in RCC cells and tissues and correlated with poor overall survival. Silencing of circ-EGNL3 decreased RCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Mechanistic studies indicated that circ-EGNL3 acts as a sponge for miR-1224-3p, which targeted HMGXB3. Circ-EGNL3 indirectly upregulated HMGXB3 by targeting miR-1224-3p, and overexpression of circ-EGLN3 reversed the repressive effects of miR-1224-3p on RCC.ConclusionCirc-EGLN3 regulated RCC progression through the miR-1224-3p/HMGXB3 axis, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target.     

Interaction of TAPP adapter proteins with phosphatidylinositol (3,4)‐bisphosphate regulates B‐cell activation and autoantibody production

TAPP1 and TAPP2 (where TAPP is tandem PH domain containing protein) are dual PH domain adaptors that selectively bind PI(3,4)P2 (phosphatidylinositol (3,4)‐bisphosphate). PI(3,4)P2 is a lipid messenger generated by phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) and SHIP, both of which are critical regulators of B‐cell activation. To determine the functional role of TAPP‐PI(3,4)P2 interactions, we utilized a double knock‐in (KI) mouse bearing mutations within the PI‐binding pocket of both TAPP1 and TAPP2. TAPP KI mice show evidence of altered B‐cell development, but generate phenotypically normal mature B‐cell populations. Total serum immunoglobulin IgM and IgG levels were found to be markedly elevated in TAPP KI mice. B cells purified from TAPP KI mice were hyper‐responsive to antigen receptor cross‐linking, showing increased proliferation, CD86 expression, and Akt phosphorylation on Ser473 and Thr308. Female TAPP KI mice developed elevated levels of anti‐DNA and antinuclear antibodies with age, associated with IgG deposition in kidneys and significant glomerulonephritis pathology. Together our results indicate that interaction of TAPPs with PI(3,4)P2 mediates feedback inhibition impacting on BCR signaling, with functional significance for control of autoreactive B cells.     

New hydrophilic polyesters and related polymers as bioerodible polymeric matrices

A survey is reported on our activity performed in the last few years on the preparation of new synthetic and semisynthetic polymeric materials endowed with bioerodible-biodegradable characteristics and designed for applications in the practice of controlled release of active principles of pharmaceutical and agrochemical significance. The presentation of the results will be arranged into the following sections: (1) hydroxyl containing polyesters, that comprise polymerization products based on racemic and optically active glyceric acid, or attained by polyaddition reactions among cyclic anhydrides, including also carbon dioxide, with monoglycidyl ethers of reversibly protected polyols. In this class are also presented the related polyhydroxylated systems obtained by selective grafting functional epoxides on cyclodextrins. (2) Bioerodible carboxyl containing plolymeric systems as derived from the alternating copolymerization of maleic anhydride with alkyl vinyl ethers followed by partial esterification of maleic anhydride groups. (3) Linear and cross-linked functional polymers of synthetic and semisynthetic origin with hydrogel forming capability. Typical examples of their applications in the release of drugs and phytodrugs are also presented.     

Hepatitis B vaccination of immunosuppressed heart transplant recipients with the vaccine Hepa Gene 3 containing pre-S1, pre-S2, and S gene products

The antibody response of immunosuppressed heart transplant recipients to vaccination with the hepatitis B (HB) virus vaccine Hepa Gene 3 (HG-3), containing HB virus pre-S1, pre-S2, and S gene products, was examined. Three heart transplant recipients who had been vaccinated preoperatively against HB responded well to the vaccination. Five of 38 patients (13.2%) vaccinated postoperatively before HG-3 vaccination with the second-generation vaccine Gen-H-B-Vax-D (37 without and 1 with detectable anti-HBs response) and 3 of 24 (12.5%) without previous HB vaccination developed protective anti-HBs titers (greater than 10 U/1) after immunization with the HG-3 vaccine. The l low response rate (8/62, 12.9%) found for postoperatively vaccinated patients indicates that heart transplant recipients should be vaccinated against HB before immunosuppressive medication.Abbreviations HB hepatitis B - HG-3 Hepa gene 3     

Post‐Modification of Organoiron Poly(alkynyl methacrylate)s with Dicobalt Hexacarbonyl

Radical polymerization of organoiron (alkynyl methacrylate)s afforded a series of organoiron poly(alkynyl methacrylate)s with the ability to coordinate dicobalt hexacarbonyl. The polymers were post‐modified with dicobalt hexacarbonyl moieties through reaction with dicobaltoctacarbonyl. Gel permeation chromatography indicated that the polymers possessed weight average molecular weights between 17 800 Da and 33 900 Da with PDIs between 1.3 and 1.6. Thermal analysis revealed that the polymers possess glass transition temperatures between 78 and 138 °C.     

