拓扑异构酶——癌化疗的新靶

一类具有调节DNA三维结构的核酶称为DNA拓扑异构酶(Topoisomerases),它们在细胞的翻译、转录和有丝分裂的生命过程中起重要作用。抗癌药蒽环类、鬼臼霉素类和吖啶类干扰这些酶,尤其是干扰TopoⅡ酶的活性。DNA—拓扑异构酶Ⅱ复合物是酶活性的中介体,其如果被药物所稳定则形成一种“断裂复合物”而显示药物的细胞毒作用。 拓扑异构酶有二型,即TOPOⅠ和TOPOⅡ。TOPOⅠ酶是分子量为100KD的单体,它能断裂一条     

肿瘤化疗的重要靶点—DNA拓扑异构酶

DNA 拓扑异构酶是近年来新发现的肿瘤化疗的重要靶点,它涉及到抗癌药作用的许多环节,如 DNA 复制、DNA 损伤与修复、基因的重组和转录、细胞有丝分裂及分化等。本文列举了一些临床上广泛使用的以 DNA 拓扑异构酶为靶点的化疗药物,着重介绍了拓扑酶抑制剂作用的分子基础及其与耐药的关系。事实证明拓扑酶抑制剂能促进酶介导的 DNA 切割复合物的形成,阻断正常基因及癌基因的表达。另一方面,对拓扑酶抑制剂耐药的细胞常表现为酶活性及酶量的下降,这种变化与拓扑酶基因的突变有关。     

DNA拓扑异构酶抑制剂与抗癌作用(摘要)

自七十年代发现了一类能控制和改变DNA拓扑异构状态(三维结构)的酶,称为DNA拓扑异构酶(DNAT、opoisomerases)。按其在反应中暂时断裂一条或二条DNA链的不同,可分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型DNA拓扑异构酶。这类酶在DNA的复制和转录过程中起着非常重要的作用,它们控制DNA     

拓扑异构酶抑制剂治疗白血病的研究进展

 DNA拓扑异构酶是参与细胞基本活动的重要核酶,其抑制剂主要通过形成"DNA-药物-酶"三聚复合物干扰DNA的复制发挥抗肿瘤作用。重点阐述以拓扑异构酶Ⅰ为靶点的新药在白血病治疗中应用现况、拓扑异构酶表达水平与临床疗效及预后的关系和白血病细胞对拓扑异构酶抑制剂产生耐药的发生机制等方面研究进展。     

灵芝提取物对DNA拓扑异构酶的抑制作用及诱导K562细胞凋亡

目的 :研究中华灵芝宝的抗肿瘤作用机理。方法 :DNA超螺旋解旋法检测中华灵芝宝对拓扑异构酶Ⅰ、Ⅱ (TOPOⅠ、Ⅱ )活性的影响 ;琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测其对DNA的直接打断作用及诱导K5 6 2细胞凋亡的能力。结果 :中华灵芝宝能抑制TOPOⅠ、Ⅱ的活性 ,促进DNA的解旋、断裂 ;同时还能直接打断质粒和大分子DNA ;作用于K5 6 2细胞后电泳显示有凋亡细胞特有的“梯状”条带。结论 :中华灵芝宝能同时抑制TOPOⅠ、Ⅱ活性 ,直接打断质粒和大分子DNA ,并能诱导K5 6 2细胞凋亡。     

DNA拓扑酶抑制剂诱导细胞凋亡的研究

目前 ,以 DNA拓扑异构酶为靶点的抗癌药已成为临床有效的抗肿瘤一线药物 ,随着此类药物越来越多地被开发 ,其作用机制的研究受到广泛关注。迄今其诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的机制仍有探索中 ,现作一简要综述。1　 DNA拓扑异构酶主要生理功能及其抑制剂的作用机制　　　真核细胞 DNA拓扑异构酶 (Topoi-som erase Topo)主要分为 Topo 及Topo ,其生理功能主要以两种方式体现 ,一是调节控制 DNA超螺旋状态及打结或解结 DNA的环连体状态 ;二是直接参与那些需打断并重新连接 DNA分子链的细胞过程。Topo与 DNA共价结合形成断裂复合物 ,使 DNA产…     

