肝移植术后神经精神并发症的临床诊治

目的探讨肝移植术后神经精神并发症的诊断、病因和防治：方法回顾性分析127例肝移植患者的临床资料,分析肝移植术后神经精神并发症的发生原因结果有症状组和无症状组在年龄上相比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;但在性别、手术时间、术前血氨水平、术中输血量、血总胆红素、血肌酐、住ICU时间．免疫抑制剂浓度、术后感染等方面,两组相比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）：结论肝移植术后神经精神并发症的发生率较高,病因及临床表现形式多样,需积极预防及时处理,提高肝移植手术的效果。     

肝移植术后神经精神系统并发症

我院至2004年9月共完成肝移植232例,出现神经精神系统并发症31例,约占13%,大部分发生在术后1～3周.发生最多的是手抖和震颤,在31人中有10人,占32%;其次是表现烦躁和淡漠,在31人中有6人,占19%;由药物引起癫痫发作的有5人,占16%;其它表现包括：幻觉4人占13%;失语、痴呆4人占13%;癫痫大发作2人,占6%,其中一人出现颅内血管栓塞造成脑梗死,另一人有颅内中枢神经系统感染.以上病人出现的手抖、震颤、烦躁、淡漠,都是由药物引起的副作用,通过调整药物剂量和更换药物均得以治愈.幻觉、失语、药物引起的癫痫发作绝大多数病人也都得到了治愈.由于肝移植术后神经精神系统并发症对术后受体的生存率和生活质量有着重要影响,因此认识并重视其发生以及学会如何正确处理显得尤为重要.     

肝移植术后神经精神并发症的回顾分析

目的:回顾性分析60例肝移植受体术后神经精神并发症的诊治情况。方法:分析2001年4月至2003年8月60例肝脏移植者术后神经精神并发症的发生、病因、治疗反应及预后情况。结果:60例病人中21例(共23例次)曾有神经精神并发症表现。总发生率为38.3%。其中谵妄样精神障碍15例次(28.3%),癫痫2例(3.3%),昏迷2例(3.3%),肢体运动障碍1例(1.7%),颅内感染引起的头痛、呕吐1例(1.7%)。药物、脑出血、脑梗死、全身感染、颅内感染是相关的病因。16例谵妄样精神障碍及2例脑出血发生在术后1周内,1例颅内真菌感染发生在术后第6月。大部分并发症的治疗反应较好,而脑出血则是严重的移植后中枢神经系统并发症,预后很差。结论:肝移植术后神经精神并发症的发生率较高,大多数病例症状较轻,预后较好,但严重的并发症则死亡率很高。大部分并发症发生在术后早期,也有部分发生在晚期。有多种病因或易感因素。针对不同病因和及时、有效的处理能改善此类病人的预后。     

肝移植患者术后早期精神症状的观察

目的探讨肝脏移植术后早期精神系统并发症发生的原因和防治经验。方法回顾性分析 12 5例原位肝脏移植患者的临床资料 ,以术后 2周作为观察时点 ,分析肝脏移植术后早期精神系统并发症发生的原因 ,总结防治经验。结果有症状组和无症状组在性别、年龄、肝功能以及血环孢素A浓度方面无明显差异 ;但有症状组的无肝期时间 (93 74± 2 8 98)min和手术时间 (4 14 6 5±6 1 92 )min却长于无症状组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;另外 ,术前有无肝性脑病、术后感染以及静脉使用免疫抑制剂和术后精神症状的发生明显相关。结论肝脏移植术后早期精神系统并发症发生的原因是多方面的 ,通过积极的对症支持治疗 ,预后良好。     

背驮式肝移植术后神经精神并发症的防治

目的探讨背驮式肝移植患者术后神经精神并发症的防治对策。方法回顾性分析背驮式肝移植（PBLT）项目组235例中术后出现神经精神并发症的45例患者的病因、治疗反应及预后情况。结果神经精神并发症发生率19．1％（45／235），表现为躁狂者22例（48．9％），抑郁5例（11．1％），幻觉3例（6．7％），自杀倾向1例（2．2％），视物变形1例（2．2％），焦虑伴失眠8例（17．8％），适应障碍2例（4．4％），情感障碍3例（6．7％）；其中以谵妄样精神障碍最为多见，但大多数症状不严重，均治愈，仅1例昏迷患者头颅CT检查证实有颅内出血，抢救无效后死亡。结论背驮式肝移植术后神经精神并发症的发生率较高，但大多数病例症状较轻，预后较好。精神并发症出现后，针对不同病因，及时采用积极的综合治疗能改善患者的预后。     

