反义HIF-1α基因治疗人肝癌裸鼠移植瘤的实验研究

摘要：目的:探讨反义HIF-1α基因对人肝癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤的影响及其相关机制。方法:使用人原发性肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721建立人肝癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤动物模型。待肿瘤生长至直径约0.4cm时，将荷瘤裸鼠随机分为3组，分别注射生理盐水、质粒PcDNA3和HIF-1α/PcDNA3B，质粒用脂质体DOTAP介导转染细胞。观察各组动物的肿瘤生长曲线；取肿瘤标本作免疫组织化学检查（SABC法）及蛋白质印迹检查，检测各组肿瘤的VEGF和HIF-1α表达及微血管密度（MVD）和细胞凋亡。结果:HIF-1α/PcDNA3B治疗组各时点的肿瘤体积，以及肿瘤组织中HIF-1α蛋白、MVD，VEGF表达均低于对照组，而细胞凋亡指数高于对照组，差异均有显著性（P＜0.05）。结论:通过阻断癌细胞的缺氧适应途径，反义HIF-1α基因治疗肝癌有抑制肿瘤生长、抑制肿瘤血管生成及诱导细胞凋亡的作用。     

Angiostatin基因治疗人肝癌裸鼠移植瘤的实验研究

目的:研究Angiostatin基因治疗对人肝癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤的抑制作用及其相关机理。方法:使用人原发性肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721建立人肝癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤动物模型,质粒用脂质体DOTAP介导转染细胞。将荷瘤裸鼠随机分为两组,分别注射质粒PcDNA3、Angiostatin/PcDNA3,观察两组动物的肿瘤生长曲线,检测肿瘤的Angiostatin、VEGF、HIF-1α表达和微血管密度(MVD),利用TUNEL染色法行原位细胞凋亡分析。结果:Angiostatin基因治疗在早期具有抑制肿瘤生长的作用,大约1周后肿瘤以更快的速度生长并迅速赶上空质粒对照组肿瘤;Angiostatin基因治疗组的肿瘤组织中有An-giostatin的局部高表达,MVD(24.8±2.8)低于空质粒对照组(30.2±4.1)(P〈0.05)。肿瘤组织中HIF-1α蛋白局部高表达,VEGF表达高于空质粒对照组,细胞凋亡指数(2.87±0.48)高于空质粒对照组(1.55±0.43)(P〈0.01)。结论:Angiostatin基因治疗对人肝癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤的生长具有一定的抑制作用,肿瘤对Angiostatin基因治疗可以产生耐受性。     

Survivin反义核酸治疗人大肠癌裸鼠皮下种植瘤的实验研究

目的探讨Survivin反义寡核苷酸对裸鼠人大肠癌皮下种植瘤体生长的抑制作用及其机制。方法接种人大肠癌细胞制作裸鼠皮下大肠癌种植瘤模型,分别用Survivin反义寡核苷酸、正义核苷酸和生理盐水对皮下瘤体内直接进行注射治疗,检测肿瘤的生长状况、瘤体体积及瘤重变化,计算抑制率。病理切片免疫组化检测瘤体E-CD表达。结果经Survivin硫代反义寡核苷酸治疗组裸鼠皮下移植瘤生长受到抑制,肿瘤重量明显小于对照组,肿瘤体积明显小于对照组和正义组(P<0.05),裸鼠皮下移植瘤E-CD表达增强。结论Survivin反义核酸可以抑制大肠癌裸鼠移植瘤的生长,Survivin反义核酸抑制大肠癌裸鼠移植瘤生长的机理可能与E-CD基因表达变化有关。     

TK自杀基因对甲胎蛋白阳性肝癌的特异性杀伤作用

目的观察腺病毒介导的单纯疱疹病毒胸苷激酶基因(HSV-tk)/丙氧鸟苷(GCV)自杀基因系统在体内外对人肝癌细胞的杀伤效应.方法在体外按MOI值为100、10、1、0用重组腺病毒转染人肝癌细胞BEL-7402和SMMC-7721,48 h后用噻唑蓝(MTT)法测定细胞存活率.在两种肝癌裸鼠模型上,瘤体内注射重组腺病毒(1×1012 pfu/L)0.1 ml,GCV作用后观察抑瘤效果.结果体外MOI为100时,可杀死99.8%的BEL-7402细胞和17.8%的SMMC-7721细胞,两者差异有显著性(P＜0.05).体内BEL-7402组肿瘤生长明显受到抑制.结论在体内外,腺病毒介导的含AFP调控序列的HSV-tk/GCV自杀基因系统对甲胎蛋白(AFP)阳性肝癌细胞具有特异性杀伤作用,该系统可望用于肝癌的特异性基因治疗.     

