Infection with Nocardia species in Queensland. A review of 102 clinical isolates.

OBJECTIVE: To review the species distribution, pathologic significance and disease associations of clinical isolates of Nocardia and related bacteria in Queensland, and to examine the characteristics, treatment and outcome of patients infected with these organisms. DESIGN AND SETTING: A retrospective review of Queensland State Health Laboratory records provided microbiological data for Nocardia isolates referred from other laboratories during the period January 1983 to December 1988. Clinical information was extracted from hospital case notes, or obtained from detailed questionnaires completed by attending physicians. Nocardia isolates were classified as "significant" if specific treatment for nocardiosis was given, or on the basis of autopsy findings. PATIENTS: One hundred and two patients had a Nocardia species or a related organism isolated from clinical specimens during the study period. RESULTS: The 102 isolates included Nocardia asteroides (45), N, brasiliensis (35), N. caviae (5) and N. transvalensis (5). Clinical results were available for 93 patients, of whom 74 (80%) had a significant isolate recovered. Primary pulmonary or disseminated disease occurred in 35 patients, and was caused mainly by N. asteroides. Significant infections of skin and soft tissues, primarily due to N. brasiliensis, were found in 39 patients. Preexisting lung disease and treatment with steroids and immunosuppression were risk factors for pulmonary and disseminated nocardiosis. A history of inoculation in an outdoor setting was frequent in patients with cutaneous disease. Antibiotic regimens that included trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or another sulfonamide agent were used to treat the majority of patients with significant infection. Deaths were confined to those with pulmonary and disseminated disease, with a case fatality rate of 40% in that group. CONCLUSION: Infection with Nocardia species appears to be more common than is generally appreciated. The local species distribution and disease spectrum are similar to those described elsewhere. A high index of suspicion for nocardiosis should be maintained in susceptible hosts with pulmonary infiltrates, particularly when there is evidence for metastatic infection, and in patients with superficial infections and a history of outdoor injury.     

Nocardia infection in splenectomized patients: case reports and a review of the literature

Opportunistic infections are increasingly becoming a problem in cancer patients amongst whom infection with Nocardia species is particularly difficult to detect due to the capricious natural history of the disease. Three cases of Nocardia infection in patients who had undergone splenectomy for haematological malignancy are presented. These cases illustrate the diverse mode of presentation, the natural history and the difficulties in early and accurate diagnosis of Nocardia infection. Despite the difficulties in arriving at the correct diagnosis, these cases highlight the importance of early institution of appropriate antibiotic therapy. Antibiotics should be given in adequate doses to control the initial infection and be maintained for a prolonged period to prevent relapses.     

How safe is isoniazid?

The complications of isoniazid (INH) were studied in 1033 patients, who had received INH for at least 18 months, with or without other drugs. Hepatitis developed in 25 patients; this was attributed to rifampicin, (15 cases); infectious hepatitis (three cases); INH alone, (three cases); IHN possibly exacerbating chronic liver disease, (two cases); and multiple drug treatment, (two cases). Central nervous system disorders (mainly peripheral neuropathy) due to INH occurred in 12 patients, all of whom were over the age of 40 years. Hypersensitivity to INH developed in 12 patients. Some difficulties in distinguishing hepatitis due to rifampicin from that due to INH are discussed. When the risk of hepatitis was compared with the risks of developing, or dying from, tuberculosis, it was found that the benefits of INH chemoprophylaxis outweighed the risks, particularly in patients who were less than 50 years of age.     

Minocycline treatment of pulmonary nocardiosis

Minocycline hydrochloride was used to treat pulmonary infections with Nocardia asteroides in five cardiac allograft recipients. In three patients, minocycline was successfully used as the only antinocardial agent. Two other patients were found to have leukopenia after initial therapy with sulfisoxazole. These two patients were subsequently treated with minocycline. The clinical success with minocycline in these highly immunosuppressed patients suggests that minocycline is an effective antinocardial agent. These data did not allow any conclusion regarding which drug, minocycline or sulfisoxazole, is superior in the treatment of this disease.     

