急性缺血性卒中患者的球囊血管成形和支架置入术治疗

药物溶栓治疗急性缺血性卒中存在一定的局限性,球囊血管成形和支架置入术已成为急性缺血性卒中治疗的研究热点.文章综述了球囊血管成形和支架置入术治疗急性缺血性卒中的有效性和安全性.     

冠状动脉内支架置入术治疗冠心病16例分析

对１６例冠心病病人置入冠状动脉内支架１９枚，均１次置入成功。术后无并发症发生。随访１～８个月均存活，卫例发生再狭窄。对该法的作用机制和操作经验进行了讨论。     

颈动脉支架成形术治疗颈动脉狭窄263例

目的：总结颈动脉狭窄支架成形术的经验，评价其疗效。方法：颈动脉狭窄患者263例，其中双侧颈动脉狭窄97例，对侧颈动脉闭塞23例，均使用自膨式支架进行预动脉支架成形术。在263根病变血管中置入支架265枚，其中84例使用了脑保护装置。结果：技术成功率98．9％?术后小卒中5例，颅内出血4例。围手术期神经源性病死率为1．14％，致残率为1．52％?对95例患者进行了随访(超过6个月)，其中2例发生再狭窄，1例死亡。结论：颈动脉支架成形术是治疗颈动脉狭窄相对安全、有效的方法，但这一结果还有待长期随访证实，其技术和应用材料也有待进一步研究和探讨。     

冠状动脉内支架置入术治疗老年患者复杂冠状动脉病变

目的　探讨经皮冠状动脉腔内支架置入术治疗老年患者复杂性冠状动脉病变的疗效及安全性。方法对 4 5例冠心病患者施行冠状动脉内支架置入术 ,病变血管共 5 8支 ,B型病变 4 9处 ,C型病变 1 3处 ,慢性完全闭塞病变 4处 ,共置入支架 64只。置入左前降支 2 7只 ,左回旋支 1 3只 ,右冠状动脉 2 4只。De Novo支架置入 4 4只 ,Suboptimal支架置入 1 5只 ,Bail-out支架置入 3只 ,再狭窄病变支架置入 2只。结果　术后经冠状动脉造影证实疗效满意 ,支架置入成功率为 98.4 %。术前病变平均直径狭窄 (86.5± 7.8) % ,术后残余直径狭窄 (5 .1± 1 0 .3 ) %。住院期间无亚急性支架血栓形成。 1例出现假性动脉瘤 ,1例在术中及术后出现三次心室颤动 ,4例患者术后心绞痛复发 ,复查冠状动脉造影发现了 3个支架节段血管有再狭窄。结论　对于老年冠心病患者复杂冠状动脉病变 ,经皮冠状动脉内支架置入术是一种安全有效的介入性治疗技术 ,其成功率高 ,并发症发生率低     

10例多发性大动脉炎的介入治疗

目的　评价介入方法治疗多发性大动脉炎的临床疗效。方法　我院连续收治 10例多发性大动脉炎患者 ,对其应用介入治疗。治疗血管 13支 ,其中锁骨下动脉 2支 ,肾动脉 5支 ,腹主动脉 1支 ,髂颈总动脉 1支 ,肺动脉 3支。 8例患者因球囊扩张后不满意或夹层形成而置入支架 9枚。结果　 10例 13支病变血管介入治疗均成功 ,病变狭窄由 (90± 11) %降至 (11± 12 ) % (P <0 0 1) ,无严重并发症发生 ,2例发生轻度并发症 (1例腹主动脉球囊扩张时背痛 ,1例锁骨下动脉植入支架后肩胛动脉一过性阻塞 )。随诊 18± 13个月 ,8例患者临床症状持续缓解 ;2例单纯球囊扩张者 (1例肺动脉 1例锁骨下动脉 )术后症状复发 ,但较术前减轻。结论　采用球囊扩张结合支架治疗多发性大动脉炎所致外周动脉病变成功率高 ,临床症状缓解明显 ,远期疗效良好。     

