不同给药方式的托烷司琼预防肝脏手术后曲马朵静脉镇痛恶心呕吐的临床观察

目的观察不同剂量和给药方式的托烷司琼对减轻肝脏手术后曲马朵静脉镇痛(PCA)期间恶心呕吐发生率的比较。方法150例肝脏手术患者,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,随机分为5组,术后行曲马朵静脉镇痛(PCIA)。Ⅰ组不用托烷司琼;Ⅱ组术毕静注5mg托烷司琼;Ⅲ组术毕静注2.5mg托烷司琼,PCA泵内加托烷司琼2.5mg;Ⅳ组术毕PCA泵内加托烷司琼5mg;Ⅴ组术毕PCA泵内加托烷司琼10mg。观察术后2、24、48h患者恶心呕吐的发生率。结果Ⅱ组～Ⅴ组和Ⅰ组比较,2、24h和48h时恶心呕吐发生率显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);Ⅲ组～Ⅴ组和Ⅱ组比较,术后48h时的恶心呕吐发生率显著低于Ⅱ组(P<0.05);Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组之间比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论不同剂量和给药方式的托烷司琼都能显著地减轻肝脏手术后曲马朵静脉镇痛的恶心呕吐发生率。托烷司琼加入PCA泵内持续泵入,48h时的止吐效果要好于术后单纯静脉推注。     

托烷司琼联合地塞米松预防小儿脑瘫术后曲马多镇痛恶心呕吐的临床观察

目的研究托烷司琼联合地塞米松用于预防小儿脑瘫术后曲马多PCIA镇痛恶心呕吐的临床效果。方法选择60例小儿脑瘫II期手术术后接受曲马多PCIA镇痛的患儿,随机分为三组。镇痛泵中曲马多用量均为15mg/kg。I组病人在手术时静注生理盐水2ml,泵中加入生理盐水至100ml。II组病人手术结束时静注托烷司琼0.1mg/kg,泵中加入托烷司琼0.1mg/kg,并稀释至100ml。III组病人麻醉诱导时静注地塞米松0.2mg/kg,手术结束时静注托烷司琼0.05mg/kg,泵中加入托烷司琼0.1mg/kg,并稀释至100ml。比较各组患儿术后24h恶心呕吐的发生率。结果 II、III组恶心呕吐发生率明显低于I组(P<0.01).II、III组的发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论托烷司琼联合地塞米松可有效预防曲马多PCIA镇痛的恶心呕吐,且可提高疗效,减少单一药物的用量。     

托烷司琼预防吗啡静脉自控镇痛恶心呕吐的临床观察

目的：探讨不同剂量托烷司琼预防手术后吗啡静脉自控镇痛（PCIA）期间恶心呕吐的效果。方法：择期妇产科手术患者120例,根据镇痛配方不同随机双盲分成A组,吗啡40mg;B组,吗啡40 mg加氟哌利多5 mg;C组,吗啡40 mg加托烷司琼2.5 mg;D组,吗啡40 mg加托烷司琼5 mg,每组各30例,各组配方容量均用生理盐水稀释至为100 mL。术后接1次性微量泵行PCIA48 h。观察术后6、12、24和48 h的镇痛效果和恶心呕吐的发生情况以及不良作用的发生情况。结果：4组病例年龄、体重和手术时间及镇痛效果无统计学差异（P＆gt;0.05）。B、C、D组的恶心、呕吐的发生率显著低于A组,C组不良反应的发生率低于B、D组。结论：托烷司琼能安全、有效地预防术后病人吗啡静脉自控镇痛引起的恶心、呕吐,小剂量托烷司琼（2.5 mg）的副作用更小。     

