导航模板辅助和徒手置钉在寰椎椎弓根螺钉置入中的应用

目的比较导航模板辅助和徒手置钉在寰椎椎弓根螺钉置入中的应用价值。方法将32例拟行寰椎椎弓根螺钉内固定手术患者随机分为两组,观察组(17例)在3D导航模板辅助下行切开复位椎弓根螺钉内固定术,对照组(15例)采用徒手椎弓根螺钉内固定。观察两组手术时间、术中出血量、置钉时间、置钉准确性,术后疼痛程度及颈椎神经功能恢复情况。比较观察组于术前后设计寰椎钉道内倾角、头倾角与实际钉道的差异。结果观察组手术时间、置钉时间明显短于对照组(P0.05),置钉优良率明显高于对照组(P0.05),术后3个月视觉模拟评分(VAS)评分明显低于对照组(P0.05),日本骨科协会(JOA)评分明显高于对照组(P0.05)。观察组术后寰椎钉道内倾角和头倾角与术前设计均无显著差异(P0.05)。结论导航模板辅助寰椎椎弓根螺钉置入与术前预设钉道吻合度高,提高置钉准确性,并有效缓解临床症状,优于徒手置钉。     

C臂X线导航与CT导航系统引导胸腰椎椎弓根螺钉内固定术应用对比观察

目的 对C臂X线导航和CT导航系统辅助下行胸腰椎椎弓根螺钉内固定的精确性及手术时间进行对比观察。方法c臂x线导航和CT导航系统辅助下分别植入98枚及104枚椎弓根螺钉,记录手术时间;术后进行经椎弓根水平的CT扫描,按Richter分类法评估螺钉位置。结果用C臂x线导航者螺钉植入优良率为96．9％,手术时间为（75．0±15．0）min;用CT导航者分别为100．0％（P〉0．05）和（101．5±21．0）min（P〈0．01）。结论C臂x线导航和cT导航系统辅助下行胸腰椎椎弓根螺钉植入均是安全可行的,且精确度高;与C臂X线导航手术相比,CT导航操作相对复杂,需时间较长。     

影像临床工作站CT三维重建入钉点设计在下颈椎椎弓根螺钉置钉中的应用效果

目的探讨影像临床工作站CT三维重建入钉点设计在下颈椎椎弓根螺钉置钉中的应用效果。方法选取2011—2015年绵阳市中心医院收治的下颈椎疾病患者25例,依据术前是否进行入钉点设计分为A组12例和B组13例。A组患者按照常规解剖标志及术前CT轴位片目测内倾角度置钉,B组患者根据影像临床工作站颈椎CT三维重建结果及入钉点设计置钉。比较两组患者置钉数及置钉准确率。结果 A组患者共置入椎弓根螺钉56枚,置钉准确率为87.5%(49/56);B组患者共置入椎弓根螺钉66枚,置钉准确率为93.9%(62/66)。B组患者置钉准确率高于A组(P0.05)。结论影像临床工作站CT三维重建入钉点设计在下颈椎椎弓根螺钉置钉中的应用效果良好,可有效提高椎弓根螺钉置入准确率。     

术前X线及CT测量在个体化置钉治疗胸腰椎骨折中的应用研究

目的 提高后路经椎弓根内固定术治疗胸腰椎骨折的安全性和有效性。方法 术前经X线及CT测量椎弓根横径、间距、椎体前、后高、患椎后凸角度、矢状面及水平面椎弓根螺钉置入角、钉道深度、残余椎管面积及椎管面积理论值，用SAS软件进行统计学处理。结果 T10～L5之间椎弓根横径、间距、钉道深度、TSA节段性差异较大。SSA离散程度最大。手术置钉位置良好，角度及深度适中。术前、术后椎体高度压缩度、后凸角、椎管面积改善，随访结果满意。结论 术前X线、CT测量有助于判断胸腰椎骨折的类型和损伤程度，可为术前选择螺钉直径提供依据，有助于个体化置钉，从而提高后路经椎弓根内固定的安全性和有效性。     

