多语种者脑语言活动区的功能磁共振成像研究

目的利用血氧水平依赖性功能磁共振成像(BOLD-fMRI)探讨维吾尔族维-汉-英多语者接受三种语言刺激任务时,大脑语言功能区激活的异同。资料与方法 20名健康维吾尔族维-汉-英多语者行fMRI检查,受试者均在3～5岁开始学习汉语,汉语通过中国高等汉语水平考试汉八级(HSK)。开始学习英语的年龄在10～12岁之间,英语水平全部通过国家大学英语4～6级考试。BOLD-fMRI检查采用组块设计,受试者分别接受维语、汉语及英语认知任务的视觉刺激并进行默读,所得图像数据经SPM5脑功能处理软件处理,生成脑激活图并进行分析,组间数据采用多样本的方差分析。结果三种语言共同激活了双侧额中回和额下回(BA 9、BA 46、47)、左侧颞中回(BA 18)、双侧中央前回(BA 4)、双侧梭状回(BA 37)、左侧顶上下小叶(BA 7/40)、双侧枕中回(BA 19)。不同语言任务时右侧颞上回、颞中回(BA 18、BA 38),左侧楔前叶(BA 19),右侧舌回(BA 18)、右侧顶上下小叶(BA 7/40)、双侧的额内侧回、左侧海马旁回、基底节区(豆状核、尾状核)及小脑扁桃体有散在激活。汉语及英语刺激任务时各脑叶激活强度大于维语,三者间有统计学差异。三种语言任务的优势半球均为左侧大脑半球。结论维吾尔族多语者给予母语、汉语和英语刺激时,三种语言有共同的脑激活区,处理汉语及英语刺激任务时脑激活区激活强度及范围大于母语,三种语言刺激时大脑的偏侧化程度无差异。     

fMRI Study of Cerebral Functional Area in Mult Linguals

目的 利用血氧水平依赖性功能磁共振成像(BOLD-fMR1)探讨维吾尔族维-汉-英多语者接受三种语言刺激任务时,大脑语言功能区激活的异同.资料与方法 20名健康维吾尔族维-汉-英多语者行fMRI检查,受试者均在3～5岁开始学习汉语,汉语通过中国高等汉语水平考试汉八级(HSK).开始学习英语的年龄在10～12岁之间,英语水平全部通过国家大学英语4～6级考试.BOLD-fMRI检查采用组块设计,受试者分别接受维语、汉语及英语认知任务的视觉刺激并进行默读,所得图像数据经SPM5脑功能处理软件处理,生成脑激活图并进行分析,组间数据采用多样本的方差分析.结果 三种语言共同激活了双侧额中回和额下回(BA9、BA 46、47)、左侧颞中回(BA 18)、双侧中央前回(BA 4)、双侧梭状回(BA 37)、左侧顶上下小叶(BA 7/40)、双侧枕中回(BA 19).不同语言任务时右侧颞上回、颞中回(BA 18、BA 38),左侧楔前叶(BA 19),右侧舌回(BA 18)、右侧顶上下小叶(BA 7/40)、双侧的额内侧回、左侧海马旁回、基底节区(豆状核、尾状核)及小脑扁桃体有散在激活.汉语及英语刺激任务时各脑叶激活强度大于维语,三者间有统计学差异.三种语言任务的优势半球均为左侧大脑半球.结论 维吾尔族多语者给予母语、汉语和英语刺激时,三种语言有共同的脐激活区,处理汉语及英语刺激任务时脑激活区激活强度及范围大于母语,三种语言刺激时大脑的偏侧化程度无差异.     

图片命名任务在额颞叶激活区的fMRI研究

目的 通过功能磁共振成像(fMRI)分析图片命名(PN)任务在额颞叶激活情况.方法 19例健康志愿者,其中男8例,女11例,平均年龄(29.5±11.3)岁.在3.0T GE M750 MR上对被试者进行PN任务状态下的血氧水平依赖(BOLD) fMRI,采用组块设计方案,利用SPM8软件进行预处理和统计参数分析.结果 额颞叶主要激活区有双侧颞上回(BA22)、颞中回(BA21)、左侧额下回(BA47)、左侧梭状回(BA37),其最大激活区为左侧梭状同(BA37),激活体素为1 165,激活强度为4.48,主要负激活区有左侧颞上回(BA22)、右侧额上回(BA10)、左侧额中回(BA10).结论 PN刺激方案能有效激活额颞叶相关语言功能区,量化激活强度,技术简单可行,便于临床应用.     

