口腔微生物群落在口腔与全身疾病预警中的作用

口腔微生物群落是指定植于人体口腔的微生物集合,多以生物膜形式行使微生物生理学功能。当微生物群落与宿主间生态关系失衡时,可诱发多种口腔感染性疾病,包括龋病、牙髓根尖周病、牙周病、智齿冠周炎、颌骨骨髓炎等,严重危害口腔健康。更为重要的是,口腔微生物群落与口腔肿瘤、糖尿病、类风湿性关节炎、心血管疾病及早产等系统性疾病紧密相关,口腔微生物群落结构特征可作为口腔及全身健康预警的重要标记。随着“人类微生物组计划”及其他微生物宏基因组学相关项目的开展,人们对口腔微生物群落的认识不断深入,已获得了海量大数据信息。在“后微生物组计划”时代如何有效地将微生物群落大数据转化为具有实际运用价值的临床诊疗手段,进而为患者提供有效的个体化医疗服务将是推动口腔疾病乃至全身疾病“精准医疗”的重大前沿问题。本文拟从常见口腔及相关系统性疾病微生物群落研究进展入手,阐述口腔微生物群落信息在疾病发生、发展及预后预警中的作用,提出建立基于口腔微生物群落疾病预警系统的必要性,为实现口腔疾病及相关系统性疾病的个性化诊疗提供新的思路。     

口腔微生物与消化系统疾病关系的研究进展

人类微生物组计划使人们对口腔微生物的认识更加深入。口腔微生物不仅在龋病、牙周病、口腔癌等口腔疾病的病程中发挥重要作用,还与其他全身系统疾病关系密切。口腔微生物与消化系统疾病间存在紧密的相关性,可以促进结直肠癌的发生和发展。本文对口腔微生物与消化系统疾病的研究进展、口腔微生物在消化系统疾病进程中的重要作用以及口腔微生物作用于消化系统多脏器的途径进行综述,为口腔微生物与全身系统疾病的进一步研究提供参考。     

口腔微生物组学与口腔个体化医疗研究进展

口腔精准医学的提出是建立在对微生物群落及其功能的认知基础上,然而口腔微生物种类繁多、体外培养困难等因素限制了口腔微生物的研究。近年来随着高通量基因测序等支持技术的发展而出现的口腔微生物组学研究,不仅能识别更多共生微生物,还能了解微生物数量、群落结构变化与口腔健康及疾病的关系,促进口腔个体化医疗发展。本文将对口腔微生物组学及其研究进展、口腔个体化医疗研究现状进行综述。     

人体口腔微生物宏基因组的研究进展

人体生态环境中共生着数量庞大的微生物群落,被誉为人体第二基因组。口腔微生物与口腔及全身的健康和疾病有着密切的联系,新一代高通量基因芯片和第二代测序技术的涌现让人们对口腔微生物有了更全面的了解。本文就微生物宏基因组研究技术、口腔微生物宏基因组及其与口腔和全身疾病防治的最新进展进行综述。     

人体真菌组与疾病

真菌组在人体微生物组中所占比例不到1%,但真菌群落在人体健康与疾病状态中扮演着关键角色。近年来随着高通量测序技术的广泛应用,人体不同部位如口腔、肺部、消化道、阴道以及皮肤真菌组的结构和组成被解析,其在人体健康和疾病中的重要地位也被挖掘。同时,人体真菌组对细菌组的组成也有影响,是维持微生物组结构和代谢功能稳定的关键物种;真菌组对宿主的免疫应答作用也对某些疾病的发生发展有显著影响。本文综述了人体不同部位健康与疾病状态下真菌组组成情况以及真菌组与细菌组、宿主免疫的相互作用。     

人体真菌组与疾病

真菌组在人体微生物组中所占比例不到1%,但真菌群落在人体健康与疾病状态中扮演着关键角色。近年来随着高通量测序技术的广泛应用,人体不同部位如口腔、肺部、消化道、阴道以及皮肤真菌组的结构和组成被解析,其在人体健康和疾病中的重要地位也被挖掘。同时,人体真菌组对细菌组的组成也有影响,是维持微生物组结构和代谢功能稳定的关键物种;真菌组对宿主的免疫应答作用也对某些疾病的发生发展有显著影响。本文综述了人体不同部位健康与疾病状态下真菌组组成情况以及真菌组与细菌组、宿主免疫的相互作用。     

高通量技术在牙髓根尖周病相关的口腔微生物宏基因组研究

牙髓根尖周病是口腔微生物入侵根管及根尖周组织而诱发的感染性疾病,全面了解感染根管中微生物的结构组成、相互作用关系将有助于认识疾病的发生发展过程,为疾病的预警和个性化诊疗提供新思路.随着各种微生物组计划的开展以及高通量元基因组测序、生物信息学技术的迅猛发展,使人们对微生物群落的认识不断深入,获得大量的信息和数据.本文就迄...     