术前CT影像三维重建确定进钉点及进钉角度在胸腰椎脊柱畸形患者椎弓根置钉手术中的应用

目的 观察术前CT影像三维重建确定进钉点及进钉角度在胸腰椎脊柱畸形患者椎弓根置钉手术中的应用效果。方法 胸腰椎脊柱畸形患者80例，其中40例患者术前使用CT影像三维重建确定进钉点及进钉角度，记为实验组；另40例患者不进行术前CT影像三维重建，记为对照组。患者均接受椎弓根置钉手术治疗，观察并比较两组患者的置钉准确率、置钉穿破率，观察并比较两组患者中非退变性脊柱侧后凸畸形患者的畸形矫正率和退变性脊柱侧后凸畸形患者的神经功能改善情况。结果 80例患者均顺利完成手术，置入螺钉为973枚，其中A级螺钉690枚、B级螺钉161枚、C级螺钉104枚、D级螺钉18枚、E级螺钉0枚。实验组置钉穿破率为25.3%、置钉准确率为89.0%，对照组置钉穿破率为33.1%、置钉准确率为85.9%，实验组置钉穿破率低于对照组（P<0.05），两组间置钉准确率无统计学差异（P>0.05）。实验组胸椎部位置钉穿破率低于对照组（P<0.05），置钉准确率无统计学差异（P>0.05）。两组间腰椎部位置钉穿破率、置钉准确率均无统计学差异（P均>0.05）。两组非退变性脊柱侧后凸畸形患者畸形矫正...     

经皮与开放胸腰椎椎弓根螺钉内固定术螺钉置入准确性及安全性比较

目的比较经皮、开放胸腰椎椎弓根螺钉内固定术螺钉置入的准确性及安全性。方法将94例需行下胸椎或腰骶椎(T11~S1)椎弓根螺钉内固定术者随机分为经皮组40例及开放组54例,分别行经皮椎弓根螺钉内固定术及开放椎弓根螺钉内固定术。结果经皮组置入椎弓根螺钉166枚,准确率83.7%,开放组置入椎弓根螺钉246枚,准确率85.8%。经皮组及开放组安全率分别为98.8%、93.5%。经皮组准确率及安全率均高于开放组(P<0.05)。结论经皮与开放椎弓根螺钉内固定术的置钉准确性无明显差异,但前者安全性较高。     

后路经伤椎椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂型骨折疗效分析

目的 探讨后路经伤椎椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂型骨折的临床疗效.方法 选取2007-02~2010-11收治的51例胸腰椎爆裂型骨折患者,其中采用经伤椎椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗33例(6钉组),跨伤椎双平面椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗18例(4钉组).所有患者术前、术后、随访均行X线检查,测量伤椎椎体前缘高度值和Cobb's角.术后随访3~24个月,平均13.5个月.结果 三椎均顺利完成椎弓根螺钉植入,放置横连杆.螺钉位置及稳定性能良好,无切口感染,无脊髓神经症状加重.伤椎前缘高度和Cobb's角恢复满意.术后随访1年,6钉组效果优于4钉组(P=0.002).结论 后路经伤椎椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂型骨折可增加骨折固定的稳定性,有效恢复和维持伤椎高度,矫正后凸畸形.     

寰枢椎后路椎弓根螺钉固定治疗少儿上颈椎不稳

目的探讨应用寰枢椎后路椎弓根螺钉固定技术治疗少儿上颈椎不稳的可行性及临床疗效。方法在气管插管全麻下对8例4～10岁的幼儿上颈椎不稳患者施行寰枢椎后路椎弓根钉棒固定。结果全组8例均获寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定,术后随访6～22个月,临床症状得到不同程度的改善;X线、CT复查螺钉位置良好,无松动、断钉,植骨3～6个月后均达到满意融合。结论少儿具有进行寰椎和枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定的临床可行性,可作为治疗少儿寰枢椎不稳的方法选择。     