纳美芬复合托烷司琼预防地佐辛镇痛后恶心呕吐的临床研究

目的观察纳美芬复合托烷司琼对地佐辛镇痛后恶心、呕吐的影响。方法将择期行脊柱手术患者80例采用双盲法随机分为A、B组(每组40例)。A组在手术结束前10 min静脉注射托烷司琼5 mg,同时在镇痛泵药物内加用纳美芬0.1 mg;B组在手术结束前单纯静脉注射托烷司琼5 mg,镇痛泵中不加用纳美芬。观察两组患者术后48 h的头痛、头晕、恶心、呕吐不良反应发生情况。结果 A组恶心、呕吐发生率低于B组(P<0.01)。结论纳美芬复合托烷司琼不仅有拮抗地佐辛恶心、呕吐的毒副作用,而且能增强地佐辛的术后镇痛作用。     

曲马多与氟哌利多复合用于术后患者自控镇痛的临床研究

 目的比较术后患者自控镇痛(PCA)单纯用曲马多与曲马多加氟哌利多的镇痛效果和不良反应.方法对80例择期手术患者进行随机、双盲研究,将其分成2组:单纯曲马多组(Ⅰ组)40例,PCA单次给药量曲马多2 ml;曲马多+氟哌利多组(Ⅱ组)40例,PCA单次给药量曲马多+氟哌利多2 ml;锁定时间均为30 min.于术后24、48h分别观察患者的血压、心率、呼吸频率、疼痛评分(VAS)、恶心、呕吐、镇静评分、复视、眩晕、口干和出汗等不良反应.结果两组患者的VAS评分相似,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);Ⅱ组患者恶心、呕吐的发生率明显低于Ⅰ组患者,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);两组之间镇静等不良反应、按压次数、镇痛药物用量以及生命体征差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论术后PCA采用曲马多复合氟哌利多可提供与单纯曲马多同样的镇痛效果,但恶心、呕吐明显降低,并且不增加镇静效果.术后PCA采用曲马多复合氟哌利多效果优于单纯曲马多.     

不同剂量芬太尼复合曲马多在全麻病人术后PCIA中的应用研究

目的观察不同剂量芬太尼复合曲马，多的镇痛效果、不良反应和对血流动力学的影响，寻求一种比较理想的、安全有效的术后静脉镇痛配方。方法240例使用全身麻醉的患者，随机分为三组，每组各80例。全麻苏醒后行PCIA，Ⅰ组为低剂量组（芬太尼0．012mg／Kg＋曲马多12．6mg／Kg＋托烷司琼2mg），Ⅱ组为中剂量组（芬太尼0．016mg／Kg＋曲马多12．6mg／Kg＋托烷司琼2mg），Ⅲ组为高剂量组（芬太尼0．02mg／Kg＋曲马多12．6mg／Kg＋托烷司琼2mg），均用生理盐水稀释成200ml。观察各组的血流动力学变化、镇痛效果、发生恶心、呕吐的病人数及严重程度、头晕头痛、椎体外系症状、嗜睡、骚瘁等不良反应。结果Ⅰ、Ⅱ组HR无明显变化，Ⅲ组下降明显（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。Ⅰ组术后MAP升高（P〈0．05）；Ⅲ组MAP术后明显下降（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。术后镇痛效果VAS评分及病人自主按压次数Ⅰ组与Ⅱ、Ⅲ组相比有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。发生恶心、呕吐病人数及严重程度评分的比较中，各组间无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；骚痒、呼吸抑制及嗜睡，Ⅲ组与Ⅰ、Ⅱ组相比有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论将芬太尼与曲马多复合用于术后静脉镇痛，在减少各自用量的同时，不良反应也减少，并能维持血流动力学的稳定。本实验中的中剂量芬太尼组镇痛配方为安全、有效的值得推广的术后PCIA配方。     