马来酸酐类聚阴离子化合物对拓扑异构酶Ⅱ活性的抑制

DNA拓扑异构酶是某些抗癌,抗菌药物的靶酶。马来酸酐类聚阴离子化合物具有抗菌、抗病毒、抗瘤活性。普遍认为其作用机理是调节机体免疫功能。作者对20个马来酸酐类聚阴离子化合物,包括:①马来酸酐和呋喃的1:1交替共聚物半铵盐(MFN),②二乙烯基醚和马来酸酐的1:2交替共聚物MVE),③马来酸和呋哺的1:1交替共聚物(MF)。经反复试验,发现其中6个化合物在30μg/ml浓度下对小鼠艾氏腹水癌细胞的DNA拓扑异构酶Ⅱ的性有确定抑制作用。其中MVE_1的最低抑制浓度为5μg/ml。实验提示马来酸酐类聚阴离子化合物对拓扑酶Ⅱ的抑制可能是其抗癌作用机制之一。     

孕期黄酮类化合物摄入与婴幼儿白血病相关性研究的现状

目的:探讨黄酮类化合物作为DNA拓扑异构酶Ⅱ抑制剂以及孕期黄酮类化合物摄入与婴幼儿白血病间的关系.方法:应用PubMed、万方和维普科技期刊数据库检索系统,以“黄酮类化合物、白血病和拓扑异构酶Ⅱ抑制剂”为关键词,检索1987-01-2012-09的相关文献,共检索到英文文献7条,中文文献0条,以任意2个关键词搜索,共检索到英文文献1 445条,中文文献108条.纳入标准:1)黄酮类化合物的基本资料介绍.2)婴幼儿白血病的基本资料介绍.3)拓扑异构酶及拓扑异构酶Ⅱ抑制剂的基本资料介绍.4)拓扑异构酶Ⅱ抑制剂与白血病的关系.5)黄酮类化合物与婴幼儿白血病的关系.根据纳入标准精选46篇文献,最后纳入分析32篇.结果:黄酮类化合物广泛存在于日常食物中,对人类健康有许多积极作用.但是,黄酮类化合物作为拓扑异构酶Ⅱ抑制剂也存在遗传毒性、细胞毒性,某些实体瘤患者在应用DNA拓扑异构酶Ⅱ抑制剂治疗后可继发白血病,其细胞遗传学异常多与原发急性髓系白血病(AML)有关,其中最常见的是位于染色体11q23的混合系白血病(MLL)基因异位.孕期黄酮类化合物摄入与婴幼儿某种类型白血病的发生风险增高有一定的关系.在急性婴幼儿白血病患者中,＞80％都包括位于染色体11q23的MLL基因异位或异常重组.样本量均超过200例的5个病例对照研究显示,孕期摄入大量含DNA拓扑异构酶Ⅱ抑制剂的食物(主要为含黄酮类化合物的水果和蔬菜等)后,MLL重排引起的AML的发病风险增高.结论:了解黄酮类化合物作为DNA拓扑异构酶Ⅱ抑制剂以及孕期黄酮类化合物摄入与婴幼儿白血病间的关系,有助于孕妇膳食指导及膳食指南的修订与完善.     

拓扑异构酶与肿瘤细胞耐药性

拓扑异构酶可分为二类即拓扑异构酶Ⅰ(TOPOI)和拓扑异构酶Ⅱ(TOPOⅡ)。TOPOⅠ在细胞中DNA空间构型变化,DNA复制、重组、转录、切割、再连接、细胞染色质的组化以及有丝分裂中均起重要作用。TOPOⅡ是真核细胞生存所必不可少的核酸,它的作用涉及到核酸代谢的诸方面,包括DNA复制、mRNA加工、染色体的分离及浓缩、核基质的组成等。许多抗癌药物正是通过干扰DNA的正常代谢而发挥抗癌作用。肿瘤化疗失败的重要原因之一是耐药性的产生。耐药性的原因多种多样,最近研究表明拓扑异构酶的变化是一个不可忽视的原因,现综述如下。     

国产盐酸拓扑替康对小细胞肺癌疗效的初步研究

盐酸拓扑替康（ topotecan）是具有抑制拓扑异构酶Ⅰ活性的抗肿瘤新药。其作用机制是拓扑异构酶Ⅰ可诱导 DNA单链可逆性断裂，使 DNA螺旋链松解。盐酸拓扑替康与拓扑异构酶Ⅰ -DNA复合物结合并阻止这些单股断链的重新连接，其细胞毒作用是在 DNA的合成中。盐酸拓扑替康、拓扑异构酶 I和 DNA形成的三元复合物与复制酶相互作用产生双股 DNA的损伤，而哺乳动物的细胞不能有效地修复这些双股 DNA链的中断。国外研究表明盐酸拓扑替康对多种肿瘤有效 [1～ 3]，本研究采用国产盐酸拓扑替康对小细胞肺癌的疗效进行临床研究，报告如下。     