术中即时三维导航辅助微创经关节突关节螺钉寰枢椎内固定的临床研究

目的探讨术中即时三维导航辅助微创经关节突关节螺钉寰枢椎内固定新技术的可行性。方法设计经关节突关节螺钉寰枢椎内固定的手术入路和技术,与术中即时三维导航技术结合,应用于寰枢椎半脱位患者的手术治疗。术后三维重建影像判断螺钉准确性,记录术中出血量及术后并发症。并与既往进行的传统入路透视辅助手术进行对照分析。结果所有手术均顺利完成,螺钉置入位置精确,固定牢固,无并发症发生。与传统方法手术相比,术中出血量减少,螺钉置入精确性提高。结论术中即时三维导航辅助微创经关节突关节螺钉寰枢椎内固定手术能够在保证经关节突关节螺钉精确性的同时达到微创手术的目的,对于熟练掌握导航技术和微创技术的术者,该手术技术安全可行。     

椎弓根钉技术在颈椎巨大神经鞘瘤治疗中的临床应用

目的探讨椎弓根钉技术治疗颈椎巨大神经鞘瘤的临床疗效。方法选择2007~2011年该院应用椎弓根钉技术手术治疗颈椎巨大神经鞘瘤患者9例,行后路椎板减压、肿物切除,椎弓根钉和(结合)侧块螺钉内固定术。术前、术后行日本骨科协会(JOA)评分评价临床功能恢复情况,并通过定期影像学随访观察颈椎稳定性、肿物切除及残留情况,综合评价临床疗效。结果所有患者术后病理确诊为神经鞘瘤。磁共振成像(MRI)证实肿瘤全部切除,术后患者症状体征明显改善,JOA评分显著提高;随访无严重并发症且肿瘤无复发。结论颈椎椎弓根钉技术治疗颈椎巨大神经鞘瘤减压术后的颈椎不稳效果满意,该术式具有固定牢靠,并发症少等优点。     

Intraoperative Computed Tomography Navigation for Transpedicular Screw Fixation to Treat Unstable Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Fractures: Clinical Analysis of a Case Series (CARE-Compliant)

Transpedicular screw (TPS) fixation in unstable thoracic and lumbar (TL) spine fractures remains technically difficult because of destroyed anatomical landmarks, unstable gross segments, and discrepancies in anatomic orientation using conventional anatomic landmarks, fluoroscopic guidance, or computed tomography (CT)-based navigation. In this study, we evaluated the safety and accuracy of TPS placement under intraoperative computed tomography (iCT) navigation in managing unstable TL spine fractures.From 2010 to 2013, we retrospectively reviewed the Spine Operation Registry records of patients who underwent posterior instrumented fusion to treat unstable TL spine fractures via the iCT navigation system. An unstable spine fracture was identified as AO/Magerl classification type B or type C.In all, 316 screws in 37 patients with unstable TL spine fractures were evaluated and involved 7 thoracic, 23 thoracolumbar junctional, and 7 lumbar fractures. The accuracy of TPS positioning in the pedicle without breach was 98% (310/316). The average number of iCT scans per patient was 2.1 (range 2–3). The average total radiation dose to patients was 15.8 mSv; the dose per single level exposure was 2.7 mSv. The TPS intraoperative revision rate was 0.6% (2/316) and no neurovascular sequela was observed. TPS fixation using the iCT navigation system obtained a 98% accuracy in stabilizing unstable TL spine fractures. A malplaced TPS could be revised during real-time confirmation of the TPS position, and no secondary operation was required to revise malplaced screws.The iCT navigation system provides accurate and safe management of unstable TL spine fractures. In addition, operating room personnel, including surgeons and nurses, did not need to wear heavy lead aprons as they were not exposed to radiation.     

Advances in surgical treatment for atlantoaxial instability focusing on rheumatoid arthritis: Analysis of a series of 67 patients

Aim

An estimated 88% of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients experience various degrees of cervical spine involvement. The excessive movement of the atlantoaxial joint, which connects the occiput to the upper cervical spine, results in atlantoaxial instability (AAI). AAI stabilization is usually achieved by C1 lateral mass-to-C2 pedicle screw-rod fixation (LC1–PC2 fixation), which is technically challenging in RA patients who often show destructive changes in anatomical structures. This study aimed to analyze the clinical results and operative experiences of C1–C2 surgery, with emphasis on the advancement of image-guided surgery and augmented reality (AR) assisted navigation.