硬膜外吗啡超前镇痛与静脉自控镇痛联合在剖宫产术后的应用

 目的 观察硬膜外吗啡超前镇痛与静脉自控镇痛联合用于剖宫产术后镇痛效果及其不良反应.方法 择期行剖宫产术后镇痛患者90例,随机分为3组,即吗啡超前镇痛与静脉自控镇痛联合组(Ⅰ组)、静脉自控镇痛组(Ⅱ组)、硬膜外自控镇痛组(Ⅲ组).Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组静脉镇痛配方均为舒芬太尼100 μg,甲氧氯普胺30 mg及地塞米松10 mg加生理盐水至100 ml,静脉泵入;Ⅲ组为吗啡2 mg,0.894%罗哌卡因20 ml,甲氧氯普胺30 mg及地塞米松10 mg加生理盐水至总量100 ml,持续2 ml/h,PCA单次剂量0.5 ml,锁定时间15 min,镇痛时间48 h,观察镇痛效果及不良反应.结果 Ⅰ组、Ⅲ组镇痛效果明显优于Ⅱ组(P<0.05),Ⅰ组、Ⅲ组疼痛评分、镇静评分、镇痛优良率及轻、中度镇痛率差异均无统计学意义.Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组尿潴留发生率明显低于Ⅲ组(P<0.01).结论 硬膜外吗啡超前镇痛与静脉自控镇痛联合,用于剖宫产术后镇痛均可获得安全和理想的镇痛效果,且不良反应较少.     

不同剂量盐酸格拉司琼预防术后病人自控镇痛恶心呕吐的临床观察

目的比较不同剂量盐酸格拉司琼预防术后病人自控镇痛(PCA)恶心呕吐的临床疗效。方法150例患者随机分为三组,观察并比较术后48h内病人的镇痛效果和恶心呕吐的发生情况。结果盐酸格拉司琼可显著减少术后呕吐的发生率,6mg与9mg组病人术后恶心、呕吐的发生率无显著性差异(P>0.05),与对照组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论全麻腹部手术后采用PCA者使用盐酸格拉司琼可显著减少术后恶心呕吐的发生率。     

地塞米松对术后吗啡硬膜外镇痛恶心呕吐影响的观察

目的：观察鞘内注射地塞米松对术后吗啡硬膜外镇痛恶心呕吐的影响。方法：选择择期在脊麻硬膜外联合麻醉下行全子宫切除或子宫肌瘤剔除术200例,随机分为观察组和对照组各100例。观察组在蛛网膜下隙注入丁哌卡因15mg后注入地塞米松5mg,对照组注入丁哌卡因后注入生理盐水1ml。术毕各组均经硬膜外导管注入1mg吗啡后接镇痛泵镇痛,观察术后48h恶心呕吐发生情况。结果：观察组恶心呕吐发生率为8.0%,对照组为24.0%,两组比较,差异非常显著（P〈0.01）。结论：地塞米松鞘内注射能显著降低术后吗啡硬膜外镇痛恶心呕吐发生率。     

小剂量硫酸镁复合芬太尼术后静脉镇痛

目的比较小剂量硫酸镁联合芬太尼与单纯芬太尼术后静脉镇痛的临床效应。方法选择行上腹部手术后患者90例,随机均分为三组,每组30例,以一次性静脉镇痛泵(2m l/h)分别行静脉术后镇痛,F组:单纯芬太尼镇痛,0.2μg/(kg.h)芬太尼+5 mg氟哌利多,MF1组:硫酸镁联合芬太尼镇痛,0.2μg/(kg.h)芬太尼+0.5 mg/(kg.h)硫酸镁+5 mg氟哌利多,MF2组:硫酸镁联合芬太尼镇痛,0.2μg/(kg.h)芬太尼+1 mg/(kg.h)硫酸镁+5 mg氟哌利多,各组镇痛泵中药物均用医用盐水稀释至100 m l,观察各组患者镇痛48 h内的静息镇痛评分(VAS方法),恶心呕吐,皮肤瘙痒和尿潴留的发生情况。结果三组患者的静息镇痛评分在12 h内MF1组和MF2组明显低于F组(P<0.05),而在12 h后没有明显差别(P>0.05);恶心呕吐,皮肤瘙痒和尿潴留发生率MF1组和MF2组显著低于F组(P<0.01)。MF1组和MF2组之间在静息镇痛评分和并发症发生方面没有明显差别。结论小剂量硫酸镁用于术后静脉镇痛可明显减少芬太尼的剂量,使恶心呕吐,皮肤瘙痒和尿潴留发生率降低,镇痛效果明显优于单纯芬太尼术后静脉镇痛。     

Optimization of the system of medical service of students of Cadet Schools of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

One of the factors of the successful military career guidance Cadet schools students is preserving and promoting their health. Medical support of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years should include the full range of medical and preventive measures defined for this group. The state of providing outpatient care for pupils at the Cadet School in St. Petersburg was studied. These results show that full medical care in accordance with the standards can be based only on children's health clinics. It is important that the organization of medical support pupils cadet schools should be cooperate with civilian health care.     