超声引导下行下腔静脉支架置入术治疗Budd—Chiari综合征

超声引导下行经皮、下腔静脉球囊扩张并内支架置入术治疗Ｂｕｄｄ－Ｃｈｉａｒｉ（布－加）氏综合症３１全，其中膜型阻塞１３例，节段型阻塞１８例，成功３０例。术后原阻塞外直径达１．５－１．８ｃｍ，ＩＶＣ压力由３．２９ｋＰａ降至１．２６ｋＰａ。     

血管成形术和支架置入术能否作为颅内动脉狭窄的首选治疗

对血管成形术和支架置入术是否可作为颅内动脉狭窄的首选治疗，目前存在着不同的意见，文章对这两种意见的根据、适应证、血管成形术和支架置入术及内科治疗的优缺点，临床上存在的问题及下一步的研究焦点等进行了总结。     

颈动脉血管成形术及支架置入术的并发症及处理

颈动脉血管成形术及支架置入术在临床上应用逐年增加，其对于脑卒中的预防价值尚不明确，且颈动脉血管成形术及支架置入术有较多的并发症，如脑梗塞、支架内血栓形成／动脉闭塞、血液动力学异常、高灌注综合征、支架变形、再狭窄和其它并发症。本文对该手术的现状、并发症及其处理作一综述。     

静脉溶栓联合急诊血管内支架置入术治疗急性缺血性脑卒中

脑血管病是导致我国城乡居民致残和死亡的首要病因[1],脑卒中是最常见的脑血管病,其中急性缺血性脑卒中占卒中的80%～85%以上。及时改善缺血动脉血供,可促进临床症状好转。目前,静脉注射重组组织型纤溶酶原激活物(rt-PA)是治疗急     

支架置入术治疗上腔静脉综合征

目的　观察支架置入治疗上腔静脉综合征的临床疗效。方法　采用经皮静脉内支架置入术治疗 12例上腔静脉综合征患者 (男 11例 ,女 1例 ,平均年龄 5 1岁 )。结果　上腔静脉综合征缓解率为 92 % (11 12 ) ,无早期血管堵塞、支架移位等临床并发症 ,复发率 16 7%。结论　经皮静脉内支架置入术治疗上腔静脉综合征缓解率高 ,相对安全简单 ,并发症少。     

大动脉炎的血管造影诊断与介入治疗

目的 :探讨大动脉炎的血管造影诊断与介入治疗价值。方法 :大动脉炎 38例 ,男性 11例 ,女性 2 7例 ,年龄 8～ 5 4岁 ,平均 (30 5± 18)岁 ,均行血管造影检查。由 2名有经验的介入放射学医师按双盲法对其血管造影及介入治疗资料进行回顾性分析 ,然后共同讨论并达成一致意见。结果 :38例中 ,经血管造影按Lupi Herrera的综合分型法属Ⅰ型者 11例 ,Ⅱ型 15例 ,Ⅲ型 7例 ,Ⅳ型 5例。主要受累的动脉包括锁骨下动脉 2 0例 (5 2 6 % ) ,腹主动脉 15例 (39 5 % ) ,肾动脉 4例 (36 8% ) ,胸主动脉 10例(2 6 3% ) ,颈动脉 9例 (2 3 7% ) ,髂动脉 9例 (2 3 7% ) ,腋动脉 7例 (18 4 % ) ,肠系膜上动脉 4例 (10 5 % ) ,冠状动脉 3例 (7 9% ) ,肺动脉 3例 (7 9% )等。 2 2例行经皮腔内血管成形术和 12例行狭窄段支架置入术均获成功。结论 :血管造影有利于大动脉炎的临床诊断与指导治疗 ,血管内介入治疗是一种微创的疗效可靠的治疗手段。     