Methods

We presented our two decades of experience in the surgical management of AAI from April 2004 to November 2022.

Results

We have performed surgery on 67 patients with AAI, including 21 traumatic odontoid fractures, 20 degenerative osteoarthritis, 11 inflammatory diseases of RA, 5 congenital anomalies of the os odontoideum, 2 unknown etiologies, 2 movement disorders, 2 previous implant failures, 2 osteomyelitis, 1 ankylosing spondylitis, and 1 tumor. Beginning in 2007, we performed LC1–PC2 fixation under C-arm fluoroscopy. As part of the progress in spinal surgery, since 2011 we used surgical navigation from presurgical planning to intraoperative navigation, using the preoperative computed tomography (CT) -based image-guided BrainLab navigation system. In 2021, we began using intraoperative CT scan and microscope-based AR navigation.

Conclusion

The technical complexities of C1–C2 surgery can be mitigated by CT-based image-guided surgery and microscope-based AR navigation, to improve accuracy in screw placement and overall clinical outcomes, particularly in RA patients with AAI.     

Efficacy of computer-assisted pedicle screw insertion for cervical instability in RA patients

We evaluated the efficacy of the computer-assisted cervical pedicle screw insertion, compared with those inserted without the help of the system on the cervix of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Eighty-six cervical pedicle screws were inserted without the help of the system. Of the 86, 59 screws were in non-RA patients with degenerative spine, and 27 were in RA patients. The accuracy of the screw insertions was evaluated by a CT-based method. Then, 25 screws were inserted with the system into the cervical spines between C2 and C6 in RA patients (Navigation group). The efficacy of the system was assessed by the CT-based method, compared with 27 screws inserted without the system (Conventional group). The screws in RA patients tended to be more deviated than those in non-RA patients. In Conventional group, four screws (15%) were placed far laterally, and two (7%), far medially. In contrast, no screw was placed far laterally or medially in Navigation group (P < 0.05).     

经口前路寰枢椎复位钢板系统枢椎固定螺钉拔出强度的实验研究

目的对经口前路寰枢椎复位内固定钢板系统（TARP）枢椎螺钉进行固定螺钉拔出力实验,为螺钉固定方式的选择提供依据。方法 6例枢椎新鲜标本分别采用椎体、前路椎弓根及关节突螺钉固定,在生物力学实验机上通过传感器测定固定螺钉的最大拔出力并进行统计学分析。结果枢椎前路椎弓根螺钉拔出力（593.14±97.77）N,强于枢椎椎体和关节突螺钉,枢椎关节突螺钉拔出力（469.94±73.32）N,强于枢椎椎体螺钉（395.15±75.07）N（P均〈0.05）。结论 TARP系统枢椎螺钉固定采用前路椎弓根及关节突固定优于枢椎椎体固定,固定安全可靠。临床应用尤以枢椎前路椎弓根螺钉固定为最佳。     

Feasibility of cortical bone trajectory screws for bridging fixation in revision surgery for lumbar adjacent segment degeneration

Background:To investigate the feasibility of using cortical bone trajectory (CBT) screws for bridging fixation in revision surgery for lumbar adjacent segment degeneration and to provide a reference for clinical practice.Methods:Computed tomography scans of the lumbar spines of 36 patients in our hospital were used. Sixteen males and 20 females with an average age of 65.5 ± 10.5 years (range: 46 to 83 years) were included. Three-dimensional reconstruction was performed using computer software. Screws with appropriate sizes were selected for the L1 to L5 vertebral segments, and traditional pedicle screws were placed using the standard method. After completing screw placement, simulated placement of CBT screws was performed separately. No overlap occurred between the two screws in the process of CBT screw placement, and the placement point and direction were adjusted until screw placement completion. After all screw placement simulations were complete, according to the contact area of the cortical bone of the screw trajectory and the screw puncture position and distance through the trajectory, the screw placement results were categorized as excellent, good, general, and failure. Excellent and good ratings were considered successful, while a general rating was regarded as acceptable. Then, the success rate and acceptable rate of each segment of the lumbar spine were calculated.Results:Three hundred and sixty screw placement simulations were performed in lumbar pedicles, and 72 CBT screws were implanted in each vertebral body of the lumbar spine. The success rates in the L1 to L5 segments were 73.6%, 80.6%, 83.3%, 88.9%, and 77.8%, respectively, and the acceptable rates were 91.7%, 97.2%, 97.2%, 100%, and 91.7%, respectively. The overall success rate and acceptable rate of CBT screw placement in the lumbar spine were 80.8% and 95.6%, respectively.Conclusion:CBT screws are feasible for bridging fixation in lumbar adjacent segment degeneration revision surgery, and the accuracy of screw placement in different lumbar vertebrae varies.     

