人参二醇皂苷对LPS休克大鼠肺组织AQP1表达的影响

目的：观察内毒素(LPS)诱导的休克大鼠肺泡毛细血管内皮细胞膜水通道蛋白1(AQP1)的表达变化，及人参二醇皂苷（PDS）和糖皮质激素对其的影响。方法：应用HE染色观察肺组织病理学变化，通过免疫组织化学和免疫印迹分析的方法检测AQP1在肺组织中的表达。结果：（1）病理组织学结果显示：模型组（LPS）：肺组织可见较弥漫的间质炎性改变，细支气管周围及血管周围有明显的炎性渗出物，并可见出血，部分肺泡腔内含有水肿液，炎症病变较轻处可见代偿性肺气肿改变。然而，地塞米松组（DEX）、人参治疗组（PDS）大鼠肺脏改变明显减轻。（2）免疫组织化学显示：正常对照组（CTR）肺泡周围毛细血管内皮细胞 AQP1呈阳性表达。LPS组肺泡周围毛细血管内皮细胞AQP1呈微弱表达。DEX组和PDS 3个剂量组大鼠肺泡周围毛细血管内皮细胞 AQP1呈阳性表达，但较正常对照组弱。（3）免疫印迹分析结果显示:LPS组AQP1表达水平明显低于CTR组，PDS 3组及DEX组的AQP1表达水平虽低于CTR组，但明显高于LPS组结论：人参二醇皂苷与地塞米松有减轻LPS诱导的肺损伤作用;LPS具有抑制LPS休克肺AQP1表达的作用，而人参二醇皂苷与地塞米松能使其表达提高，这进一步证实AQP1与肺水肿形成有关。     

人参皂甙RB2 抑制NF-κB 的激活对LPS 诱导的新生小鼠急性肺损伤的免疫调节作用

目的:研究人参皂苷RB2对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的新生小鼠急性肺损伤的免疫功能的影响及相关分子机制。方法:将新生小鼠随机分为四组:健康组(Ctrl);人参皂苷单独处理组(GR2):健康小鼠腹腔注射GR2 50 mg/kg BW; LPS诱导组(LPS):腹腔注射0. 6 mg/kg BW的LPS,连续5 d; LPS+GR2组:模型小鼠腹腔注射人参皂苷50 mg/kg BW。HE染色观察肺组织损伤情况; TUNEL染色观察肺组织细胞凋亡; Western blot检测Caspase-3和Caspase-9的表达; ELISA检测炎症因子IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-10的含量; Western blot检测高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)、巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)和NF-κBp 65的表达水平。结果:LPS组与对照组相比,肺组织出现明显的损伤,肺泡壁明显增厚,出现大量炎性细胞浸润;染色呈阳性的凋亡细胞比率显著提高; Caspase-3和Caspase-9的表达水平显著上调;炎症因子IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α的含量显著上升,IL-10的含量没有明显变化; HMGB1和MIF的表达显著上调;磷酸化的NF-κB p65的表达显著上调。LPS+GR2组与LPS组相比,肺组织损伤明显得到缓解,多数肺泡结构完整,仅有少量炎性细胞浸润;凋亡细胞的比率显著下降; Caspase-3和Caspase-9的表达水平显著下调;炎症因子IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α的含量显著下降,IL-10的含量没有明显的变化; HMGB1和MIF的表达显著下调;磷酸化的NF-κB p65的表达显著下调。结论:人参皂苷RB2抑制NF-κB的激活,进而调节LPS诱导的新生小鼠急性肺损伤的免疫反应。     

人参二醇组皂苷（PDS）抑制NOS和p38减轻LPS休克脑损伤

目的：探讨人参二醇组皂苷（PDS）对LPS诱导休克脑的保护机制。方法：将大鼠随机分为对照组、LPS组、LPS＋地塞米松组及LPS＋人参二醇皂苷组。大鼠静脉注射LPS（4 mg/kg）4 h后，测定大脑皮质中NOS的活性、NO的含量及磷酸化p38 蛋白的表达。结果：LPS组脑皮质中NOS活性、NO含量及p38的蛋白表达水平明显高于control组，而LPS+Dex组和LPS+PDS组脑皮质中NOS活性、NO含量及p38的蛋白表达水平明显低于LPS组。结论：PDS减轻LPS脑损伤与降低脑皮质中NOS活性、NO含量有关，可能涉及p38MAPKs信号转导通路。     