肝豆状核变性的临床误诊研究

目的：探讨肝豆状核变性误诊比例,病种,发生频次及与疗效的关系,为避免误诊误治提供参考,方法：分析初次的肝豆状核变性患者,在首发症状出现后就诊2个以上医院,时间超过3个月仍被诊断或尚不能明显诊断者,被列为误诊或诊断不明,并对各组有关资料进行统计学处理,结果：1011例患者中51．04％被长期误诊（516／1011）,19．09％长期诊断不明（193／1011）,仅29．87％（302／1011）能在首发症状出现3个月内获得正确诊断,被误疹的病名多达百余种,最常见的有各型肝炎,肝硬化,肝肿大,脾功能亢进,各种关节炎,各型肾炎,脑为脑病,精精病,各种盆血等,共857例次,治疗前后3组间的严重程序及疗效对比差异有非常显著意义（P＜0．01）,结论：本病易被长期误诊或诊断不明,早期诊断和及时治疗对预后至关重要,对有上述症状者通过检查角膜K－F环进行初筛,必须时行铜代谢检查预以确诊。     

脑血管结合 ESRS 对 NCE 患者再发的评估价值

目的：通过 Essen 卒中风险评分量表（ESRS）与脑血管评估结合对非心源性脑梗死（NCE）患者再发风险进行评估，探析其临床应用价值。方法：回顾性分析2011年7月～2014年12月在我院接受治疗的180例 NCE 患者的临床资料。分析入选者、有/无终点事件、ESRS 低/高风险组、血管狭窄轻/重度组间的一般资料。结果：根据有无终点事件可以将入选者分成有终点事件组（12例）和无终点事件组（120例）两组，两组患者高血压及糖尿病间有统计学差异，而吸烟史、NIHSS 评分等差异均无统计学意义。ESRS 低风险组和高风险组患者的年龄、高血压、糖尿病、其它心脏病、脑梗病/TIA 史以及第1、3年终点事件有统计学差异，而性别、外周血管病等无统计学差异。血管狭窄低于50%与血管狭窄不低于50%间的高血压、外周血管病、其它心脏病、脑梗死/TIA 史、入院第1dNIHSS 评分以及第1、3年再发缺血事件间差异显著；其余如年龄、性别等无显著差异。结论：ESRS 与脑血管评估结合在评估 NCE 患者再发风险方面有重要的临床价值。     

一起致病性大肠埃希菌引发的食物中毒

目的查明食物中毒发生的原因,及时控制疫情蔓延。方法对事发现场和患者分别进行流行病学调查和采集样本。结果从凉菜墩、两位患者的大便中检出血清型别相同的致病性大肠埃希菌。结论本事件是由于食品用具受到致病性大肠埃希菌的污染而引发的食物中毒。     

系统性红斑狼疮合并肝损害的临床分析

目的探讨系统性红斑狼疮患者肝脏损害的临床特点,加深对狼疮肝病的认识。方法回顾分析82例SLE有肝损害患者与无肝损害患者的临床资料,其中SLE合并肝损害42例,分为有肝损害组和无肝损害组。将有肝损害患者的临床表现、实验室检查结果与无肝损害的患者进行比较。同时,将系统性红斑狼疮患者肝纤维化4项指标和肝功能指标进行检测。结果系统性红斑狼疮组与对照组层粘连蛋白、血清Ⅲ型前胶原氨基端肽、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天门冬酸氨基转移酶、碱性磷酸酶及总胆红素指标的比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）;两组比较肝脏超声影像学特点有显著性差异（P〈0．05）;C反应蛋白、血沉、SLEDAI积分与对照组比较无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论系统性红斑狼疮肝损害,以肝细胞损害为主。系统性红斑狼疮患者的肝损害可能是多因素的,应明确病因,合理地使用激素和免疫抑制药物。     

Reciprocal change in ST segment in acute myocardial infarction: correlation with findings on exercise electrocardiography and coronary angiography