Impact of 2 different posterior screw fixation techniques on primary stability in a cervical translational injury model: A biomechanical evaluation

Background:In case of injuries to the subaxial cervical spine, especially in osteoporotic bone, the question of the most stable operative technique arises. There are several techniques of screw fixation available regarding dorsal stabilization. This study investigates 2 techniques (lateral mass screws (LMS) vs cervical pedicle screws (CPS)) in the subaxial cervical spine regarding primary stability in a biomechanical testing using a translational injury model.Methods:A total of 10 human formalin fixed and 10 human fresh-frozen specimens (C 4 - T 1) were investigated. Specimens were randomized in 2 groups. Fracture generation of a luxation injury between C 5 and C 6 was created by a transection of all ligamentous structures as well as the intervertebral disc and a resection of the facet joints.Dorsal stabilization of C 4/C 5 to C 6/C 7 was performed in group A by lateral mass screws, in group B by pedicle screws. In the biomechanical testing, the specimens were loaded at 2 N/s in translation direction until implant failure.Results:Formalin fixed specimen: Mean load failure was 513.8 (±86.74) Newton (N) for group A (LMS) and 570.4 (±156.5) N for group B (CPS). There was no significant difference (P = .6905).Fresh frozen specimen: Mean load failure was 402.3 (±96.4) N for group A (LMS) and 500.7 (±190.3) N for group B (CPS). There was no significant difference (P = .4206).Conclusion:In our loading model respecting the translational injury pattern and a flexion movement we could not verify statistically significant differences between lateral mass screws and cervical pedicle screws. Mean loading failure was slightly higher in the CPS group though.     

Application of 3-dimensional printing technology combined with guide plates for thoracic spinal tuberculosis

Background:To explore the accuracy and security of 3-dimensional (3D) printing technology combined with guide plates in the preoperative planning of thoracic tuberculosis and the auxiliary placement of pedicle screws during the operation.Methods:Retrospective analysis was performed on the data of 60 cases of thoracic tuberculosis patients treated with 1-stage posterior debridement, bone graft fusion, and pedicle screw internal fixation in the Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Integrated Hospital from March 2017 to February 2019. There were 31 males and 29 females; age: 41 to 52 years old, with an average of (46.6 ± 2.0) years old. According to whether 3D printing personalized external guide plates are used or not, they are divided into 2 groups: 30 cases in 3D printing group (observation group), and 30 cases in pedicle screw placement group (control group). A 1:1 solid model of thoracic spinal tuberculosis and personalized pedicle guide plates was created using the 3D printing technology combined with guide plates in the observation group. Stability and accuracy tests were carried out in vitro and in vivo. 30 patients in the control group used conventional nail placement with bare hands. The amount of blood loss, the number of fluoroscopy, the operation time, and the occurrence of adverse reactions related to nail placement were recorded. After the operation, the patients were scanned by computed tomography to observe the screw position and grade the screw position to evaluate the accuracy of the navigation template. All patients were followed up for more than 1 year. Visual Analogue Scale scores, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein were evaluated before surgery, 6 months after surgery, and 12 months after surgery.Results:Sixty patients were followed up for 6 to 12 months after surgery. One hundred seventy-five and 177 screws were placed in the 3D printing group and the free-hand placement group, respectively. The rate of screw penetration was only 1.14% in the 3D-printed group (all 3 screws were grade 1) and 6.78% in the free-hand nail placement group (12 screws, 9 screws were grade 1 and 3 screws were grade 2). The difference was statistically significant (P = .047). The operation time of the 3D printing group ([137.67 ± 9.39] minutes), the cumulative number of intraoperative fluoroscopy ([4.67 ± 1.03] times), and the amount of intraoperative blood loss ([599.33 ± 83.37] mL) were significantly less than those in the manual nail placement group ([170.00 ± 20.48] minutes, [9.38 ± 1.76] times, [674.6 ± 83.61] mL). The differences were statistically significant (P < .05). There was no significant difference in VAS score and Oswestry disability index score between the 2 groups of patients before operation, 3 and 6 months after operation (P > .05).Conclusion:The 3D printing technology combined with guide plate is used in thoracic spinal tuberculosis surgery to effectively reduce the amount of bleeding, shorten the operation time, and increase the safety and accuracy of nail placement.     

