国外儿童期同伴关系的研究进展

<正>早在19世纪末,国外的心理学家就已经开始研究儿童的同伴关系。1902年,Cooley指出儿童最初所处的同伴群体及群体成员与其的关系对儿童的自我概念发展和社会化是非常重要的。20世纪20年代,北美创建了第一批儿童福利研究机构,积累了大量关于儿童同伴关系发展的实验研究,并逐步形成了较为系统化的研究方式。伴随着第二次世界大战的爆发,同伴关系研究被迫中断,接着到了冷战时期,开始重视儿童的智力发展与学业发展,但并未对同伴关系进行深入研究。20世纪60到80年代,学术界开始关注儿童发展过程中同伴关系的内在机制,将同伴关系划分为同伴接纳和友谊,并探讨二者的特征和区别。直到20世纪90年代,经典     

小学3～5年级学习不良儿童的自我概念研究

目的：探讨小学学习不良儿童自我概念的群体特征。方法：采用问卷法对95名小学3～5年级儿童（其中学习不良儿童50名，二般儿童45名）进行个别施测。结果：①学习不良儿童的学业自我概念显著低于一般儿童；②在非学业自我概念方面，学习不良儿童的同伴关系自我概念显著低于一般儿童，亲子关系、身体外貌和运动自我概念两类儿童不存在显著差异；③学习不良儿童的一般自我概念显著低于一般儿童，对其具有最大预测作用的是运动自我概念，而一般儿童则是学业自我概念。结论：与一般儿童相比，学习不良儿童并非所有领域的自我概念发展均呈现出“迟滞”现象。运动自我概念对其一般自我概念具有最大的预测力。     

高中生的父母养育方式、同伴关系与其自我概念的关系研究

目的 对高中生自我概念与父母养育方式、同伴关系的关系进行研究。方法 采用WJZ心理测验中的自我概念量表(SCT)，岳冬梅等人修订的父母养育方式问卷(EMBU)，以及以同伴提名形式的社会测量法对258名高中生进行了调查。结果 高中生父母的过度保护，拒绝否认，过分干涉与其自我概念有显著正相关，消极提名的同伴关系指标与自我概念呈负相关；父亲的过度保护与消极提名的同伴关系指标对大部分的自我概念因子有显著预测力。结论 高中生的父母养育方式的部分因子与同伴关系对自我概念有一定影响。     

流动儿童同伴关系的弹性发展特点研究

目的:探讨流动儿童同伴关系的弹性发展特点。方法 :采用社会测量法和父母教养方式、大五人格问卷对603名流动儿童与312名非流动儿童进行测查。结果:①流动儿童与非流动儿童在同伴关系上存在显著差异;②流动儿童同伴关系发展有弹性组与非弹性组,不同的弹性水平在父母教养方式与大五人格方面存在显著差异,弹性组儿童具有高父母温暖理解、高外倾性、高宜人性,低父母惩罚严厉、低父母拒绝否认、低父亲过度保护、低母亲偏爱被试与低神经质;③父母教养方式、大五人格与同伴关系弹性发展相关显著,母亲温暖理解、外倾性与宜人性能预测心理弹性高低。结论:流动儿童同伴关系的弹性发展受儿童大五人格和父母教养方式影响。     

同伴拒绝、友谊支持对青少年抑郁的影响：有中介的调节模型

目的:考察同伴拒绝、友谊支持对青少年抑郁的影响,以及自我概念在其中的作用。方法:采用儿童抑郁量表、关系网络问卷、儿童自我知觉量表以及同伴提名的方法对1989名初中一年级学生进行调查。结果:①同伴拒绝正向预测抑郁,友谊支持负向预测抑郁;②友谊支持能够调节同伴拒绝与抑郁的关系,同伴拒绝在高友谊支持下对抑郁的预测作用更强,证实了反压力缓冲模型;③自我概念在友谊支持对同伴拒绝和抑郁关系的调节效应中发挥中介作用。结论:同伴拒绝与友谊支持对青少年抑郁的影响存在有中介的调节效应,加强对青少年多种同伴交往模式的关注有利于促进其身心健康发展。     