人参二醇组皂苷对内毒素休克大鼠脑皮质TLR4 mRNA表达的影响

目的：通过观察内毒素休克大鼠脑皮质中NOS活性、NO含量和TLR4 mRNA的表达及人参二醇组皂苷（PDS）对其的影响，探讨内毒素引起脑组织损伤的分子机制。 方法： 大鼠随机分为实验对照（control）组、内毒素休克（LPS）组、地塞米松（LPS+Dex）组和人参二醇组皂苷（LPS+PDS）组。大鼠静脉注射内毒素（4 mg/kg）4 h后测定脑组织中NOS活性、NO含量及TLR4 mRNA的表达。 结果： LPS+Dex组和LPS+PDS组NOS活性、NO2-/NO3-含量显著低于LPS组（P＜0.05），TLR4 mRNA表达亦明显低于LPS组。 结论： PDS能够下调脑组织中TLR4 mRNA的表达，降低NOS活性、NO含量，对中枢神经系统具有保护作用。     

WIN55212-2通过调控mTOR/HIF-1α/PFKFB3信号通路抑制糖酵解并减轻脓毒症小鼠急性肺损伤

目的：探究大麻素受体激动剂WIN55212-2(WIN)对脓毒症小鼠急性肺损伤（ALI）的影响,并探讨其通过糖酵解发挥作用的可能机制。方法：采用腹腔注射脂多糖（LPS）创建小鼠脓毒症ALI模型。将雄性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为4组：对照（control）组、LPS组（腹腔注射10 mg/kg LPS）、LPS+WIN组（注射LPS前30 min腹腔注射1mg/kg WIN）和LPS+WIN+MHY1485[哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mTOR）活化剂]组（LPS造模前1 d腹腔注射10 mg/kg MHY1485,并在造模前30 min腹腔注射1 mg/kg WIN和10 mg/kg MHY1485）,每组6只。造模24 h后取材,计算肺指数;HE染色观察肺组织病理变化;ELISA检测肺组织炎症因子白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)和IL-10表达水平,以及血清乳酸和乳酸脱氢酶A(LDHA)水平;Western blot检测mTOR/缺氧诱导因子1α(HIF-1α)/6-磷酸果糖-2-激酶/果糖-2,6-双磷酸酶3(PFKFB3)信号通路相关蛋白水平。结果：相比于control组,LPS组小鼠...     

重楼皂苷Ⅰ对脂多糖诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用研究北大核心CSCD

目的:探究重楼皂苷Ⅰ(PPⅠ)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤(ALI)的作用机制。方法:将小鼠随机分为对照(Control)组、LPS组、PPⅠ5 mg/kg组、PPⅠ10 mg/kg组、PPⅠ20 mg/kg组和地塞米松(DEX)组,每组8只。PPⅠ各组小鼠灌胃相应剂量PPⅠ,DEX组灌胃2 mg/kg DEX,对照组灌胃生理盐水预处理7 d,鼻腔滴入LPS(5 mg/kg)建立小鼠ALI模型。24 h后处死小鼠,收集肺组织和支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF),检测肺湿/干重(W/D)值;HE染色观察肺组织损伤情况并评分;检测BALF中总蛋白含量、白细胞和巨噬细胞数;试剂盒检测一氧化氮(NO)、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)含量;ELISA检测TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平;Western blot检测小鼠肺组织中p38和AMPK的磷酸化及NLRP3、caspase-1、Nrf2和KEAP1的蛋白表达。结果:与对照组相比,LPS组小鼠肺组织发生病理性变化,肺损伤评分、W/D值、BALF中总蛋白含量、炎症细胞、氧化应激水平和炎症细胞因子含量明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01),p38磷酸化水平、NLRP3、caspase-1和KEAP1蛋白表达显著上调(P<0.01),AMPK磷酸化水平和Nrf2蛋白表达显著下调(P<0.01)。与LPS组比较,PPⅠ(10 mg/kg和20 mg/kg)和DEX减轻了LPS诱导的ALI,肺损伤评分、W/D值、BALF中总蛋白含量、炎症细胞、氧化应激水平和炎症细胞因子含量明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),p38磷酸化水平、NLRP3、caspase-1和KEAP1蛋白表达显著下调(P<0.05,P<0.01),AMPK磷酸化水平和Nrf2蛋白表达显著上调(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论:PPⅠ能够减轻LPS诱导的小鼠ALI,可能与p38-NLRP3/caspase-1和AMPK-Nrf2/KEAP1信号途径有关。     