汉语单字视觉联想脑激活的BOLD-fMRI定量分析

目的 运用血氧水平依赖功能磁共振成像(BOLD-fMRI)测量正常人汉语单字联想语育中枢激活体素,探讨一种简单方便的定量分析方法揭示语言中枢激活特点及便于临床操作的可行性. 资料与方法采用血氧水平依赖法(BOLD)组块设计,考查11名健康受试者(汉族)接受单个汉字任务视觉刺激时的相关脑区激活特点,所得原始图像数据经神经功能影像分析软件处理进行定量分析.结果 汉语单字视觉联想刺激任务主要激活了左侧额中回和额下回(BA 9和BA47)、颞中回(BA 37)皮层、顶上下小叶(BA 7/40),双侧视觉系统(BAs 17-19)及小脑有显著激活.结论 汉语单字视觉联想刺激模式激活语言功能区的激活体素比较恒定,测试方法简单,便于在临床应用.     

维吾尔族维-英双语者功能磁共振成像研究

目的:利用功能磁共振成像(fMRI - BOLD)探讨维吾尔族维-英双语者接受两种语言刺激任务时,大脑语言功能区激活的异同.方法:20名健康维吾尔族维-英双语者进行fMRI检查,所有受试者均在10～ 12岁开始接受英语教育,并通过大学英语4～6级考试.fMRI BOLD检查采用组块设计,受试者分别接受维吾尔语及英语认知任务的视觉刺激并进行默读,所得图像数据经SPM5脑功能处理软件处理,生成脑激活图并进行分析,组间数据采用两组独立样本的t检验.结果:维吾尔族语刺激任务主要激活了双侧额中回(BA 9)、左侧额下回(BA 46、47)、双侧中央前回(BA4)、左侧颞中回(BA18)、双侧梭状回(BA 37)、双侧顶上下小叶(BA 7、40)、左侧枕中回(BA 19)和部分小脑.英语刺激任务主要激活了双侧额中回和额下回(BA9、46、47)、双侧中央前回(BA4)、双侧顶上下小叶(BA 7、40),左侧梭状回(BA 4)、左侧颞中回(BA18)、左侧枕中回(BA19)、部分小脑及基底节区神经核团.两种语言刺激的优势半球均为左侧大脑半球.结论:维吾尔族双语者给予母语和英语刺激时,两种语言有共同的脑激活区,处理英语刺激任务时脑激活区激活强度及范围大于母语刺激任务,两种语言刺激时大脑的偏侧化程度无差异.     

视觉刺激状态下电针阳陵泉穴的fMRI研究

目的:观察视觉刺激状态下电针足少阳胆经阳陵泉穴(GB34)引起的人脑血液动力学响应变化,剖析电针作用与脑功能之间的关联性。方法:12例健康自愿者纳入BOLD-fMRI实验;视觉刺激任务应用闪烁棋盘方格,频率8Hz;检测受试者在静息状态、视觉刺激任务、视觉刺激状态下电针双侧阳陵泉穴时的大脑响应功能区的激活,并分别进行分析比较;最后以图像数据重组方法(reblocked方法)处理结果。结果:视觉刺激任务时见左脑干及左小脑枕叶激活及左脑、边缘叶、海马旁回(BA19)、右脑颞中回、颞下回(BA37)等部位激活;电针状态时见左脑额上回、右脑额叶(BA31)等部位激活;视觉刺激任务下电针双侧阳陵泉见左侧额叶中央前回(BA6)、左侧额下回(BA9)、左侧颞上回(BA22)、顶叶楔前叶(BA7)、左侧顶下小叶(BA40)、右脑额叶(BA31)等部位激活。结论:视觉刺激状态下电针阳陵泉穴引起与人体运动相关的多个区域激活(BA6,BA7),其原因在于,电针与视觉刺激相结合后,通过大脑整合多个皮质区域,引起与人体运动功能相应的脑功能网络的激活有关。     