带状疱疹83例误诊原因分析

带状疱疹是由水痘—带状疱疾病毒引起的皮肤科常见疾病。其主要的病理损害,一是受累神经的严重炎症性浸润,继而导致受侵犯神经节内神经细胞变性、坏死;二是皮肤的水泡。迅速抑制神经节和相应的感觉神经纤维的充血、水肿和坏死,防止粘连形成,达到迅速镇痛、改善皮损,缩短病程及防止后遗症的发生是治疗的关键。因而,尽早明确诊断,     

Estimation of accumulated dose of radiation by method of ESR-spectrometry of dental enamel of mammals

ESR-spectrometry was used to investigate radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in enamel of mammals: carnivores (polar bear and fox), ungulates (reindeer, European bison, moose), and man. Values at half the microwave power saturation of the radiation signal, P_1/2, evaluated at room temperature, was found to range from 16 to 26 mW for animals and man. A new approach to discrimination of the radiation induced signal from the total ESR spectrum of reindeer enamel is proposed. ‘Dose-response’ dependencies of enamel of different species mammals were measured within the dose range from 0.48 up to 10.08 Gy. Estimations of ‘radiosensitivity’ enamel of carnivores and ungulates showed good agreement with radiosensitivity enamel of man by ESR method.     

Analysis of the results of the international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of Fe

The results of an international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of ⁵⁵Fe organized by the BIPM in 2005 are reported and analysed. This exercise, which follows the procedures of the CIPM mutual recognition arrangement to update older comparisons, is a renewal of the comparison organized by the BIPM that took place in 1978. A EUROMET comparison was organized in 1996 specifically to compare activity measurements of a ⁵⁵Fe solution by means of liquid-scintillation techniques. Results of these three comparisons are presented and discussed in this paper.

The radionuclide solution was provided by the NPL, which also distributed the samples to the participants. The activity of the ampoules was measured by 16 laboratories using 12 methods producing 25 results. Some general considerations on uncertainty assessments pertaining to the different techniques used are drawn. The outcome of four different estimators is compared from which the presence of at least one outlier can be confirmed. Further measurements should be made to try to reduce the discrepancy between the results. To date the outcome of the present comparison does not show an improvement to that of the 1996 comparison.     

Evaluation of the results of various technics of non-surgical therapy of varicocele

A new method of non-surgical treatment of varicocele syndrome is described: it consists in sclerotherapy of spermatic vein by trans-femoral percutaneous catheterization with balloon-catheters. In 8 cases venous thrombosis has been induced by direct electric clotting. The techniques and a 6 months follow-up are discussed. It is pointed out that this procedure should be considered as the method of choice for tubular lesions and sub-fertility prophylaxis in young people and in childhood.     

延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因分析

目的探讨延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因和预防措施.方法回顾性分析总结12例延迟性脾破裂中的诊断和误漏诊的经验与教训.结果本组延迟性脾破裂的误漏诊5例(41.66%).对多发伤与脾破裂并存可能认识不足,外伤史轻微或伤员隐瞒外伤史,缺乏腹痛-缓解-突然再腹痛的典型病史,缺乏“对冲性脾破裂”力学分析和整体化诊断思路等为其误漏诊的主要原因.结论详细的外伤史和全面系统检查,重视腹以外多发伤掩盖腹内脏器伤及延迟性脾破裂可能.确立外伤-腹内脏器伤-脾破裂整体化诊断思路.不间断地辅以B超检查脾形态学变化和腹内有无积液,腹腔穿刺确定有无血腹、X线胸腹部检查观察左侧胸肋角和膈肌运动情况、必要时CT检查以尽早发现脾包膜下血肿,降低延迟性脾破裂误漏诊率.