人参二醇组皂苷对LPS致休克大鼠肝脏TLR2、TLR9 mRNA表达的影响

目的：观察人参二醇组皂苷(PDS)对TLR2和TLR9 mRNA表达的影响,探讨PDS抗休克的分子生物学机制。方法:大鼠随机分为对照(control)组、LPS休克(LPS)组、人参二醇组皂苷小剂量(LPS+PDSL)组和人参二醇组皂苷中剂量(LPS+PDSM)组。大鼠舌下静脉注射LPS(4 mg/kg)4 h后测定血清中NOS活性、NO含量，肝组织中LPO含量、SOD活性以及TLR2、TLR4 mRNA的表达。结果:LPS+PDSL组和LPS+PDSM组NOS活性、NO含量和LPO含量明显低于LPS组，SOD活性明显高于LPS组(P<0.05)；LPS+PDSL组和LPS+PDSM组TLR2 mRNA表达明显低于LPS组，TLR9 mRNA表达无变化。结论:PDS通过下调肝组织中TLR2 mRNA表达，降低NOS活性、NO含量，对肝脏有保护作用。     

中药四毒清抑制LPS性肾脏损伤的机制研究

目的：研究中药复方四毒清防治内毒素性肾功能衰竭的作用机制。 方法： 将小鼠随机分成对照组、LPS组、四毒清防治组和四毒清组，用水（0.2 mL/10 g BW）或四毒清（1 000 g/L, 0.2 mL/10 g BW）灌胃3 d，每天2次, 第3 d灌胃后2 h，腹腔注射LPS(30 mg/kg，0.2 mL/10 g BW)或生理盐水（0.2 mL/10 g BW），腹腔注射后2 h，再用水或四毒清（0.2 mL/10 g）灌胃1次。测定各组小鼠血清肌酐（Cr）和尿素氮（BUN）的含量，观察肾脏超微结构，肾组织丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的变化， 并用半定量RT-PCR方法测定肾组织细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1) mRNA的表达。 结果： LPS引起小鼠血清Cr和BUN含量明显升高，肾脏近曲小管出现明显病理改变。四毒清有效降低LPS攻击小鼠血清Cr和BUN的含量，明显减轻近曲小管的损伤。LPS组小鼠肾组织MDA含量和ICAM-1 mRNA的表达显著高于对照组，而四毒清防治组肾组织MDA含量和ICAM-1 mRNA的表达明显低于LPS组，四毒清处理能显著升高肾组织SOD的活性。 结论： 中药四毒清防治内毒素性肾功能衰竭的作用机制与其升高肾组织SOD的活性、减轻肾组织氧化损伤并抑制肾脏ICAM-1 mRNA的表达有关。     