脑肿瘤引起的运动性失语的功能磁共振研究

目的探讨脑肿瘤引起的运动性失语脑内代偿情况。方法左侧Broca区肿瘤患者患者共13例,根据位置特点分为两组:一组为左侧Broca区脑肿瘤,未侵犯左侧额中回或额叶背外侧区;另一组为左侧Broca区脑肿瘤,侵犯左侧额中回或额叶背外侧区;对照其脑内代偿脑区的异同。正常健康志愿者20人,均为右利手。检查者均完成图片命名任务。AFNI软件处理实验数据。统计分析采用SPSS 12.0分析软件。同一感兴奋区(ROI)比较采用两样本t检验。结果①左侧Broca区脑肿瘤,未侵犯左侧额中回或额叶背外侧区:5例。激活脑区如下:左侧Broca周边脑区:BA46区(5/5);BA10区(3/5)。右侧Broca区激活;双侧额中回及双侧额叶背外侧区激活;双侧颞上回激活;左侧顶上小叶激活;双侧小脑半球,枕叶,双侧梭状回,左侧角回激活。统计学有阳性意义的脑区包括:左侧Broca周边脑区(BA46区,BA10区)及右侧Broca区;②病灶位于左侧Broca区,并累及左额背外侧区或额中回的灰质,激活脑区如下:右侧Broca区无或少量激活,无统计学意义;肿瘤周边脑区:BA46,BA47,BA10区出现不同程度的代偿激活;右侧额中回及右侧额叶背外侧激活;双侧颞上回激活;左侧顶上小叶激活;双侧小脑半球,枕叶激活,统计学有阳性意义的脑区主要为左侧Broca周边脑区:BA46,BA47,BA10区等。结论脑肿瘤所致运动性失语,脑内代偿方式因位置不同而有差异。     

汉字语义加工性别差异的脑功能磁共振成像研究

目的:用功能磁共振成像的方法研究汉字语义加工的脑功能区定位,着重讨论男性和女性语义加工时是否存在性别差异。方法:15例右利手大学生,男7例,女8例,执行汉字同义词判断任务,同时采集其脑部的fMRI数据,采用SPM99进行数据分析,得到相关脑功能区,并对男性和女性语义任务时的脑激活区进行比较。结果:男性激活的脑区包括双侧额下回、左额中回、左颞上回及双侧小脑。女性激活的脑区包括双侧额下回、左额中回、双侧颞上回及双侧小脑。两者脑活动区直接比较,在进行语义任务的时候男性仅激活左侧颞上回,而女性可激活两侧颞上回。结论:男性和女性在进行汉字语义加工任务的时候,两者激活的脑区不完全相同,女性激活的脑区比男性广泛。     

维吾尔族熟练维-汉双语者语言活动区的功能磁共振成像

目的 利用功能磁共振成像(fMRI)研究以维吾尔语(L1)为母语,汉语(L2)为第二语言(6岁以前学习汉语)的新疆维吾尔族人大脑语言功能激活区的异同,并探讨维吾尔族人加工这两种语言的优势半球.资料与方法 所有受试者均来自新疆中心方言区健康维吾尔族人,其中18名6岁以前开始接触汉语,给予单个汉字任务视觉刺激,另19名维吾尔族人给予维吾尔文视觉刺激,分别对每个字进行语义联想同时行fMRI,所有数据经统计参数图SPM5脑fMRI处理软件包处理,对相关脑皮质激活区进行个体分析及组分析,生成受试者脑激活图,对于组内数据采用配t检验,组间数据的比较采用两独市样本t检验.结果 L1语义加工有其特异性激活区,如左侧颞中回及右侧颞上回,L2激活了双侧额上回、右侧额内侧回以及右侧顶上下小叶,而这些区域L1加工未见明显激活.两种语言左侧大脑半球激活体积大于右侧.结论 利用血氧水平依赖(BOLD)-fMRI通过视觉刺激进行词义理解时,发现维-汉双语者维文与中文有部分激活区重叠,但也有各自的特异激活区.中文激活范围较维文弥散,无论是维语还是"早双"汉语,语义加工优势半球均在左侧大脑半球,两种语言的偏侧化程度未见差异.     