肝移植患者术后早期精神并发症28例临床分析

目的探讨肝移植术后早期精神并发症的病因及防治措施。方法回顾性分析28例肝移植术后发生精神并发症患者的临床资料。结果 28例精神并发症患者表现为躁狂12例（43%）,焦虑伴失眠（睡眠障碍）7例（25%）,抑郁3例（11%）,恐惧2例（7%）,癫2例（7%）,幻觉1例（4%）,自杀倾向1例（4%）。11例躁狂患者在减少抗排斥药物及小剂量使用抗精神病药物（奥氮平、氟哌啶醇）后症状缓解,未见后遗症,另1例给予氟哌啶醇后出现抑郁状态,随着肝功能的逐渐恢复而好转。1例恐惧患者经医师及家属耐心劝导并给予镇静治疗后逐渐缓解。2例癫患者经头颅CT检查未见异常,在停用抗生素后逐渐好转。3例焦虑伴失眠患者经血培养证实合并败血症,焦虑症状日益严重,给予抗菌和镇静治疗后仍效果不佳,终因多脏器功能衰竭于术后2周内死亡。余患者均在2～3周内随着肝功能的逐渐好转,精神症状逐渐消失。结论肝移植术后早期精神并发症可能由患者自身因素,手术、环境及药物等因素引起,大部分症状较轻,预后良好,但精神症状严重者或并存器质性病变者病死率较高。针对不同病因及时进行治疗有助于改善患者的预后。     

原位肝移植术后并发症的诊断和治疗

进入２０世纪９０年代后，临床肝移植的手术死亡率已下降到１０％以下，术后１年生存率达９０％，５年生存率则上升至７０％。要继续提高临床肝移植总体效果，仍依赖于临床医生对肝移植术后各种并发症的正确认识和防治水平的提高。１肝移植术后出血肝移植术后出血多发生在...     

原位肝移植术后胆管并发症的预防与处理

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后胆管并发症的原因及防治。方法 2000年5月至2002年1月38例原位肝移植的临床资料进行回顾性研究。结果 本组38例病人术后共发生胆管并发症9例（9/38，24%）。其中单纯胆瘘4例，胆管空肠吻合口狭窄，肝内胆管结石，胆管狭窄合并胆泥形成，胆瘘继发胆管狭窄，胆管狭窄合并肝内胆汁瘤各1例。此9例中2例死于严重感染，7例痊愈。结论 原位肝移植术后胆管并发症病因复杂，后果严重。首先应该注重预防，并做到早期诊断。逆行性胰胆管造影术（endoscopic retrograde cholangiopanreatography,ERCP）和经皮经肝胆管造影术（percutaneous tran-shepatic cholangiography,PTC）等辅助性介入治疗手段应受到重视。     

肝移植术后心血管系统并发症的防治

目的总结肝移植术后常见的心血管系统并发症及其可能的原因和防治方法. 方法回顾性分析1998年1月至2003年12月间286例成人肝移植病例术后近期发生的心血管系统并发症192例. 结果 192例(67.1%)患者发生心血管系统并发症,其中术后高血压173例(60.5%), 心衰21例(7.3%),心肌缺血性疾病(包括心绞痛和心肌梗塞)16例(5.6%),肺动脉高压9例(3.1%).与心血管并发症相关的死亡率为11.2%(32/286).术后早期高血压与多种因素有关,晚期高血压则是由于长期服用免疫抑制药物所造成;心衰同肝移植术中输血量有明显关系(χ2=20.27, P<0.01);除术前即存在冠心病史外,术后凝血功能紊乱可能是发生心肌缺血的主要原因. 结论心血管系统并发症是肝移植术后常见的和严重的并发症之一,并有较高的死亡率.合适的病例选择,维持出入量及凝血机制的平衡是降低术后心血管并发症的关键.     

原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的预防与诊治

目的　探讨肝移植术后胆道并发症的预防、诊断和治疗。　方法　对 1993年 4月～2 0 0 1年 11月我科实施的 12 3例肝移植患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。　结果　 12 3例肝移植患者中11例通过胆道造影确诊为肝移植术后胆道并发症 ,9例治愈 ,1例好转 ,死亡 1例。胆道并发症发生率为 8 9% ( 11/ 12 3) ,与胆道并发症相关的死亡率为 0 8% ( 1/ 12 3) ,与T管相关的胆道并发症发生率为4 2 % ( 5 / 119) ,与肝动脉供血相关的胆道并发症发生率为 1 6 % ( 2 / 12 3)。热缺血时间 >3min、冷缺血时间 >8h组胆道并发症发生率明显升高 (P <0 0 5 )。　结论　保存性损伤和缺血性损伤是肝移植术后胆道并发症的重要原因。修肝时应维护肝外胆管的血供和警惕变异胆管的存在。改进T管置管方法可显著降低与T管相关的胆道并发症发生率。术后早期胆道造影有助于及时诊断胆道并发症。介入技术是胆道并发症的主要治疗手段。     