P53在急性肾损伤小鼠肾脏的表达及其与细胞凋亡的关系

 目的：探讨缺血再灌注致急性肾损伤（AKI）小鼠肾脏不同部位P53的表达及其与细胞凋亡的关系。方法：采用随机对照动物实验方法,将18只小鼠随机分为假手术组、AKI组及P53抑制剂pifithrin-alpha（PFT-α）组,每组6只。采用双侧肾蒂夹闭45 min后松开动脉夹的方法建立小鼠AKI模型,PFT-α组于建模前5 min腹腔注射PFT-α  2.2 mg/kg,并于建模后48 h采血检测尿素氮和肌酐,取肾脏组织行HE染色观察肾组织病理学变化,采用Western blotting法测定P53蛋白含量,免疫荧光法确定肾脏不同部位P53的表达,TUNEL法检测肾脏细胞凋亡,免疫组化方法检测肿瘤坏死因子受体（TNFR）、caspase-3及Bcl-2蛋白水平 。结果：（1）PFT-α组和AKI组小鼠血尿素氮和肌酐水平均明显高于假手术组,而PFT-α组与AKI组比较血尿素氮和肌酐水平明显降低（P<0.05）;肾组织HE染色显示假手术组肾组织细胞形态完整,排列整齐,无明显病理改变,AKI组肾小管上皮细胞刷状缘脱落、空泡及滴状变性,皮髓质间有明显淤血带;PFT-α组肾小管上皮部分刷状缘脱落消失,空泡及滴状变性减轻,皮髓质间无明显淤血带;（2）假手术组小鼠肾脏有少量P53表达且未检测到凋亡细胞,而AKI组小鼠缺血再灌注48 h后P53蛋白水平及凋亡细胞明显增加（P<0.05）,并且均主要定位在肾皮质,PFT-α组较AKI组小鼠肾脏P53蛋白含量及凋亡细胞指数均减少（P<0.05）;（3）与假手术组相比,AKI组小鼠肾脏TNFR蛋白及caspase-3蛋白水平升高（P<0.05）,Bcl-2蛋白水平下降（P<0.05）,PFT-α组较AKI组小鼠肾脏TNFR蛋白及caspase-3蛋白水平降低（P<0.05）,Bcl-2蛋白水平升高（P<0.05）。结论：急性肾损伤时,肾组织P53表达增加,主要定位于皮质,通过调控凋亡蛋白Bcl-2和TNFR的水平,促进caspase-3的释放,从而介导细胞凋亡。     

人参二醇组皂苷对脂多糖攻击大鼠脑皮质NF-κB的影响

目的： 观察人参二醇组皂苷对脂多糖(LPS)攻击大鼠脑皮质NF-κB的影响。方法: 大鼠随机分为实验对照（control）组、脂多糖（LPS）组、脂多糖加地塞米松（LPS+Dex）组和脂多糖加人参二醇组皂苷（LPS+PDS）组。大鼠静脉注射LPS（4 mg·kg^-1）1 h、4 h后检测脑皮质NF-κB的变化。结果:EMSA实验显示人参二醇组皂苷可抑制LPS攻击后1 h、4 h NF-κB的DNA结合活性；抑制细胞核p65和p50蛋白的表达。结论:LPS休克早期脑组织细胞NF-κB激活入核，人参二醇组皂苷通过抑制其活性而减轻脑组织损伤。     

Protective effect of cinnamicaldehyde in endotoxin poisoning mice

Context: Several pharmacological studies have shown that cinnamicaldehyde (CA) has anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects, but no data show the effects of CA on the endotoxin poisoning.

Objective: In this work, the protective effect of CA in LPS-induced endotoxin poisoning mice was investigated.

Materials and methods: Mice were randomly divided into normal, LPS, LPS +5?mg/kg dexamethasone (DEX), LPS +0.132?g/kg CA, and LPS +0.264?g/kg CA group. Pretreated with CA (0.132 and 0.264?g/kg/day, respectively) for 5 consecutive days before LPS injection. Except the normal group, the other animals were intraperitoneally injected with LPS (15?mg/kg).

Results: Twelve hours after LPS injection, CA significantly reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-18, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-5) and chemokines (macrophage colony stimulating factor, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β) in serum. In addition, the histopathological study indicated that CA attenuates lung injury induced by LPS. Moreover, the numbers of neutrophils were significant decreased and the NF-κB (p65) mRNA level was reduced in lung after treated with CA.

Conclusion: The present data suggest that cinnamicaldehyde can be considered as potential therapeutic candidates for the endotoxin-poisoning-related diseases such as sepsis via its anti-inflammation effects.     

Dapagliflozin Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide Related Acute Kidney Injury in Mice with Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes Mellitus

Sepsis, which is a serious medical condition induced by infection, has been the most common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) and is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor is a new oral antidiabetic drug that has greatly improved the cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes independent of its sugar lowering effect, possibly by attenuation of the inflammatory process. We investigated the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxic shock with AKI in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Endotoxin shock with AKI was induced by intravenous injection of 10 mg/kg LPS in C57BL6 mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetic mellitus with or without dapagliflozin treatment. Observation was done for 48 hours thereafter. In addition, NRK-52E cells incubated with LPS or dapagliflozin were evaluated for the possible mechanism. Treatment with dapagliflozin attenuated LPS-induced endotoxic shock associated AKI and decreased the inflammatory cytokines in diabetic mice. In the in vitro study, dapagliflozin decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species and increased the expressions of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor, and heme oxygenase 1. These results demonstrated that dapagliflozin can attenuate LPS-induced endotoxic shock associated with AKI; this was possibly mediated by activation of the AMPK pathway.     