口腔微生物与口腔鳞状细胞癌关系的研究进展

口腔微生物群落在人类微生物群落和人类健康中发挥着重要作用,微生物与宿主的不平衡可导致口腔疾病和全身疾病。一些肿瘤已经被认为与细菌等微生物的存在相关,口腔肿瘤和微生物的关系也被逐渐认识。本文对口腔鳞状细胞癌与口腔微生物之间的关系进行综述,阐述口腔微生物导致口腔鳞状细胞癌发生的可能途径以及口腔鳞状细胞癌微环境对微生物的影响,为口腔微生物与肿瘤关系的进一步研究提供参考,以实现口腔鳞状细胞癌早期诊断,甚至辅助治疗的目的。     

口腔微生物与消化系统癌症关系的研究进展

口腔微生物组在人类健康和疾病状态中发挥着重要作用。近年来癌症患者体内复杂的微生物群落特征,微生物和癌症之间的相互作用以及微生物参与癌症发生、预防和治疗的可能机制等引起了广泛关注。大量研究结果表明,微生物菌群失调通过多种途径导致癌症易感性。因此,本文主要通过回顾口腔微生物群对消化系统癌症(包括食管癌、胃癌、胰腺癌和结肠直肠癌)的影响,为口腔菌群与消化系统癌症关系的进一步研究以及口腔微生物与全身系统疾病的进一步探索提供参考。     

口腔微生物稳态与口腔鳞癌患者顺铂敏感性的相关性分析

目的 探讨口腔鳞癌（oral squamous cell carcinoma,OSCC）患者口腔内微生物与顺铂敏感性之间的相关性。方法 采集29例OSCC患者化疗前唾液样本,根据RECIST 1.1评价标准将患者分为顺铂耐药组（无效）和顺铂敏感组（有效）,采用16S rRNA基因测序,分析OSCC患者口腔微生物物种组成、群落多样性及丰度、样本间差异。采用SPSS 19.0软件包对数据进行统计学处理,LEfSe分析2组样本间物种差异。结果 与顺铂化疗敏感组相比,顺铂耐药组唾液样本中微生物多样性和丰度显著增加。在属水平上,顺铂耐药组患者口腔内奇异菌属、红蝽菌、微单胞菌、尤里优杆菌以及梭杆菌与顺铂敏感组相比存在显著差异。结论 顺铂耐药组与敏感组OSCC患者口腔内微生物结构和组成存在显著差异,提示微生物可能成为OSCC患者顺铂化疗前筛选的生物标志物。     

口腔微生物群落结构的影响因素

口腔微生物群落作为人体最多样化的微生物群落之一,其生态失衡不仅可以诱发多种口腔疾病,如龋病、牙髓根尖周病、牙周病等,还与心血管疾病、糖尿病等多种系统性疾病紧密相关。口腔微生物群落结构受多种因素影响,本文就口腔微生物群落结构的影响因素作一综述,文献复习结果表明:环境因素在口腔微生物群落的塑造中起重要作用,而遗传和饮食因素的影响目前尚有争议;此外,系统性疾病也可能影响口腔微生物群落结构。目前,高通量测序研究已确定一些“核心微生物群”,不同环境、不同遗传背景下的“核心微生物群”将是下一步的研究方向。     

World Workshop on Oral Medicine VII: Targeting the microbiome for oral medicine specialists—Part 1. A methodological guide

Advances in high‐throughput sequencing technologies have allowed for a rapid increase in knowledge about the human microbiome in both healthy and diseased states, which is expected to increase our understanding of multifactorial diseases. The World Workshop on Oral Medicine VII chose the microbiome as one of its topics of focus. Part 1 of this review provides updated knowledge in the field of microbiome research, describes the advantages and disadvantages of currently available sequencing technologies, and proposes a seven‐step “recipe” for designing and performing studies that is supported by contemporary evidence. Part 2 of this review in a companion paper discusses the results of high‐throughput sequencing studies published to date on the microbiota associated with oral mucosal diseases. The goal of this collective enterprise is to encourage more oral medicine specialists to become engaged in multidisciplinary collaborations to investigate the role of the microbiome in relation to oral diseases, which could potentially lead to enhanced diagnosis, risk assessment and treatment of these patients.     