Angiostatin基因联合反义HIF-1α基因治疗人肝癌裸鼠移植瘤的实验研究

目的研究Angiostatin基因联合反义缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)基因治疗人肝癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤的协同抑制作用。方法用人肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721建立人肝癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤动物模型。四组荷瘤裸鼠分别注射质粒PcDNA3、Angiostatin/PcDNA3、HIF-1α/PcDNA3B、Angiostatin/ PcDNA3 HIF-1α/PcDNA3B。观察肿瘤生长曲线,检测肿瘤的Angiostatin、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、HIF-1α表达和微血管密度(MVD),利用TUNEL染色法行原位细胞凋亡分析。结果Angiostatin基因治疗在早期具有抑制肿瘤生长的作用;Angiostatin基因治疗组的MVD(24.8±2.8)低于空质粒对照组(30.2±4.1),VEGF表达高于空质粒对照组,细胞凋亡指数(2.87±0.48)高于空质粒对照组(1.55±0.43);联合治疗组有明显抑制肿瘤生长的作用,HIF-1α局部低表达,MVD (14.6±2.1)低于Angiostatin基因治疗组(24.8±2.8),VEGF表达低于单独治疗组,细胞凋亡指数(5.12±0.63)高于单独治疗组。结论肿瘤对Angiostatin基因治疗可以产生耐受性;反义HIF-1α基因阻断肿瘤的缺氧适应途径在一定程度上解决了抗血管生成治疗的耐药性问题。     

iAPA-DC/CTL对SMMC-7721细胞移植瘤的抑制作用

目的观察经沉默免疫负调控基因(i APA)技术处理的树突状细胞(DC)联合细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)即i APA-DC/CTL对SMMC-7721细胞移植瘤的抑制作用。方法利用人肝癌细胞系SMMC-7721建立裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,将12只裸鼠随机均分为2组:生理盐水对照组(简称对照组)和i APA-DC/CTL组,行i APADC/CTL治疗4次(1次/周)后处死。实验期间观察2组裸鼠的肿瘤生长情况,测量肿瘤长短径并描绘肿瘤生长曲线;称量瘤重、计算抑瘤率;并行病理学检测。结果造模成功率为85.71%(12/14);对照组和i APA-DC/CTL组肿瘤体积分别为(3 661.48±322.59)mm3和(2 725.36±252.65)mm3,i APA-DC/CTL组的肿瘤生长相对缓慢(t=5.62,P0.05);对照组和i APA-DC/CTL组肿瘤重量分别为(1.97±0.21)g及(1.38±0.14)g,i APA-DC/CTL组肿瘤重量轻于对照组(t=5.73,P0.05);行i APA-DC/CTL治疗后的抑瘤率为29.95%;肿瘤免疫组化染色的T淋巴细胞计数:对照组未见T淋巴细胞,i APA-DC/CTL组T淋巴细胞数为(54.24±5.31)个/高倍视野,i APA-DC/CTL组肿瘤内T淋巴细胞数多于对照组(t=25.02,P0.05)。结论 i APA-DC/CTL能够有效抑制人肝癌皮下移植瘤的生长。     

雷公藤红素诱导人肝癌SMMC-7721细胞凋亡研究

目的研究雷公藤红素对人肝癌细胞系SMMC-7721增殖及凋亡的影响,并初步探讨其可能的作用机理。方法体外培养SMMC-7721细胞,细胞接受雷公藤红素处理后,采用CCK-8实验及Annexin V-FITC/PI双染实验观察其对SMMC-7721细胞增殖及凋亡的影响;采用Caspase-3活性检测试剂盒测定Caspase-3活性及Western blot法检测SMMC-7721细胞中NF-κB蛋白的表达;同时用人肝癌细胞系SMMC-7721进行裸鼠成瘤实验,观察雷公藤红素对裸鼠成瘤的影响。结果雷公藤红素可以抑制SMMC-7721细胞增殖并呈浓度和时间依赖性;Annexin V-FITC/PI双染实验显示随着药物浓度的增加,出现凋亡的细胞明显增加;Caspase-3活性测定实验显示细胞接受雷公藤红素处理后,Caspase-3活性明显增强;Western blot实验显示SMMC-7721细胞接受雷公藤红素处理后,细胞中NF-κB蛋白表达下调,并呈现一定的时间依赖性。裸鼠成瘤实验显示,雷公藤红素可以抑制裸鼠种植瘤的生长。结论雷公藤红素能显著抑制SMMC-7721增殖并诱导其凋亡,并可以抑制裸鼠种植瘤的生长。雷公藤红素可能通过激活Caspase-3通路及抑制NF-κB通路诱导SMMC-7721细胞凋亡。     