Ketamine inhibits polymorphonuclear leucocyte CD11b expression and respiratory burst activity in endotoxemic rats

Objective and design: To observe the effect of ketamine on polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) adhesion and respiratory burst activity in endotoxemia rats. Materials: 30 rats were randomly allocated to five groups: rats challenged with intraperitoneal injection of saline (saline group); challenged with intraperitoneal injection of LPS 10 mg/kg (LPS group); challenged with intraperitoneal injection of LPS 10 mg/kg and treated by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine 5, 25, 50 mg/kg at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 h after the injection of LPS, respectively (three ketamine treatment groups). Methods: PMN respiratory burst and CD11b expression were measured with flow cytometry at the end of 1 h, 4 h, and 6 h. Results: LPS challenge significantly increased PMN respiratory burst activity and CD11b expression when compared with the saline group (p < 0.01). There was a significant decrease in LPS-induced PMN respiratory burst activity and CD11b expression in three ketamine treatment groups when compared with LPS group (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Ketamine significantly inhibits PMN CD11b expression and respiratory burst activity in endotoxemic rats. Received 31 May 2006; returned for revision 21 July 2006; returned for final revision 10 October 2006; accepted by M. Katori 5 November 2006     

Neutrophil accumulation induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide: effects of dexamethasone and annexin 1

Annexin 1 (ANX-1) can reduce leucocyte migration in response to cytokines and chemokines in some rodent models of inflammation. However, its effectiveness against an inflammatory stimulus as strong as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is unknown. Thus, we have examined whether ANX-1 can modulate LPS-induced neutrophil accumulation in the rat, as assessed by intravital microscopy and by myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay. The anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (DEX) was also studied for comparison. LPS superfusion induced adhesion of leucocytes to the endothelium and a subsequent increase in emigration from rat post-capillary venules over 2 h as assessed by intravital microscopy. Either ANX-1 or DEX was able to attenuate this adhesion and emigration of leucocytes. MPO activity in the lung, kidney and ileum was elevated after a 6-h exposure to LPS (intraperitoneal), indicating accumulation of neutrophils in these tissues. DEX attenuated the LPS-induced increase in MPO in the ileum but had no effect on MPO in the lungs or kidneys. This would suggest that the underlying mechanism by which neutrophils accumulate in the ileum, and more generally in the gastrointestinal compartment, is different from other vascular beds. ANX-1 had no effect on the LPS-induced increase in MPO activity in any of the tissues studied. Thus, from these data, ANX-1 appears to reduce leucocyte adhesion and emigration induced by a short-term (2 h), but not a longer (6 h) exposure to LPS.     

Protective effect of sesamin in lipopolysaccharide-induced mouse model of acute kidney injury via attenuation of oxidative stress,inflammation, and apoptosis

Abstract

Context: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is considered a major public health concern in today’s world. Sepsis‐induced AKI is large as a result of exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that is the major outer membrane component of Gram‐negative bacteria. Sesamin is the main lignan of sesame seeds with multiple protective effects.

Objective: In this research, we tried to demonstrate the protective effect of sesamin pretreatment in LPS-induced mouse model of AKI.

Methods: LPS was injected at a single dose of 10?mg/kg (i.p.) and sesamin was given p.o. at doses of 25, 50, or 100?mg/kg, one hour prior to LPS.

Results: Treatment of LPS-challenged mice with sesamin reduced serum level of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and returned back renal oxidative stress-related parameters including glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Moreover, sesamin alleviated inappropriate changes of renal nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-6, DNA fragmentation (an apoptotic index), and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). In addition, sesamin diminished magnitude of kidney tissue damage due to LPS.

Conclusion: In summary, sesamin could dose-dependently abrogate LPS-induced AKI via attenuation of renal oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.     