The clinical relevance of reciprocal changes in the ST segment occurring at the time of acute myocardial infarction was studied prospectively in 85 consecutive uncomplicated cases. Reciprocal depression of the ST segment was defined as depression of 1 mm or more in electrocardiogram leads other than those reflecting the infarct. All patients underwent maximal, symptom limited treadmill stress testing two weeks after the infarct and coronary angiography six weeks after infarction. Forty six patients had inferior, 34 anterior, and five true posterior infarction. Of the 51 patients with reciprocal changes, 45 (88%) developed exercise induced ST segment depression in areas remote from the infarction zone. At angiography all 45 patients were shown to have stenoses greater than 70% in at least two major vessels. Four patients had negative exercise electrocardiograms and were sequently shown to have single vessel disease subtending their infarct, and the remaining two patients had a false negative treadmill test result. Of the 27 patients without reciprocal changes, 21 (78%) had negative treadmill stress test results associated with single vessel coronary disease. Five had positive stress test results and multivessel coronary disease, and one had a false negative stress test result. The remaining seven patients had ST segment elevation without Q wave formation in the reciprocal areas and were assessed separately. Of these, six had positive stress test results and multivessel coronary disease and one had a negative stress test result and single vessel coronary disease to the infarct area. Twenty one patients with anterior infarcts (62%) and 27 with inferior infarcts (59%) had reciprocal changes. No differences emerged in the relation between infarct site, reciprocal change, and presence of additional coronary disease. At follow up of the 51 patients with reciprocal changes in the ST segment 36 had become symptomatic, of whom 29 had undergone coronary artery bypass surgery. By contrast, only four of the 27 patients without reciprocal changes in the ST segment had developed symptoms, and two of these had undergone coronary revascularisation. Reciprocal ST segment depression at the time of acute myocardial infarction may identify patients with severe coronary disease who are at risk of subsequent cardiac events and appears to be as reliable as results of early postinfarction treadmill stress testing in predicting the underlying coronary anatomy. When the electrocardiogram does not show reciprocal changes treadmill testing provides valuable additional information.     

合并糖尿病的冠心病患者特点分析

目的:探讨合并糖尿病的冠心病患者的临床特点。方法:采用回顾性研究。选取经冠状动脉造影而确诊为冠心病的患者633例,合并有糖尿病110例患者纳入观察组,不合并有糖尿病的523例患者纳入对照组。收集病人的一般情况、心电图、超声心动图等资料,观察两组病人在高血压、高血脂、心力衰竭、心电图、心肌缺血症状等方面的发病情况。结果:(1)两组病人在发病年龄、性别、高血压、高血脂的发病情况无明显差异;心力衰竭的发生率观察组显著高于对照组。(2)心电图异常、无心肌缺血表现和心电图正常、有心肌缺血表现这两种情况在观察组中均较对照组多见。结论:(1)合并糖尿病的冠心病患者无症状心肌缺血与心电图正常的冠心病病人多见,如不能及时识别易延误诊治。(2)合并糖尿病的冠心病患者心功能损害较重,心力衰竭发生率高。     

新诊断2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝患者 下肢动脉粥样硬化的临床分析

 【目的】 探讨新诊断2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)患者发生下肢动脉粥样硬化的临床特点及危险因素&#65377; 【方法】 对151例新诊断2型糖尿病住院患者进行回顾性研究&#65377;根据是否合并NAFLD分为A组(合并NAFLD,92例)和B组(无NAFLD,59例),比较两组患者胰岛素抵抗&#65380;脂代谢紊乱&#65380;下肢动脉粥样硬化程度的差异&#65377;【结果】 92例(60.93%)新诊断住院2型糖尿病患者伴NAFLD,A组有较高的体质量指数&#65380;甘油三酯&#65380;血尿酸&#65380;胰岛素抵抗指数&#65380;空腹胰岛素和C肽&#65380;餐后2 h胰岛素和C肽水平,及较低的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和胰岛素敏感指数水平;与B组比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);两组血糖则无明显差别(P > 0.05)&#65377;101例(66.89%)新诊断住院2型糖尿病患者伴不同程度的下肢动脉血管病变,A组下肢动脉粥样硬化较B组明显增加&#65377;【结论】 新诊断2型糖尿病患者脂肪肝及下肢血管动脉硬化都较高,合并NAFLD的患者发生下肢动脉硬化比不合并NAFLD的患者明显升高,而且下肢动脉硬化病变也更严重&#65377;     

老年糖调节受损患者合并心脑血管疾病的危险因素分析

目的探讨老年糖调节受损(IGR)患者心脑血管病变的特点及相关危险因素。方法通过回顾性分析,将114例老年IGR患者分为心脑血管病变组(病变组)61例和无血管病变组(无病变组)53例。病变组包括缺血性心脏病(IHD)患者35例、脑血管病变(CVD)患者26例。对2组患者的临床数据进行比较及回归分析。结果病变组的年龄、高血压患病率、病程、C反应蛋白水平比无病变组明显增高(P<0.05);各亚组与无病变组的比较也有相似的趋势。回归分析显示,年龄、高血压是老年IGR患者心脑血管病变的独立危险因素,同时也是IHD和CVD的独立危险因素。另外高三酰甘油血症与心脑血管病变及IHD分别独立相关。结论对于老年IGR患者,除了年龄、高血压外,高三酰甘油血症是心脑血管病变的独立危险因子。     