EFFECT OF ANTITUMOR DRUGS ON THE ACTIVITY OF DNA TOPOISOMERASE I

The activity of DNA topoisomerase Ⅱ prepared from either normal or tumor tissues were compared. It was found that the unknotting activity of the enzyme in malignant tumor cells was higher than that in normal cells. We selected some antitumor drugs including Chinese traditional medicine, and observed their effects on the unknotting activity of topoisomerase Ⅱ. The results showed that inhibition of the unknotting activity of the enzyme required very low concentrations of drugs, but much higher concentrations were required for other tested. Some antitumor drugs had no effect on the enzyme were also proved. It is interesting that carrageenan, an antiviral drug, strongly blocked the unknotting activity although its antitumor activity has not been reported.     

A novel antitumor compound,NC-190, induces topoisomerase II-dependent DNA cleavage and DNA fragmentation

 A novel benzophenazine derivative, NC-190, is a potent antitumor compound. NC-190 has been shown to inhibit the DNA strand-passing activity of DNA topoisomerase II. We investigated further the mode of action of NC-190 against DNA topoisomerase II and DNA fragmentation. NC-190 inhibited the decatenation activity of purified topoisomerase II, but had only a weak inhibitory effect against topoisomerase I. A topoisomerase II-dependent DNA cleavage assay showed that NC-190 inhibited the enzyme activity by stabilizing a topoisomerase II–DNA cleavable complex. NC-190 induced growth inhibition, protein-linked DNA breaks, and DNA fragmentation in cultured HL-60 cells in a dose-dependent manner. These activities of NC-190 in HL-60 cells were comparable to those of etoposide (VP-16). These results demonstrate a good correlation among growth inhibition, topoisomerase II-dependent DNA cleavage, and DNA fragmentation induced by NC-190. A DNA unwinding assay showed that NC-190 had intercalating activity, but its activity appeared to be weaker than those of ethidium bromide and adriamycin. These results indicate that the mechanism by which NC-190 exhibits antitumor activity may be the inhibition of topoisomerase II. Received: 23 September 1994/Accepted: 2 August 1995     

Induction of a heat-stable topoisomerase II-DNA cleavable complex by nonintercalative terpenoides, terpentecin and clerocidin

Terpentecin and clerocidin, microbial terpenoides, have been known to be potent antitumor antibiotics. However, the critical biochemical target of these terpenoides has not been identified. Our present studies, using purified mammalian topoisomerase II, have shown that terpentecin and clerocidin induce topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage in vitro with comparable potency to that of demethylepipodophyllotoxin ethylidene-beta-D-glucoside. These terpenoides produced a similar DNA cleavage pattern which is distinctly different from those generated in the presence of the known topoisomerase poisons, demethylepipodophyllotoxin ethylidene-beta-D-glucoside and 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide. Brief heating at 65 degrees C, which abolishes completely the cleavable complex with demethylepipodophyllotoxin ethylidene-beta-D-glucoside, of the reaction mixture containing these terpenoides resulted in slight reduction in DNA cleavage. Thus, differently from other topoisomerase II-active antitumor agents, terpentecin and clerocidin induce formation of a cleavable complex which is stable for heat or salt treatments. The lack of significant DNA binding or intercalation activity of terpentecin and clerocidin suggests that topoisomerase II is a cellular target for these drugs.     

Induction of mammalian DNA topoisomerase II dependent DNA cleavage by antitumor antibiotic streptonigrin

Streptonigrin, a nonintercalative antitumor antibiotic, induced mammalian topoisomerase II dependent DNA cleavage in vitro. The cleavage activity of streptonigrin was comparable to that of demethylepipodophyllotoxin ethylidene-beta-D-glucoside at a low concentration (less than or equal to 10 microM) but one-third lower at a higher concentration (greater than 250 microM). Exposure of a reaction mixture containing streptonigrin, DNA, and topoisomerase II to an elevated temperature (65 degrees C) resulted in substantial reduction in DNA cleavage, suggesting that the mechanism of the topoisomerase II dependent DNA cleavage induced by streptonigrin was through the formation of a cleavage complex previously reported for topoisomerase II poisons such as 4'-(9-acridinylamino) methanesulfon-m-anisidide and epipodophyllotoxins.     