ENDOD1在前列腺癌组织及细胞中的表达及意义

目的:观察比较核酸内切酶结构域内含蛋白1(endonuclease domain containing1,ENDOD1)在良性前列腺增生和前列腺癌组织中的表达差异;筛选存在ENDOD1特异性低表达的前列腺癌细胞系,继而通过调控该细胞ENDOD1蛋白表达,研究其在前列腺癌细胞中的生物学功能,初步探索ENDOD1基因与前列腺癌发生、进展的联系。方法:利用免疫组化SP法检测20例良性前列腺增生和21例前列腺癌术后标本组织中ENDOD1表达情况;利用RT-qPCR和Western blot方法观察ENDOD1的mRNA和蛋白在前列腺正常上皮细胞和不同类型前列腺癌细胞中的表达差异,筛选出特异性低表达细胞系;构建pCMV-N-Flag-ENDOD1重组质粒,转染前列腺癌细胞株,过表达ENDOD1蛋白,通过MTT法测定调控前后前列腺癌细胞活力的变化,流式细胞术检测细胞周期和凋亡,Transwell实验评价肿瘤细胞迁移和侵袭能力的改变。结果:免疫组化评分的方差分析结果显示ENDOD1表达与前列腺癌Gleason评分呈负性关联;RT-qPCR和Western blot实验结果表明ENDOD1在雄激素非依赖性前列腺癌细胞系PC3和DU145中存在着特异性低表达(P0.05)。同时,MTT实验显示,在DU145细胞中,过表达ENDOD1肿瘤细胞活力显著下降(P0.05);而流式细胞术检测结果表明过表达ENDOD1能够使DU145细胞周期停滞在G_0/G_1期,但细胞凋亡率无明显差异。此外,在Transwell实验中,过表达ENDOD1的DU145细胞迁移和侵袭能力明显下降(P0.05)。结论:ENDOD1在Gleason评分越高的前列腺癌中表达越低,同时在雄激素非依赖性前列腺癌细胞系存在着特异性低表达;而过表达ENDOD1能明显抑制雄激素非依赖性前列腺癌细胞的生长、迁移和侵袭能力。     

胆碱能神经在正常人胃壁的分布

为了给临床病理状态下胃溃疡神经分布提供参照，更好地为溃疡病的防治提供形态学依据，本文采用Ｋａｒｎｏｖｓｋｙ－Ｒｏｏｔｓ法，观察了４例正常人胃壁胆碱能神经纤维分布特点。结果：胃壁各层均有乙酰胆碱酯酶（ＡＣｈＥ）阳性纤维，但上皮和固有层上部未见ＡＣｈＥ阳性纤维；ＡＣｈＥ阳性纤维有４种形态：终末纤维、终末前纤维、神经束、神经干，胃壁各层细小动脉壁也存在神经末梢分布，在含非特异胆碱酸酶反应中，可见胃粘膜上皮下固有膜内，存在分支的神经末梢交互联成网状，可能是传入性质，对其功能意义做了讨论     

Interleukin‐4‐ and NACHT,LRR and PYD domains‐containing protein 3‐independent mechanisms of alum enhanced T helper type 2 responses on basophils

Aluminium hydroxide (alum), the most widely used adjuvant in human and animal vaccines, has long been known to promote T helper type 2 (Th2) responses and Th2‐associated humoral responses, but the mechanisms have remained poorly understood. In this study, we explored whether alum is able to directly modulate antigen‐presenting cells to enhance their potency for Th2 polarization. We found that alum treatment of dendritic cells failed to show any Th2‐promoting activities. In contrast, alum was able to enhance the capacity of basophils to induce Th2 cells. When basophils from interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) knockout mice were examined, the intrinsic Th2‐promoting activities by basophils were largely abrogated, but the alum‐enhanced Th2‐promoting activities on basophils were still detectable. More importantly, Th2‐promoting adjuvant activities by alum found in IL‐4 knockout mice were also largely reduced when basophils were depleted by antibody administration. Therefore, basophils can mediate Th2‐promoting activities by alum both in vitro and in vivo through IL‐4‐independent mechanisms. Further studies revealed that secreted soluble molecules from alum‐treated basophils were able to confer the Th2‐promoting activities, and neutralization of thymic stromal lymphopoietin or IL‐25 attenuated the IL‐4‐independent development of Th2 cells elicited by alum‐treated basophils. Finally, alum was able to activate NACHT, LRR and PYD domains‐containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in murine basophils in the same way as alum in professional antigen‐presenting cells, but NLRP3 was not required for Th2‐promoting activities on basophils by alum in vitro. These results demonstrated that alum can enhance the capacities of basophils to polarize Th2 cells via IL‐4‐ and NLRP3‐independent pathways.