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目的 探讨原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的发生原因及防治措施。方法 回顾性研究110例原位肝移植的临床资料。结果 110例病人术后共发生胆道并发症15例(13．6％)。其中单纯胆癌5例，迟发性弥漫性肝内胆管损伤3例，拔除T管后胆瘘2例，胆管空肠吻合口狭窄、肝内胆管结石、胆道狭窄合并胆泥形成、胆瘘后继发胆道狭窄、胆道狭窄合并肝内胆汁瘤形成各1例。除3例弥漫性肝内胆管损伤外，12例中2例死于严重胆道感染，其余10例经治疗痊愈。结论 原位肝移植术后胆道并发症病因复杂，治疗相对困难，因此首先应该注重预防，其次尽量做到早期诊断，针对不同的情况采取相应的治疗措施；重视ERCP和PTC等辅助性介入治疗方法。     

Bile duct complications after liver transplantation

Complications involving the biliary tract after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) have been a common problem since the early beginning of this technique. Biliary complications have been reported to occur at a relatively constant rate of approximately 10-15% of all deceased donor full size OLTs. There is a wide range of potential biliary complications which can occur after OLT. Their incidence varies according to the type of graft, type of donor, and the type of biliary anastomosis performed. The spectrum of biliary complications has changed over the past decade because of the establishment of split liver, reduced-size, and living donor liver transplantation. Apart from technical developments, novel diagnostic methods have been introduced and evaluated in OLT, the most prominent being magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment modalities have also changed over the past years towards a primarily nonoperative, endoscopy-based strategy, leaving the surgical intervention for lesions which otherwise are not curable. The management of biliary complications after OLT requires a multidisciplinary approach. Conservative, interventional, and endoscopic treatment options have to be weighed up against surgical re-intervention. In the following the spectrum of specific bile duct complications after OLT and their treatment options will be reviewed.     

肝移植术后的肺部并发症

肝移植术后肺部并发症的发生率非常高,包括肺不张、胸腔积液、肺水肿、肺部感染和急性呼吸衰竭等,严重影响病人的预后.引起肝移植术后肺部并发症的因素很多,主要包括手术操作、感染、循环容量超负荷、输血相关的急性肺损伤、缺血/再灌注、呼吸机相关性肺损伤、肝肺综合征和门肺高压症等因素,以此为依据,现提出了具体的防治措施,包括完善的术前准备、防止容量超负荷、合理输血和血制品,调节凝血功能,注意预防输血相关的急性肺损伤(transtnsion related acutte lung injury,TRALL)、合理应用抑肽酶、减轻缺血/再灌注损伤(ischemia-reperfusion injury,L/R)和全身炎症反应、防治肺动脉高压、合理的呼吸机通气管理等,希望有助于肝移植术后肺部并发症的防治,促进肝移植病人预后.     

Biliary complications after paediatric liver transplantation: Birmingham's experience

Between 1983 and 1992, 112 children underwent liver transplantation. Of 138 grafts, 60 (43.4%) were whole livers, 77 (55.6%) were reduced livers, and 1 (0.7%) was a split liver. Biliary complications (BC) were defined as any abnormality, even minor, related to the biliary tract. Results were analysed with a minimum follow-up of 9 months. Some 36 grafts (26.1%) in 34 patients (30.4%) presented with BC: bile leaks (17 grafts), biliary obstructions or dilatations (16 grafts), and other complications (3 grafts). Management was mainly surgical with biliary reconstruction via a Roux-en-Y loop. Interventional radiology had an increasing role in recent years. BC were associated with a mortality of 1.8% (2/112), a graft loss rate of 4.3% (6/138), and significant morbidity. Among the various factors whose association with BC was studied, the date of transplantation, the use of reduced grafts and the use of gallbladder conduits appeared to be the main determining factors for BC. From multivariate analysis the use of reduced grafts emerged as the most important factor in reducing BC. We therefore conclude that BC are associated with significant morbidity, but general improvements in both surgical and medical management seem to account for better results in recent years.     

Biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation in rats

P = 0.0001). The nonarterialized bile duct, which becomes ischemic soon after liver transplantation, appears to be susceptible to infections. Such opportunistic infections may prevent the development of arterial collaterals, causing bile duct necrosis and the subsequent leakage of bile juice. When biliary complications frequently occur after nonarterialized liver transplantation in rats, the possibility of an opportunistic infection should thus be considered. (Received for publication on May 7, 1998; accepted on Mar. 11, 1999)     