In vivo site specificity and human isoenzyme selectivity of two topoisomerase II-poisoning anthracyclines

Anthracyclines exert antitumor activity by stimulating site-selective DNA cleavage by topoisomerase II (top2). DNA cleavage sites stimulated by two anthracycline analogues, dh-EPI and da-IDA, were investigated at the histone gene cluster of cultured Drosophila Kc cells. The two agents stimulated analogue-specific patterns of double-stranded DNA cleavage in Kc cell chromatin. Analyses of 47 base sequences of dh-EPI sites showed that the analogue largely followed the in vitro selectivity rule, the requirement of (5')TA at 3' ends of cleaved strands. da-IDA was more selective than dh-EPI, and thus fewer sites could be collected. Nevertheless, base sequences were consistent with its in vitro base preferences. DNA cleavage was then studied in vitro with Drosophila and human top2 isoforms. The tested drugs stimulated distinct in vitro patterns that corresponded to the in vivo patterns. Human top2alpha promoted cleavage patterns that were much more similar to those of Drosophila top2 (both in vitro and in vivo) than human top2beta. Moreover, da-IDA showed a marked site-dependent preference for human top2beta. Thus, DNA site selection in vivo is different for the test anthracyclines, and together with a degree of beta-form specificity, may affect drug activity in human cells.     

Phenoxodiol (2H-1-benzopyran-7-0,1,3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)), a novel isoflavone derivative,inhibits DNA topoisomerase II by stabilizing the cleavable complex

Cancer therapeutic drugs that inhibit DNA topoisomerase (topo) II by stabilizing the cleavable complex are collectively known as topo II poisons. Phenoxodiol is a synthetic derivative of the plant isoflavone daidzein and is currently undergoing clinical testing as a cancer therapeutic drug. The development of this agent as an antitumor drug was based to a large extent on its low toxicity in normal tissues but potent topo II inhibitory effects in rapidly dividing tumor cells. To evaluate phenoxodiol as a potential inhibitor of topoisomerases, we used the relaxation and nicking assays that can identify topo I inhibitors, and the unknotting and DNA cleavage assays that can identify topo II inhibitors. Phenoxodiol inhibited the catalytic activity of topo II in a dose-dependent manner and it stabilized the topo II-mediated cleavable complex, demonstrating that this agent is a topo II poison. Phenoxodiol's topo II inhibitory effects were comparable to those of other antitumor agents such as VP-16 and were stronger than those of genistein. Phenoxodiol did not inhibit topo I catalytic activity nor did it stabilize the topo I-mediated cleavable complex. These results demonstrate that phenoxodiol is a topo II-specific poison and suggest that this novel agent may find applications in cancer chemotherapy.     

New (alternative) temozolomide regimens for the treatment of glioma

One barrier to successful treatment of malignant glioma is resistance to alkylating agents such as temozolomide. The cytotoxic activity of temozolomide and other alkylating agents is believed to manifest largely by the formation of O(6)-methylguanine DNA adducts. Consequently, the primary mechanism of resistance to temozolomide is a function of the activity of the DNA repair enzyme O(6)-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). Fortuitously, MGMT is inactivated after each reaction (i.e., suicide enzyme). Therefore, if the rate of DNA alkylation were to outpace the rate of MGMT protein synthesis, the enzyme could, in theory, be depleted. Several studies have shown that prolonged exposure to temozolomide can deplete MGMT activity in blood cells, a process that could potentially increase the antitumor activity of the drug. To date, however, there are limited data demonstrating the depletion of MGMT activity in tumor tissue exposed to temozolomide. A variety of dosing schedules that increase the duration of exposure and the cumulative dose of temozolomide are currently being investigated for the treatment of glioma, with the goal of improving antitumor activity and overcoming resistance. These alternative dosing regimens have been shown to deplete MGMT activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, but the regimen that provides the best balance between enhanced antitumor activity and acceptable hematologic toxicity has yet to be determined.     

Inhibition of topoisomerase II by antitumor agents bis(2,6-dioxopiperazine) derivatives.