小檗碱通过非α_2肾上腺素能受体途径减轻LPS诱导的心功能障碍

目的:观察小檗碱(Ber)预防内毒素血症小鼠心功能障碍的作用机制是否与其激活α2肾上腺素能受体有关,并探讨中性粒细胞在其中的作用。方法:将雄性BALB/c小鼠随机分为对照组(control)、脂多糖组(LPS)、小檗碱+LPS组(Ber+LPS)、α2肾上腺素能受体拮抗剂育亨宾+小檗碱+LPS组(Yohimbine+Ber+LPS)、育亨宾+LPS组(Yohimbine+LPS)、小檗碱组、育亨宾+小檗碱(Yohimbine+Ber)组和育亨宾(Yohimbine)组,分别用蒸馏水,小檗碱(50 mg/kg),育亨宾+小檗碱(2 mg/kg+50 mg/kg)或育亨宾(2 mg/kg)灌胃,每天1次,连续3d,第3 d灌胃后1 h,腹腔注射生理盐水或LPS(20 mg/kg)。观察注射LPS后12 h各组小鼠心肌组织结构的改变,用VisualSonies Vevo770TM高分辨小动物超声系统测定小鼠的心功能,并用Western blotting方法测定LPS注射后0.5 h心肌髓过氧化物酶(MPO)的含量。结果:LPS注射后12 h,LPS组小鼠心肌组织出现明显水肿。小檗碱、育亨宾、小檗碱+育亨宾组小鼠心肌的病理改变明显轻于LPS组。超声心动图检测显示,LPS组小鼠心输出量(CO)和每搏量(SV)均显著低于对照组、小檗碱、育亨宾、小檗碱+育亨宾组。腹腔注射LPS后0.5 h,LPS组心肌MPO的含量显著高于对照组,小檗碱、育亨宾+小檗碱组心肌MPO的水平显著低于LPS组,而育亨宾组心肌MPO的含量与LPS组没有显著差别。结论:小檗碱预处理能够减轻内毒素血症小鼠的心功能障碍,其作用机制与其激活α2肾上腺素能受体和抑制LPS引起的心肌中性粒细胞浸润无关,体内α2肾上腺素能受体激活可能在LPS引起的心功能障碍中发挥重要作用。     

丰富环境对脓毒症相关性小鼠认知功能障碍的影响

目的:探讨幼年期丰富环境(EE)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠认知功能障碍及海马区小胶质细胞活化的影响。方法:36只幼年雌性昆明小鼠随机分为对照组(Control)、脂多糖(LPS)组、丰富环境+脂多糖组(EE+LPS)。给予小鼠单次腹腔注射LPS(O.83 mg/kg)构建脓毒症小鼠模型.EE+LPS组小鼠在注射LPS前给予8周的丰富环境干预。新旧事物识别实验检测小鼠认识功能,免疫组织化学法检测小鼠海马区lba-1的表达,Western Blot检测CD68和IL-1β的表达。结果:与Control组相比,LPS组小鼠新事物辨别指数明显下降;与LPS组相比,EE+LPS组小鼠新事物辨别指数明显增加。LPS可诱导小鼠海马区小胶质细胞活化,表现为Iba-1阳性细胞数目增加,CD68和IL-1β的上调;而丰富环境干预可明显抑制小胶质细胞活化,表现为lba-1阳性细胞数目减少,CD68和IL-1β表达下调。结论:丰富环境可能通过抑制海马区小胶质细胞的激活从而改善LPS诱导的小鼠认知功能障碍。     

Licochalcone A Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Inhibiting NF-κB Activation

Licochalcone A (Lico A), a flavonoid found in licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra), has been reported to have anti-inflammatory activity. However, the protective effects of Lico A on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) remains unclear. In this study, using a mouse model of LPS-induced AKI, we investigated the protective effects and mechanism of Lico A on LPS-induced AKI in mice. LPS-induced kidney injury was assessed by detecting kidney histological study, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine levels. The production of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in serum and kidney tissues was detected by ELISA. The activation of NF-κB was measured by western blot analysis. Our results showed that Lico A dose-dependently attenuated LPS-induced kidney histopathologic changes, serum BUN, and creatinine levels. Lico A also suppressed LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β production both in serum and kidney tissues. Furthermore, our results showed that Lico A significantly inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB activation. In conclusion, our results suggest that Lico A has protective effects against LPS-induced AKI and Lico A exhibits its anti-inflammatory effects through inhibiting LPS-induced NF-κB activation.