初中生自我概念与抑郁、焦虑初探

目的：考察初中生自我概念与抑郁、焦虑的关系。方法：分别从四川省南充市三所普通中学随机抽承初一至初三的学生各一个班，共500人，采用自我描述问卷，流调中心用抑郁量表和儿童显在焦虑量表进行调查。结果：初生的自我概念总分与抑郁、焦虑各个侧面均有负相关，其中，一般自我、学校表现自我、亲子关系和同伴关系自我是预测初中生抑郁和焦虑的重要因素，结论：初中生的抑郁、焦虑与自我概念有关，为心理咨询提供了依据。     

亲子关系的教育与辅导

亲子关系在一个家庭中居于核心地位的关系,是人降临在这个世界上面对的第一种关系。大量的心理学和教育学实验研究表明,亲子关系对个体心理健康、人格发展以及行为表现、认知发展等方面有重要的影响。良好的亲子关系能够有效地促进父母和子女间相互的认识和理解,直接影响到儿童自我概念的建立、个性的健康发展,以及避免心理行为问题的产生等。不良的亲子关系会影响儿童、青少年时期的同伴关系、行为问题和学业成绩,甚至导致儿童成年后的各种攻击或者犯罪行为。     

流动儿童社会认同与同伴关系:自尊的中介作用

目的:探讨流动儿童社会认同、自尊与同伴关系之间的关系。方法:采用问卷法对314名流动儿童进行施测。结果:1流动儿童城市身份认同对其同伴关系有显著的正向预测作用(t=2.54,P=0.05),老家身份认同对其同伴关系没有显著预测作用(t=1.23,P=0.22);2流动儿童自尊对其同伴关系有显著正向预测作用(t=9.84,P=0.000);3自尊在流动儿童城市身份认同对同伴关系的影响中起着完全中介作用。结论:自尊在流动儿童城市身份认同对同伴关系的影响中起着完全中介作用,城市身份认同通过自尊影响同伴关系。     

高中生自我概念特点及与社会关系的相关研究

目的：探讨高中生自我概念的特点及其与社会关系的关系。方法：采用自我概念问卷、亲子关系量表、同伴关系量表以及自编的师生关系问卷分别测试高中生的自我概念及其社会关系。结果：①）高中生的自我概念随年级的升高有下降趋势；②）男生的身体自我和自我呈现显著高于女生（P〈0．05）；③）社会关系诸因素与自我概念各方面表现不同的相关程度；④）师生关系对学业自我和总体自我概念具有首要预测效果（P〈0．001）；积极同伴关系是社会自我和自我呈现的首要预测因素（P〈0，001）；父子交流和母亲积极情感对学业自我有显著的预测作用（P〈0．001）。结论：高中生自我概念随年级的升高有下降趋势，师生关系和积极同伴关系对自我概念的具有首要影响。     

亲子关系的教育与辅导

<正>亲子关系在一个家庭中居于核心地位的关系,是人降临在这个世界上面对的第一种关系。大量的心理学和教育学实验研究表明,亲子关系对个体心理健康、人格发展以及行为表现、认知发展等方面有重要的影响。良好的亲子关系能够有效地促进父母和子女间相互的认识和理解,直接影响到儿童自我概念的建立、个性的健康发展,以及避免心理行为问题的产生等。不良的亲子关系会影响儿童、青少年时期的同伴关系、行为问题和学业成绩,甚至导致儿童成年后的各种攻击或者犯罪行为。     

Secular change in menarche in women in Madrid

The age at menarche was estimated by recollection in 1617 women between the ages of 18 and 60 in Madrid and a nearby suburb, Pinto. The population of Pinto is working-class and the Madrid group, taken from residential neighbourhoods , belongs to the upper middle class. In both groups we found a diminution in average age at menarche, from 14.04 to 13.02 years in Madrid and from 14.55 to 13.16 years from about 1935 to about 1965 in Pinto. These changes have been more intense in the group which is less well-off economically, where living conditions have varied much more drastically.     