Takayasu arteritis in India

Takayasu arteritis is the commonest cause of renovascular hypertension in India. The clinical and radiological features, complications and course of 83 patients (51 females, 32 males) seen during the period from 1972–1990 are described in this study. The age of the patients ranged from 5 to 53 years with the mean ±SD of 26.9 ± 9.7. Hypertension (n = 50) and the related symptom of headache (n = 40), dyspnea (n = 24), and giddiness (n = 20) were common at presentation. Twelve patients were in congestive cardiac failure. The symptoms of activitly with fever and arthralgia were present in only 16% contrary to reports from Japan and Mexico. Abnormal arterial pulses and bruit over abdominal (37%) or extra abdominal great arteries (25%) were useful clinical clues to suspect Takayasu arteritis. Rapid sequence intravenous urography was a sensitive screening procedure and predicted correctly the presence of renovascular disease in 80% of the patients. The diagnosis was confirmed on aortography in 72. In the rest, the clinical features and autopsy findings confirmed the same. The four patterns of the disease based on the anatomical extent of involvement were recognised. These were: type I (n = 8) with involvement of aortic arch and its branches, type II (n = 25) descending thoracic and abdominal aorta type III (n = 46) combination of I and II and type IV (n = 4) pulmonary artery in addition to any of the above.Antihypertensive drug therapy was the mainstay of treatment, but surgery in carefully selected patients was rewarding. Eleven patients died during 6 years after the initial diagnosis mainly due to cardiac, renal and cerebro-vascular complications. The course of the disease seems to be slowly progressive and in many patients becomes static for long periods.     

Surgical intervention and its role in Takayasu arteritis

Vascular surgery remains an important option in the management of Takayasu arteritis (TA). Its use is predominantly confined to the treatment of symptomatic organ ischaemia or life-threatening aneurysm formation. In most cases, this follows the failure of medical therapy to prevent arterial injury. Open surgery and endovascular approaches are used. The choice between them, at least in part, is determined by the site and nature of the lesion. Open surgery, although more invasive, offers enhanced duration of arterial patency, whereas for endovascular intervention, primary angioplasty without stenting is preferred, with stenting reserved for primary or secondary angioplasty failures. Although there is increasing interest in the role of stent grafts and tailor-made endovascular stents, long-term outcomes remain to be reported. Interventional outcomes are improved and complications reduced by therapeutic control of disease activity before and after surgery. The wider use of combined immunosuppression and the introduction of biologic therapy for refractory TA may reduce future requirements for surgical intervention.     

Wegener's granulomatosis overlapped with Takayasu arteritis

Summary A 27-year-old woman presented with destructive scleritis of the left eye with subcutaneous haemorrhage and swelling of the lower eyelid. She had experienced recurrent nasal bleeding for the last six years, and chronic sinusitis resulting in the destruction of the nasal septum and left maxillary sinus. Nasal mucosal biopsies demonstrated granuloma formation with no evidence of vasculitis. The level of serum cytoplasmic anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody (c-ANCA) was significantly increased. Furthermore, multiple sites of complete occlusions were detected in the left subclavian and common carotid arteries by subtraction angiography and MRI. We describe a case of Wegener's granulomatosis overlapped with Takayasu arteritis, which, to our knowledge, has not been previously reported.     

大动脉炎合并脑梗死的临床分析

目的 探讨大动脉炎合并脑梗死患者的临床特点和治疗情况。方法 回顾性分析1998-2003年在我院住院的14例大动脉炎合并脑梗死患者的临床资料。结果 大动脉炎合并脑梗死患者占同期住院的大动脉炎患者10．6％(14／132)。出现脑梗死距大动脉炎首发症状时间为1个月～15年。14例均为3支以上主动脉弓上分支动脉狭窄或闭塞并表现为偏瘫，经CT证实有脑梗死，梗死部位最多见于基底节区。激素、细胞毒药物等治疗有效。结论 大动脉炎合并脑梗死动脉病变范围广泛，临床上要予以重视，避免误诊．治疗的关键是控制原发病。     