Several recently developed derivatives of bis(2,6-dioxopiperazine) have been shown to be new antitumor agents and are currently under clinical trials. We found that the mother compound of the bis(2,6-dioxopiperazine)s, ICRF-154, and its derivatives, ICRF-159, ICRF-193, and MST-16, are all inhibitors of mammalian type II DNA topoisomerase. By decatenation assay using kinetoplast DNA from Crithidia fasciculata, inhibition of purified calf thymus topoisomerase II by these compounds was investigated. Potency of inhibition was in the following order: ICRF-193 greater than ICRF-154 = ICRF-159 greater than MST-16. The doses giving 50% inhibition were 2, 13, 30 and 300 microM, respectively, for these compounds. ICRF-193, the most potent inhibitor, however, did not inhibit topoisomerase I at concentrations up to 300 microM. Addition of excess enzyme, but not of the substrate DNA, overcame the inhibition by ICRF-193. The drug did not stimulate the formation of cleavable complex between DNA and the enzyme. Furthermore, ICRF-193 even inhibited the formation of enzyme-mediated DNA cleavage induced by etoposide or 4'-[9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide. These observations, together with the finding that ICRF-193 did not intercalate into DNA, suggest that ICRF-154 and related compounds are specific inhibitors of topoisomerase II with different modes of action: i.e., they interfere with some step(s) before the formation of the intermediate cleavable complex in the catalytic cycle. This is a property quite distinct from previously known cleavable complex-forming type topoisomerase II-targeting antitumor agents such as acridines, anthracyclines, and epipodophyllotoxins, but rather, mechanistically similar to the recently reported group of inhibitors that includes merbarone, aclarubicin, and fostriecin.     

Mediation of multi-drug resistance in a Chinese hamster ovary cell line by a mutant type II topoisomerase

Identification of DNA topoisomerase II as the intracellular target for the DNA cleavage activity of the epipodophyllotoxins and several intercalating agents is well established. In contrast, definite correlation of cleavable complex formation with eventual cell death has been more difficult to document. Our studies with an epipodophyllotoxin resistant cell line not only provide additional evidence that the enzyme is a multi-drug target, but also implicate drug-stimulated cleavage activity as a critical component of cytotoxic effect. When compared to WT (wild type) cells, the mutant Chinese hamster ovary cell line, VpmR-5, exhibits marked resistance to both the cytotoxic and DNA cleavage activity of etoposide as well as various intercalating agents. Steady state concentrations of these drugs in both cell lines is identical. Enzyme content as measured by immunoblot and by total decatenation activity in crude nuclear extracts is equal. Catalytic activity is also equally sensitive to inhibition by etoposide. In contrast, cleavage activity in purified enzyme from VpmR-5 cells is profoundly resistant to stimulation by drug. These data indicate that a multi-drug resistant phenotype may be acquired by a qualitative change in the enzyme that alters its interaction with drug. Further, the data strongly support a direct role for cleavable complex formation in cell death.     

Proliferation-dependent topoisomerase II content as a determinant of antineoplastic drug action in human, mouse, and Chinese hamster ovary cells

We have shown previously that quiescent Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are less sensitive than log phase CHO cells to the cytotoxic and DNA cleavage effects of etoposide, a drug which appears to act via DNA topoisomerase II. This loss of sensitivity was associated with a decrease in topoisomerase enzyme activity in nuclear extracts of the quiescent cells. We have now extended our observations by examining the basis for the reduction in enzyme activity during quiescence. DNA topoisomerase II content, as assayed by immunoblotting with a polyclonal rabbit anti-topoisomerase II antiserum, was virtually absent in nuclear extracts of quiescent CHO cells in contrast to logarithmically growing cells. This suggests that the previously demonstrated loss of enzyme activity in CHO cells is a function of reduction in content rather than posttranslational modifications of the enzyme. Quiescent human lymphoblastic CCRF cells also exhibited reduced topoisomerase II content compared to actively proliferating cultures, but the difference was less than that observed in CHO cells. In contrast, log and plateau phase cultures of mouse leukemia L1210 cells exhibited similar topoisomerase II content. Reduction in enzyme content correlated with the ability of these cell lines to accumulate during quiescence with a G0-G1 content of DNA. Sensitivity to the DNA cleavage effects of etoposide in dividing and nondividing cells correlated well with enzyme content. As has been observed with CHO cells, both CCRF and L1210 cells in plateau phase were more resistant to the cytotoxic effects of etoposide than those actively dividing. The result with L1210 cells was surprising, however, in light of the equivalent DNA damage observed under the two growth conditions. Our data indicate that topoisomerase II enzyme content is proliferation dependent in some but not all cells and suggest that while enzyme content may be important in drug resistance in some cell types, other factors can decrease the sensitivity of the cell to cleavable complex formation as well.