酪丝缬肽对人肝癌裸鼠移植瘤的抗血管生成作用及其机制

目的 探讨三肽化合物酪丝缬肽(YSV)对人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721裸鼠移植瘤的抑制作用及其抗血管生成机制.方法 建立人肝癌SMMC-7721裸鼠移植瘤模型,免疫组织化学法观察YSV对肿瘤组织中微血管密度(MVD)的影响;应用血管生成相关基因芯片分析YSV对肿瘤组织血管生成相关基因的影响;应用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)验证相关基因的表达情况,最后酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法测定血清中目的因子的含量.结果 YSV能显著抑制人肝癌SMMC-7721裸鼠移植瘤的生长,当给药剂量为320μg/kg·d~(-1)时效果最为显著,抑瘤率为60.66%.免疫组织化学法证实YSV能够降低肿瘤组织中微血管密度,YSV作用组MVD平均值36.0±11.6,对照组平均值为114.5±26.5.与生理盐水组比较,在113个候选基因中有18个基因下调2倍以上,其中血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)与白细胞介素(IL)-8基因下调最显著;RT-PCR法证实YSV能够抑制肿瘤组织中VEGF与IL-8在mRNA水平上的表达;ELISA亦证明YSV作用组血浆中因子VEGF及IL-8浓度降低.结论 YSV能显著抑制人肝癌SMMC-7721裸鼠移植瘤生长,通过抑制肿瘤组织中促血管生成因子的表达来发挥抗肿瘤活性.     

VEGF_(121)反义核酸抑制裸鼠胰腺癌移植瘤的增殖及血管生成

目的:探讨VEGF121反义核酸对裸鼠胰腺癌移植瘤的增殖及血管生成的影响,探索通过VEGF反义核酸抑制肿瘤生长.方法:将稳定转染有VEGF反义核酸pcDNA3-ASVEGF121的胰腺癌细胞系Bx-PC-3接种于裸鼠背部皮下.将实验鼠分为实验组、对照组和空白组.定期测定裸鼠移植瘤体积,免疫组织化学法检测裸鼠移植瘤VEGF、Flk-1表达水平.测定裸鼠移植瘤微血管密度.结果:VEGF反义核酸转染BxPC-3细胞后,裸鼠胰腺癌移植瘤生长明显减缓.移植瘤VEGF表达明显受到抑制,Flk-1表达水平上调.裸鼠胰腺癌移植瘤微血管密度明显降低.结论:人反义核酸VEGF121能显著抑制裸鼠胰腺癌移植瘤的增殖,并能抑制裸鼠胰腺癌移植瘤的血管生成.     

AdKDR-CDglyTK融合基因系统治疗胰腺癌的实验研究

目的 观察腺病毒介导的KDR启动子驱动的CD/TK融合双自杀基因系统(以下简称为AdKDR-CDglyTK)对胰腺癌的治疗作用.方法 采用培养细胞移植法,将人胰腺癌细胞系Capan-2接种于裸鼠背部皮下,建立裸鼠人胰腺癌移植瘤模型.将20只裸鼠随机分为4组,每组5只.分组方法:Ⅰ组:注射重组腺病毒AdKDR-CDglyTK与前药5-FC与GCV;Ⅱ组:仅注射前药5-FC与GCV;Ⅲ组:仅注射重组腺病毒AdKDR-CDglyTKⅣ组:空白对照,不施加任何处理.重组腺病毒AdKDR-CDglyTK采用瘤体内多点注射,5-FC与GCV给药方法采用腹腔内注射的方法,观察各组小鼠的生存状况及肿瘤体积、瘤重、肿瘤生长抑制率、常规病理等指标;应用透射电镜观察细胞超微结构,用TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡率,比较观察各治疗组的治疗效果;并对各组的肿瘤组织行RTPCR的检测,以了解有无双自杀基因CDglyTK的表达.结果 第Ⅰ组裸鼠移植瘤的生长显著受到抑制,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组肿瘤生长情况无明显差别.第Ⅰ组肿瘤细胞凋亡指数为(34.20±4.60)%,较对照组显著增加(P=0.00).结论 AdKDR-CDglyTK联合前药5-FC及GCV对人胰腺癌Capan-2细胞具明显的抑制作用,并且诱导裸鼠体内人胰腺癌Capan-2细胞的凋亡.其可能的机制是通过下调凋亡抑制基因Bcl-2的表达.     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

MicroRNAs in hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes

MicroRNAs(miRNAs or miRs) are small approximately 22 nucleotide RNA species that are believed to regulate diverse metabolic and physiological processes.In the recent past,several reports have surfaced that demonstrate the role of miRNAs in various biological processes and numerous disease states.For a disease as complex as diabetes,the emergence of miRNAs as key regulators leading to the disease phenotype has added a novel dimension to the area of diabetes research.On the other hand,the liver,a metabolic hub,contributes in a major way towards maintaining normal glucose levels in the body as it can both stimulate and inhibit hepatic glucose output.This equilibrium is frequently disturbed in diabetes and hence,the liver assumes special significance considering the correlation between altered hepatic physiology and diabetes.While the understanding of the mechanisms behind this altered hepatic behavior is not yet completely understood,recent reports on the status and role of miRNAs in the diabetic liver have further added to the complexities of the knowledge of hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes.Here,we bring together the various miRNAs that play a role in the altered hepatic behavior during diabetes.     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.