肝移植术后早期神经系统并发症的相关因素分析

目的 探讨肝移植术后早期发生神经系统并发症(NC)的相关因素及改善其预后的措施. 方法 回顾分析155例终末期肝病患者接受成人尸体肝移植的临床资料,其中男性131例,女性24例,平均年龄47.4岁(18～67岁).受者原发病为:乙型肝炎导致的急、慢性肝功能衰竭60例,原发性肝癌(包括胆管癌)73例,丙型肝炎肝硬化12例,其他(包括原发性胆汁性肝硬化、肝豆状核变性及多囊肝等)10例.肝移植术后将发生NC的受者分为NC组,将未发生NC的受者设为对照组,观察和比较两组受者术前原发病和终末期肝病模(MELD)评分、术后肝功能、住院期间感染发生率及死亡率. 结果 住院期间,共有36例受者发生NC,总发病率为23.2%(36/155).原发性肝癌患者的NC发病率为12.3%(9/73),明显低于乙型肝炎导致的急、慢性肝功能衰竭的33.3%(20/60)和多囊肝、原发胆汁性肝硬化和肝豆状核变性等的40%(4/10)以及丙型肝炎肝硬化的25%(3/12)(P＜0.05).NC组受者中非肝癌和肝癌患者分别为22.9±8.2和17.1±5.4,均明显高于对照组的8.3±8.5和13±3.4(P(0.05).术后2周内,两组患者在丙氨酸转氨酶、胆红素总量,凝血酶原时间、血浆白蛋白及血清钠离子和氯离子浓度水平的比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).住院期间,NC组感染发生率和死亡率分别为36.1%(13/36)和30.5%(11/36),对照组分别为17.6%(21/119)和5.9%(7/119),两组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 NC是肝移植术后早期常见的并发症,其发生与患者原发病和术前肝功能状态密切相关,严重影响患者的预后;术后积极的对症治疗和防治感染对降低患者死亡率尤为重要.     

原位肝移植术后颅内出血原因和处理

目的 探讨肝移植术后颅内出血的临床特点以及防治措施。 方法 回顾性分析中山大学附属第一医院2004年1月至2008年12月施行的638例肝移植病人的临床资料。总结原位肝移植术后颅内出血的诊治经过。结果 638例肝移植病人中共发生术后颅内出血10例（1.6%）;其中发生于移植术后1周内1例,2周内3例,2周至1个月6例。10例病人一经确诊,均立即采取脱水降低颅内压治疗,并应用抗生素控制感染,其中有4例病人急诊施行了开颅血肿清除术。10例中死亡6例,与术后颅内出血相关的病死率为60.0%。结论 肝移植术后颅内出血发病凶险、病死率高。应掌握术后颅内出血的常见原因,对术后意识和精神状态发生改变者要及时进行头颅CT检查,一旦发生颅内出血应积极抢救,及时做出正确的治疗选择,必要时施行开颅血肿清除术。     

Management of biliary tract complications after orthotopic liver transplantation

INTRODUCTION: Despite improved survival, biliary complications remain a significant cause of morbidity following orthotopic liver transplantation. The aim of this study was to review the incidence, treatment and optimum management pathway of biliary complications at the Scottish Liver Transplant Unit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patient data were collected prospectively onto a database at the Scottish Liver Transplant Unit with review of hospital records for validation. RESULTS: A total of 379 consecutive orthotopic liver transplants were performed in 333 adult patients between November 1992 and September 2001. Biliary complications occurred in 55 grafts (51 patients) (14.6%) and their incidence decreased with time. Biliary complications occurred in 29 (10.9%) of the 265 choledocho-choledochostomies compared with 14 (25%) of the 56 with T-tubes. Twenty-eight biliary leaks occurred, 22 of which were anastomotic. Seventeen anastomotic leaks were successfully treated non-operatively. Eight patients with biliary leaks subsequently developed an anastomotic stricture. Of the 30 anastomotic strictures, stent insertion was successful in resolving six of 14 (42%) early anastomotic strictures compared with one of 12 (8%) late anastomotic strictures (p = 0.0479). Six (38%) of the 16 early anastomotic strictures required surgery for complete resolution, compared with 12 (86%) of the 14 late anastomotic strictures (p = 0.0106). CONCLUSION: The incidence of biliary complications has decreased with time. The abandonment of choledocho-choledochostomy over a T-tube has been justified. A combination of conservative, endoscopic, and radiological management has been effective in treating biliary leaks and early anastomotic stricture. However endoscopic or radiological stenting was ineffective in the management of late anastomotic strictures, which were best treated by surgical intervention.     

Biliary complications after liver transplantation

Abstract:  Biliary complications remain a substantial cause of morbidity following liver transplantation. They have been reported to occur in a rate of 10–15% of full-size transplantations and may be higher in living donor, split or reduced size liver transplantations. The most common biliary complications following liver transplantations are leaks and strictures. In both, the incidence varies with respect to type of graft and donor as well as the type of biliary anastomosis. The management of the biliary complications requires a multidisciplinary approach and has changed over the past decade, favoring endoscopic and radiological techniques. Surgical revision including retransplantation is reserved for patients in whom endoscopic and interventional modalities are unsuccessful.