经皮椎弓根螺钉内固定联合椎体成形术治疗高龄胸腰椎压缩骨折的临床观察

目的 评估经皮椎弓根螺钉内固定联合椎体成形术治疗高龄骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩骨折的临床疗效.方法 201 1年2月至2012年10月,使用经皮椎弓根螺钉内固定联合椎体成形术治疗23例无神经功能损伤的高龄骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩骨折.术前、术后1d、术后3 m、术后6 m、术后12 m和术后18 m分别对患者进行VAS疼痛评分,通过测量CT矢状位图像获得骨折椎体前缘、中间的椎体高度,并测量伤椎局部矢状位Cobb角.结果 所有患者获得随访,随访时间18～36 m（平均22 m）.患者术后第1天VAS评分和末次随访VAS评分较术前均有明显下降（P＜0.05）.术后第1天伤椎前缘和中间的高度较术前明显增大（P＜0.05）,矢状位Cobb角则由术前（16.5±4.7）°显著下降至（5.7±3.2）°（P＜0.05）.术后随访过程中,给予康复训练指导,发现椎体前缘和中间高度以及Cobb角均无明显变化（P＞0.05）.随访过程中,未发现压缩椎体以及相邻椎体新发骨折出现.结论 经皮椎弓根螺钉内固定联合椎体成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩骨折效果满意,可以防止椎体高度再次丢失和相邻椎体新发压缩性骨折.     

经小关节螺钉固定术与多轴螺钉钉杆系统行后路寰枢椎内固定的生物力学比较研究

目的研究经小关节螺钉寰枢椎内固定和多轴螺钉系统经寰椎侧块、枢椎椎弓根寰枢椎内固定的稳定性。方法取新鲜青年男性上颈椎（C0～C4）12例,制成骨韧带标本,随机均分为3组,分别进行3种不同的内固定后测量C1/C2间的相对转动位移量。完全复位组进行C1/C2完全复位状态下的Magerl＋Brooks术,未完全复位组在C1/C2未完全复位时行Magerl＋Brooks术,多轴螺钉组使用多轴螺钉系统行经C1侧块、C2椎弓根固定。对固定标本进行轴向旋转疲劳循环载荷后再行测量。进行活动度比较。结果 Magerl术在加用Brooks固定前后C1/C2各方向的活动度均减少（P〈0.05）,而Magerl＋Brooks术在疲劳循环载荷前后C1/C2间活动度无统计学差异。多轴螺钉固定在各方向的活动度较双侧经关节螺钉固定小,且在前屈—后伸的方向上有统计学差异;比Magerl＋Brooks固定的活动度大,但差异无统计学意义。在疲劳载荷后,多轴螺钉固定的活动度增大,在前屈后伸和轴向旋转方向上有统计学差异;与Magerl＋Brooks固定疲劳循环载荷后的活动度亦有统计学差异。结论 C1/C2完全复位与否对Magerl＋Brooks固定的稳定性无影响,C1/C2双侧经关节螺钉固定在加用Brooks固定后稳定性增加显著。C1/C2多轴螺钉固定比双侧经关节螺钉固定更为稳定。C1/C2多轴螺钉即时固定稳定性与Magerl＋Brooks相近,但在多次疲劳循环载荷后显著下降,弱于Magerl＋Brooks疲劳载荷后。