Experience in adult population in dengue outbreak in Delhi

A dengue outbreak has recently hit the Indian capital. We studied the clinical profile of adult patients. Five hundred and sixty patients of dengue infection were admitted in a specially created ward according to the criteria laid down by WHO. Haematemesis (28.28%), epistaxis (26.78%) and malena (14.28%) were some of the common presentations. Similarly lymphadenopathy, especially cervical (30.89%), palatal rashes (26.96%) and hepatomegaly (23.75%) were the most commonly encountered findings on physical examination. Most of the cases were of dengue fever with haemorrhage and only 2.5% cases were classified under dengue haemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. The average hospital stay was 3.4 days but only 9.8 hours in the eleven patients who died, suggesting their late arrival in preterminal situation giving little time for resuscitation. Thrombocytopenia was not a feature and only 12.85% patients had platelet count less than 70,000/cmm. Most of the patients who were admitted with thrombocytopenia, showed normalization in their platelet counts in next few days. Serological examination demonstrated evidence of recent dengue infection in 41.17% patients. Few patients required blood or platelet concentrate transfusion. Eleven patients died, three due to DIC, one of intracranial haemorrhage and seven due to massive gastric haemorrhage. Rest of the patients recovered completely. Thus we can conclude that recent outbreak in Delhi was of dengue fever with haemorrhage and mortality was very low in patients who came early to the hospital.     

Changes in the hypothalamic nuclei in in experimental allergy

Summary In rabbits subjected to prolonged sensitization and in which the Arthus phenomenon was induced there was a marked reaction of the hypothalamic nuclei. Staining by Gomori's method indicated a cellular swelling, loss of granules, and protoplasmic vacuolization in the supraoptic nucleus. There was a considerable increase in the size of the cross-sectional area of the cells. The same effects were much less well shown in the paraventricular nucleus. These results show that marked signs of increased neurosecretion developed in the animals at the height of the Arthus phenomenon.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin) Translated from Byulleten Éksperimental'noi biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 110–113, April, 1963.     

Intestinal helminthiasis in school children in Haiti in 2002

A survey on intestinal helminths in school children was conducted in Haiti in 2002. This first nationwide study involving the entire country was stratified by department according to urban and rural zones using the cluster method. Focusing on elementary school children (n=5792; age range 3 to 20 years), it involved 26 urban and 49 rural schools randomly selected. Stools were preserved in formalin and examined by the Ritchie technique. Thirty-four per cent of stools (1981/5792) tested positive for intestinal helminths with the following parasites identified: Ascaris lumbricoides (27.3%), Trichuris trichiura (7.3%), Necator americanus (3.8%), Hymenolepsis nana (2%), Taenia sp. (0.3%) and Strongyloides stercoralis (0.2%). The helminth prevalence was higher in rural (38.4%) compared to urban areas (30%). There was no significant difference in prevalence by sex and age. The importance of geohelminths changed from one department to another with the highest prevalence found in the Southern department of Grande Anse (73.7%) and the lowest prevalence in the Center department (20.6%). Five out of the country's nine departments had a similar prevalence varying from 25.5% to 28.2%. Intestinal helminthic polyparasitism was observed in a percentage of infested school children comprise between 3.4% and 28.6% according in relation to the geographical area. A program to fight against geohelminths in school children should be initiated as a public health priority. Albendazole is the drug of choice. Frequency of drug distribution should be based on the prevalence of geohelminths in each department.     

Cerebellar noradrenergic systems in aging: studies in situ and in in oculo grafts

Age-related changes in noradrenergic function in the rat cerebellum were examined using electrophysiological and electrochemical techniques. Sprague-Dawley and Fischer 344 rats showed subsensitivity to norepinephrine (NE) locally applied onto cerebellar Purkinje neurons. The modulatory actions of NE on Purkinje cell-evoked activity was also examined. In young rats NE preferentially inhibits spontaneous activity more than evoked excitations when compared to control. These modulatory actions of NE are not seen in senescent Fischer 344 rats. The intrinsic vs. extrinsic influences determining the loss of efficacy to NE were examined using three groups of rats with in oculo cerebellar grafts. The first group had young grafts grown in young hosts and these grafts showed a potent response to perfused NE. The second group, old grafts in old hosts, showed a diminished responsiveness to NE with respect to the first group. The third group consisted of young grafts in old hosts. These grafts demonstrated a responsiveness to NE that was indistinguishable from those in the first group. The integrity of the presynaptic NE fibers was examined in the grafts using electrochemical techniques. No difference in the release of NE was observed in the old grafts. Taken together, these results suggest a loss of postsynaptic NE function that is intrinsically determined. The change in NE modulation could influence information processing within the aged cerebellar cortex. This deficit could underlie behavioral changes seen in senescence.