负荷心肌灌注显像中腺苷诱导的ST段下移的临床应用意义

 目的 探讨腺苷负荷诱导的ST段下移的发生特点、与腺苷负荷—静息心肌灌注显像（MPI）心肌缺血之间的关系及其在冠心病（CAD）诊断中的作用。方法125例疑似或确诊的CAD患者行一日法腺苷负荷—静息MPI。腺苷注射后出现ST段水平样或下斜下移≥1.0 mm定义为缺血心电图阳性表现,MPI出现可逆或不可逆显像剂摄取降低作为心肌缺血评价标准,观察腺苷负荷诱导的ST段下移与MPI显像提示缺血之间的相互关系。48例患者行冠脉造影术,3支主要血管中至少有1支血管管腔直径狭窄≥50%作为阳性的诊断标准。结果 125例患者中42例（33.6%）出现心电图阳性改变,女性发生率高于男性（P＜0.05）;腺苷负荷ST段下移与心肌MPI显像心肌缺血间无明显相关性（P＞0.05）。冠脉造影阳性的32例患者中,25例有MPI心肌缺血,其中14例伴有心电图改变;而冠脉造影阴性的16例患者中,MPI显像正常12例,其中10例腺苷负荷心电图无缺血改变。结论 腺苷注射诱导的心电图ST段改变能为腺苷心肌MPI提供有价值的诊断信息。     

皮肤黏膜淋巴结综合征56例临床分析

目的探讨大剂量静脉丙种球蛋白治疗皮肤黏膜淋巴结综合征(川崎病)的疗效及与冠状动脉病变的关系。方法选取2006年1月-2008年12月期间住院的川崎病患儿56例。随机分为两组:治疗组采用一次大剂量(2 g/kg)静脉输注丙种球蛋白,对照组给予小剂量丙种球蛋白[400 mg/(kg.d)],1次/d,连用5 d。两组同时口服阿司匹林,急性期30～50 mg/(kg.d),热退后改为3～5 mg/(kg.d)。服用至血沉、血小板正常、无冠状病变后停药。结果治疗组24 h内体温下降者24例,72 h内退热者5例,>72 h者1例。对照组24 h内体温下降者3例,72 h内退热者15例,>72h者8例,其中3例于退热后再次发热。两组疗效比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患儿治疗后1周血白细胞均有下降,1个月后血小板、心电图大部分正常;治疗组出院后1个月时复查有2例发现冠状动脉损害,其中1例于3个月时消失,1例于6个月时消失。对照组出院后1个月时有4例发现冠状动脉损害,其中2例于12个月时消失,2例于24个月时消失。结论早期大剂量单次静脉输注丙种球蛋白对缓解川崎病的急性期症状及预防或减少冠状动脉损害起重要作用。而且未发现明显不良反应。     

DENTAL CARIES AND PERIODONTAL DISORDERS IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE

Bacterial infections are frequent complications in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). A potential source of infection may be dental foci. This study was carried out to assess the association of CLD with dental caries and periodontal disease. Dental caries and periodontal examinations were performed prospectively in patients with CLD (group A) and controls without any liver disease (group B). Similar examination was also carried out in alcoholics without liver disease (group C) as well as in cases with portal hypertension but no liver disease (group D) i.e. patients with Non Cirrhotic Portal Fibrosis and Extrahepatic portal obstruction. A total of 231 subjects (Group A:83, group B: 75, group C:46 and group D:27) were studied. Group A included 32 cases with chronic hepatitis B&C, 26 with alcoholic cirrhosis, 14 with postnecrotic cirrhosis, and 11 with cryptogenic cirrhosis. Measures of oral hygiene (p < 0.01), dental care (p < 0.001), and periodontal parameters were worse and the number of teeth requiring treatment (p < 0.05) was higher in alcoholics with or without cirrhosis than in healthy subjects and nonalcoholic patients with cirrhosis. Alcoholics had a lower, total number of teeth than patients without alcohol abuse and healthy controls (p < 0.01). The dental caries and periodontal status of patients with nonalcoholic cirrhosis did not differ significantly from group B. The severity and duration of liver disease had no influence on dental caries and periodontal disease. The presence of chronic alcohol abuse rather than cirrhosis or portal hypertension is a major predisposing factor for dental caries and periodontal diseases. In alcoholics, these diseases appear to be caused primarily by bad oral hygiene and poor dental care.KEY WORDS: Alcohol abuse, Chronic liver disease, Dental caries, Periodontal disease     