两种语言任务的功能磁共振成像研究

目的:研究母语为汉语的正常成年人在完成两种语言任务时的功能磁共振激活表现,为研究语言功能区定位的方法提供参考依据.方法:使用3.0 T磁共振对12例右利手、母语为汉语的正常志愿者行词语联想、动词产生任务时的脑部fMRI成像.采用SPM5软件进行数据处理和分析,得到脑功能激活图,并计算偏侧化指数.结果:词语联想和动词产生任务共同激活双侧额下回、前扣带回、辅助运动区、左侧额中回、中央前回、基底节区部分核团、双侧岛叶、枕叶及小脑;激活图及偏侧化指数均显示,两种语言任务呈现明显的左半球偏侧化;左侧额下回Broca区均显著激活.结论:汉语词语联想、动词产生任务的fMRI成像均表现为左半球优势,且有效激活Broca区;fMRI成像是脑外科术前研究语言功能定位的可行方法之一.     

早期康复对脑卒中致语言障碍恢复的影响

目的:观察早期康复对脑卒中致语言障碍恢复的影响.方法:将语言障碍患者50例,分为康复组25例,对照组25例,在治疗前后通过改良波士顿诊断性失语症检查法(BDAE)评价患者语言功能,明显好转的为评价结果提高2度者,好转为评价结果提高1度者,并比较治疗后康复组和对照组之间的差异.结果:康复组经4~6周治疗后明显好转18例,好转5例.对照组明显好转2例,好转4例.经过系统治疗的训练康复组言语功能明显高于对照组(P＜0.01).结论:早期积极的主动性康复治疗可以进一步加快脑卒中致语言障碍的恢复.     

Autopsy translates in Arabic to al-tashreeh. Could this term influence its acceptability?

It is not unusual for laypersons to object on the conduct of an autopsy of a loved one for fear of disfigurement or burial delays. In this paper, we discuss a new possible reason for objection among Arabic speaking communities related to the language. The Arabic word for autopsy is “al-tashreeh” which, when examining its other linguistic uses, might result in wrong inferences among laypersons.     

Diffusion tensor imaging and tractography of the human language pathways: Moving into the clinical realm

The functional correlates of anatomical derangements are of interest to the neurological clinician. Diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) is a relatively new tool in the arsenal of functional neuroimaging, by which to assess white matter tracts in the brain. While much import has been given to tracking corticospinal tracts in neurological disease, studying language pathway interconnections using DTT has largely remained in the research realm. Hardware and software advances have allowed this tool to ease into clinical practice, with several radiologists, neurologists, and neurosurgeons now familiar with its applications. DTT images, although visually appealing, are founded in mathematical equations and assumptions, and require a more than basic understanding of principles and limitations before they can be integrated into routine clinical practice. Cognitive pathways like that of language, that are normally hard to assess and especially more so when pathologically affected, have been at the receiving end of several opposing and often controversial hypotheses, and the past decade has seen the clarification, validation or rejection of several of these by the in vivo charting of functional connectivity using DTT. The focus of this review is to illustrate DTT of the language pathways with emphasis on practical considerations, clinical applications, and limitations. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:1041–1053 . © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Comparison of Chest Radiograph Impressions for Diagnosing Pneumonia: Accounting for Categories of Language Certainty

ObjectivesUncertain language in chest radiograph (CXR) reports for the diagnosis of pneumonia is prevalent. The purpose of this study is to validate an a priori stratification of CXR results for diagnosing pneumonia based on language of certainty.DesignRetrospective chart review.Setting and participantsCXR reports of 2,411 patient visits ≥ 18 years, admitted to medicine, who received a CXR and noncontrast chest CT within 48 hours of emergency department registration at two large academic hospitals (tertiary and quaternary care) were reviewed.MethodsThe CXR and CT report impressions were categorized as negative, uncertain, or positive. Uncertain CXRs were further stratified into four categories based on language modifiers for the degree of pneumonia certainty. Comparison of CXR and CT results were determined using χ² test; a P value of less than .0033 was considered significant to account for multiple comparisons.ResultsCXR reports for the diagnosis of pneumonia revealed the following distribution: 61% negative, 32% uncertain, and 7% positive; CT reports were 55% negative, 22% uncertain, and 23% positive for the diagnosis of pneumonia. There were significant differences between CXR categories compared with CT categories for diagnosis of pneumonia (P < .001). Negative CXR results were not significantly different than the uncertain category with the most uncertain language (P = .030) but were significantly different from all other uncertain categories and positive CXR results (each P < .001). Positive CXR results were not significantly different than the least uncertain category (most certain language) (P = .130) but were significantly different from all other categories (each P < .001).Conclusions and implicationsLanguage used in CXR reports to diagnose pneumonia exists in categories of varying certainty and should be considered when evaluating patients for pneumonia.     