Takayasu arteritis revisited: Current diagnosis and treatment

Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a rare nonspecific inflammatory disease of unknown cause, predominantly affecting the aorta and its main branches, coronary arteries, and pulmonary arteries of young females. It induces a variety of nonspecific inflammatory symptoms and ischemic symptoms due to stenotic lesions. Further progression of TA causes destruction of the arterial wall media, leading to aortic regurgitation and aneurysms or rupture of the involved arteries. Although serological tests specific for TA are not available, new better biomarkers are emerging such as pentraxin3 and matrix metalloproteinases. Recent advances in imaging modalities including magnetic resonance angiography, computed tomography (CT), sonography, and fluorodeoxy glucose positron emission tomography/CT (FDG-PET/CT) allow earlier and accurate diagnosis of TA. Duration between onset of the disease and diagnosis has become much shorter during the last decade. Medical treatment for TA is also changing. In addition to the traditional glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants, many new biological agents are being applied to patients with TA refractory to conventional treatment with favorable results. As for treatment for vascular complications, efficacy of endovascular treatment is still a matter of controversy because of the high rate of restenosis at an early stage after the procedure. Based on these advances, the prognosis and quality of life of TA patients have improved to a great deal. However, there are many issues that remain to be solved in the management of TA.     

Severe pulmonary hypertension and Takayasu arteritis

Takayasu arteritis is an inflammatory disease that affects large vessels, especially the aorta and its branches. The clinical features of the disease depend on which arteries are affected. Although pulmonary artery involvement is common, only rarely is this the main clinical manifestation. We describe the case of a young woman with dyspnea who had severe pulmonary hypertension secondary to Takayasu arteritis of the pulmonary artery. She was administered corticosteroid (methylprednisolone) and immunosuppressant (azathioprine) therapy and a stent was implanted in the left pulmonary artery. Both hemodynamic and clinical signs improved.     

冠状动脉病变小支架治疗的急性期和远期疗效

目的利用病例登记方法评价冠状动脉病变小支架治疗的急性期和远期疗效.方法对298例冠心病患者行经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术(PTCA)和支架术,依据置入支架直径将患者分为小支架组(59例,直径＜3mm)和大支架组(239例,直径≥3mm).观察手术成功率和并发症发生率,患者每3～4个月门诊随访1次,记录心肌梗塞、各种死亡原因.怀疑心肌缺血者再次行冠脉造影,如再狭窄＞70%则再次行靶血管血运重建术(TLR).结果小支架组和大支架组分别有61和274处病变,两组急性期成功率和并发症发生率均相似.10±5月随访中小支架组TLR患者明显多于大支架组,有显著性差异,P＜0.05.小支架组进一步分析发现,置入支架长度＞15mm患者随访期TLR发生率高于置入支架长度≤15mm患者,有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论与大支架相比,小支架置入患者急性期成功率和并发症相似,但远期TLR明显增多.     

Mycophenolate mofetil reduces disease activity and steroid dosage in Takayasu arteritis

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) has recently been reported as a useful alternative immunosuppressive drug in autoimmune diseases including in Takayasu arteritis (TA). The aim of this study was to verify the efficacy and tolerability of MMF administration in controlling TA disease activity and allowing glucocorticosteroid reduction. Ten consecutive active TA patients followed at the Vasculitis Clinic were enrolled from January 2003 to 2006 and received oral MMF (2 g/day) for an average of 23.3 months. Disease activity assessed using the National Institutes of Health criteria, clinical features, and inflammatory laboratory findings were evaluated. Five patients had received at least one immunosuppressive drug before administration of MMF (four methotrexate, two azathioprine, and one chlorambucil) but had not achieved clinical and laboratory remission. The other five patients received MMF as their first immunosuppressive drug because of an important disease flare during steroid dose reduction. Clinical activity disappeared in all patients with MMF therapy, except in one patient who abandoned the study because of an important headache, attributed to the drug. Moreover, the MMF therapy allowed significant tapering of the prednisone dose in the rest of the nine patients (24.5 ± 17.1 vs 5.8 ± 7.8 mg/day; p = 0.0019). Reinforcing this finding, a significant reduction in inflammatory laboratory parameters, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (24.7 ± 15.5 vs 12.8 ± 10.8 mm/h; p = 0.036) and C-reactive protein (24.0 ± 14.9 vs 11.2 ± 10.7 mg/l; p = 0.0167), was observed. In summary, MMF therapy reduced clinical and laboratory parameters of TA disease activity, suggesting that this drug is a promising immunosuppressive drug, particularly in refractory cases and as a steroid-sparing agent.