原发皮肤间变大细胞淋巴瘤临床诊治分析

目的 探讨原发皮肤间变大细胞淋巴瘤(PCALCL)的临床表现、治疗及预后特点.方法 回顾性分析中国医学科学院肿瘤医院1999年1月至2009年1月收治的10例PCALCL患者的临床资料.结果 中位发病年龄48岁(22～69岁),男8例,女2例.皮损单发患者7例,多发3例.初期皮损呈红色皮下结节,质地较硬,多固定,部分皮损可呈自限性或反复出现,增大后可出现表面溃疡,呈菜花状.皮损可位于头颈部(5例)、躯干(3例)或全身各处(2例).有2例淋巴结受侵和1例骨受侵,骨受侵者有间变大细胞淋巴瘤激酶(ALK)阳性和细胞增殖指数偏高(ki-67＞80%).初始治疗:7例单发病灶患者采用手术切除后进行放疗、化疗或化放疗,除1例复发外,6例均无病生存;3例多发病灶患者采用化疗联合放疗或生物治疗,2例复发,1例无病生存.中位随访44个月(9～95个月)时,患者的无进展生存率为89%,总生存率为100%.结论 PCALCL多见于中年男性,不易侵犯内脏器官和淋巴结.病变局限性者,经治疗预后好;病变广泛者即使采用手术、放疗联合化疗,多数仍不能治愈.     

冠心病和非冠心病者心理状况、行为类型及个性特征的对比分析

目的了解冠状动脉造影诊断为冠心病和非冠心病者心理状况及影响因素。方法131例患者行冠状动脉造影术前采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、A型行为问卷（TABP）、艾森克个性问卷（EPQ）进行问卷调查。结果诊断冠心病87例，其中A型行为41例，占47．12％，非冠心病44例，A型行为22例，占50％，两者比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。非冠心病组个性情绪不稳定者占52．27％，明显高于冠心病组的27．58％，差异有显著性（P〈0．05）；EPQ神经质分明显高于冠心病组；SCL-90人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执、精神病性因子分均明显高于冠心病组，差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。A型行为CH因子与SCL-90强迫、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖因子呈显著正相关；EPQ神经质因子与SCL-90强迫、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖、偏执因子呈正相关。结论冠状动脉造影正常的非冠心病者心理症状较冠心病者严重，A型行为的CH行为特征和个性情绪稳定性是影响心理健康的重要因素。     

Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (codon 200 mutation) with supranuclear palsy.

OBJECTIVE--To identify a possible gene defect in a large kindred with atypical Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). SUBJECTS--Over 360 kindred members, with and without progressive dementia. METHODS--Family, hospital, and clinic records were reviewed. The DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded brain tissue of two deceased patients, and from blood leukocytes of nine healthy persons at risk. DNA was subjected to polymerase chain reaction and then analyzed by restriction endonuclease and single nucleotide primer extension. RESULTS--Nine family members had progressive fatal neurological disease consistent with CJD without myoclonus or typical electroencephalographic findings. Supranuclear gaze palsy was present in all five patients who underwent eye examinations. Two neuropathologically confirmed cases and five of nine at-risk family members had an identical mutation (GAG to AAG, glutamic acid to lysine) in codon 200 of the amyloid gene (PRNP) on chromosome 20. CONCLUSIONS--Clinically atypical CJD with early supranuclear gaze palsy but without myoclonus or characteristic electroencephalographic periodicity patterns is associated with the codon 200Lys mutation in the largest CJD kindred yet reported. The clinical concept of familial CJD should be enlarged to include this unusual phenotype.     

泌尿生殖器衣原体感染：附四例报告

衣原体感染为常见性传播疾病之一。由于临床症状不明显,长期以来不为人们所认识。近年来。由于临床医学及实验方法不断进展,世界各地对性传播疾病进行了广泛的研究,衣原体感染已逐渐为人们所重视。国内80年代以来开始注意这一问题,已有人对衣原体感染进行了筛测工作。本文报道我院近期内治疗的四例泌尿生殖器衣原体感染病例。临床资料例1,男性,43岁,已婚,美籍华人,经商。一年前与女友发生性关系后尿道口即感不适,并有少许     

Nocardia asteroides osteomyelitis

Nocardia asteroides osteomyelitis has previously been described only in acutely ill patients. It may occur as an isolated event or part of the disease spectrum of disseminated nocardiosis. An 84 year old immune competent man with N. asteroides right tibial osteomyelitis had an unusual presentation, presumed mechanism of disease and outcome. His course affords an opportunity to review the literature on N. asteroides osteomyelitis and to discuss the unique features of his case.