Interplay between oral immunity in HIV and the microbiome

This Basic Science Workshop addressed the oral microbiome. At the 7th World Workshop on Oral Health & Disease in HIV/AIDS in India in 2014, some aspects of the human microbiome were discussed, and research questions formulated. Since that time, there have been major advances in technology, which have stimulated a number of publications on many aspects of the human microbiome, including the oral cavity. This workshop aimed to summarize current understanding of the “normal” microbiome of the oral cavity compared to that during HIV infection, and how oral immune factors and other clinical variables alter or control the oral microbiome. An important question is whether successful treatment with anti‐retroviral therapy, which leads to a significant drop in viral loads and immune reconstitution, is associated with any change or recovery of the oral microbiome. Additionally, the workshop addressed the issue of which parameters are most appropriate/correct to evaluate the oral microbiome and how clinically relevant are shifts/changes in the oral microbiome. The workshop evaluated current knowledge in five research areas related to five basic questions and identified further topics where further research is required.     

Polymicrobial interactions of Candida albicans and its role in oral carcinogenesis

The oral microbiome is composed of microorganisms residing in the oral cavity, which are critical components of health and disease. Disruption of the oral microbiome has been proven to influence the course of oral diseases, especially among immunocompromised patients. Oral microbiome is comprised of inter‐kingdom microorganisms, including yeasts such as Candida albicans, bacteria, archaea and viruses. These microorganisms can interact synergistically, mutualistically and antagonistically, wherein the sum of these interactions dictates the composition of the oral microbiome. For instance, polymicrobial interactions can improve the ability of C albicans to form biofilm, which subsequently increases the colonisation of oral mucosa by the yeast. Polymicrobial interactions of C albicans with other members of the oral microbiome have been reported to enhance the malignant phenotype of oral cancer cells, such as the attachment to extracellular matrix molecules (ECM) and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). Polymicrobial interactions may also exacerbate an inflammatory response in oral epithelial cells, which may play a role in carcinogenesis. This review focuses on the role of polymicrobial interactions between C albicans and other oral microorganisms, including its role in promoting oral carcinogenesis.     

The microbiome–systemic diseases connection

The human microbiome consists of all microorganisms occupying the skin, mucous membranes and intestinal tract of the human body. The contact of the mucosal immune system with the human microbiome is a balanced interplay between defence mechanisms of the immune system and symbiotic or pathogenic microbial factors, such as microbial antigens and metabolites. In systemic autoimmune diseases (SADs) such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome, the immune system is deranged to a chronic inflammatory state and autoantibodies are an important hallmark. Specific bacteria and/or a dysbiosis in the human microbiome can lead to local mucosal inflammation and increased intestinal permeability. Proinflammatory lymphocytes and cytokines can spread to the systemic circulation and increase the risk of inflammation at distant anatomical sites, such as the joints or salivary glands. Increased intestinal permeability increases antigen exposure and the risk of autoantibody production. If the human microbiome indeed plays such a critical role in SADs, this finding holds a great promise for new therapeutic strategies, such as diet interventions and probiotics and prebiotics. This review provides a background on the human microbiome and mucosal immunity in the gut and oral cavity and gives a summary of the current knowledge on the microbiome–SADs connection.     

人乳头瘤病毒感染与口腔黏膜疾病

人乳头状病毒（human papillomavirus,HPV）是一类双链闭合环状DNA病毒,属于乳头状瘤病毒科,与人类疾病紧密相关,对它的研究已经持续了百年之久,但在口腔黏膜病领域尚属起步阶段。该文就口腔黏膜病的HPV感染情况、HPV+口腔黏膜病的发病机制、预防和治疗等问题的研究情况进行述评。     

A practical guide to the oral microbiome and its relation to health and disease

The oral microbiome is incredibly complex with the average adult harboring about 50–100 billion bacteria in the oral cavity, which represent about 200 predominant bacterial species. Collectively, there are approximately 700 predominant taxa of which less than one‐third still have not yet been grown in vitro. Compared to other body sites, the oral microbiome is unique and readily accessible. There is extensive literature available describing the oral microbiome and discussing the roles that bacteria may play in oral health and disease. However, the purpose of this review is not to rehash these detailed studies but rather to educate the reader with understanding the essence of the oral microbiome, namely that there are abundant bacteria in numbers and types, that there are molecular methods to rapidly determine bacterial associations, that there is site specificity for colonization of the host, that there are specific associations with oral health and disease, that oral bacteria may serve as biomarkers for non‐oral diseases, and that oral microbial profiles may have potential use to assess disease risk.