噪声对说话人语音的影响

在航天和军事领域,噪声是影响语言通讯的重要因素,主要影响到通讯中的听话和送话。本文从语音特征、语音清晰度、面对面通讯的交谈可持续时间三方面综述环境噪声对送话的影响。     

浅谈介入治疗与老年患者体语沟通的技巧

为了与介入治疗的老年患者进行有效地沟通,从而提高临床护理的质量。方法：我们随机抽取100例我所行介入治疗的老年患者,运用了目光与面部表情,身体运动与触摸,姿势与装饰,身体间的空间距离等有效的体语沟通技巧。结果：使老年患者体会到了关爱、尊重和理解,消除了他们的自卑、恐惧、孤独和无价值感等心理,迅速拉近了护患距离。结论：非语言沟通更具表现力和吸引力,又跨越了语言不通的障碍,在与老年患者交流和沟通中更具有其临床意义,促进了疾病的早日康复。     

Workflow Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Radiology and an Overview of Available Tools

In the past decade, there has been tremendous interest in applying artificial intelligence (AI) to improve the field of radiology. Currently, numerous AI applications are in development, with potential benefits spanning all steps of the imaging chain from test ordering to report communication. AI has been proposed as a means to optimize patient scheduling, improve worklist management, enhance image acquisition, and help radiologists interpret diagnostic studies. Although the potential for AI in radiology appears almost endless, the field is still in the early stages, with many uses still theoretical, in development, or limited to single institutions. Moreover, although the current use of AI in radiology has emphasized its clinical applications, some of which are in the distant future, it is increasingly clear that AI algorithms could also be used in the more immediate future for a variety of noninterpretive and quality improvement uses. Such uses include the integration of AI into electronic health record systems to reduce unwarranted variation in radiologists’ follow-up recommendations and to improve other dimensions of radiology report quality. In the end, the potential of AI in radiology must be balanced with acknowledgment of its current limitations regarding generalizability and data privacy.     

Reproducibility of single-subject fMRI language mapping with AMPLE normalization

Purpose:

To evaluate the reproducibility of presurgical functional MRI (fMRI) language mapping based on test–retest scans, comparing traditional activation t‐maps to relative activation maps normalized by activation mapping as percentage of local excitation (AMPLE).

Materials and Methods:

Language fMRI scans were performed by 12 healthy volunteer subjects undergoing a standard clinical presurgical mapping protocol in multiple independent scan sessions. Objective relative AMPLE activation maps were generated automatically by normalizing statistical t‐value maps to the local peak activation amplitude within each functional brain region. The spatial distribution of activation was quantified and compared across mapping algorithms, subjects, scanners, and pulse sequences.

Results:

The spatial distribution of traditional blood oxygen level‐dependent (BOLD) t‐value statistical activation maps was highly variable in test–retest scans of single subjects, whereas AMPLE normalized maps were highly reproducible in terms of the location, hemispheric laterality, and spatial extent of relative activation. AMPLE map reproducibility was good regardless of scanner, field strength, or pulse sequence used, but reproducibility was best for scans acquired on the same scanner using the same pulse sequence.

Conclusion:

Reproducibility of the spatial pattern of BOLD activation makes relative amplitude fMRI mapping a useful normalization tool for clinical imaging of language function, where reproducibility and quantitative measurements are critical concerns. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;36:569–580. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

如何避免使用英语中的性别歧视语言

随着女权运动的推进,英语中的性别歧视现象越来越引起人们的关注。为此,从名词和代词两个方面较全面的介绍了如何避免使用性别歧视语言的方法,希望能够帮助广大的英语学习者更好地把握现代英语的使用变化。