A survey of cigarette smoking among middle school students in 1988

A survey of the prevalence of smoking in middle school students aged 13-21 years in Harbin city, China, was undertaken in the Spring of 1988. A random sample of 4712 students was selected using proportional stratified clustering. A self-administered confidential questionnaire relating to smoking habits and certain family and school factors was administered. The results showed that 1.29% of the students (2.21% boys and 0.38% girls) smoked regularly, 5.62% (10.52% boys and 0.76% girls) were light smokers and 13.77% (24.29% boys and 2.92% girls) smoked only occasionally. Smoking habits were related to the type of school and to age, there being a higher proportion of smoking in senior grade students. Students were significantly more likely to smoke if they were male and if their siblings smoked. Prevalence of regular smoking was not related to parental occupation or family income. It is suggested that anti-smoking education in the school curriculum should be directed towards students in middle school.     

北京市高中生吸烟行为现状及家庭因素与吸烟关联的性别差异研究

目的 了解北京市高中生吸烟行为及家庭因素与吸烟关联的性别差异,为相关干预提供理论依据.方法 于2014年4-5月,采取分层整群随机抽样的方法,对北京市16669名高中生进行问卷调查.分性别采用x2检验和多因素Logistic回归法分析家庭因素与吸烟行为的关联.结果 北京市高中男女生尝试吸烟率分别为40.7％和20.6％...     

浙江省湖州市农村中学生吸烟现状及影响因素分析

目的了解湖州市农村地区中学生吸烟行为及其影响因素,为制定有效的防控措施提供科学依据。方法采取分层随机整群抽样法,对705名农村中学生进行吸烟现状及影响因素的问卷调查。结果农村中学生尝试过吸烟（包括只吸1口）的占14.43％,其中男生为21.41％,女生为8.58％,差异有统计学意义（X^2=22.67,P=0.00）;初中生尝试吸烟率为12.09％,高中生尝试吸烟率为16.71％,差异有统计学意义（X^2=5.10,P〈0.05）;经非条件Logistic逐步回归分析,朋友中有人吸烟、有喝酒经历、父母中有人吸烟、认为“吸第一支烟是避免成为吸烟者的关键”的同学,其发生尝试吸烟行为的危险性分别是其他中学生的3.01、2.84、2.02和0.44倍。结论湖州市农村中学生尝试吸烟现象较为普遍,好友吸烟、喝酒行为、父母吸烟对中学生吸烟行为产生严重影响。应在学校里开展预防吸烟、喝酒等危险行为的健康教育活动,向吸烟学生开展控烟同伴教育,在家庭中给孩子创造无烟环境。     

Three-year follow-up on the effects of a smoking prevention program for elementary school children with a quasi-experimental design in Japan

OBJECTIVE: We performed the follow-up tests for three years for junior high school students by the quasi-experimental design to investigate the medium-term effect of smoking prevention education in the elementary school. METHODS: The intervention group consisted of 106 school students of three elementary schools and received a smoking prevention program in the elementary school. Moreover, the follow-up tests were conducted at each grade of junior high school, and the booster program was mailed. The comparison group consisted of 193 school students of another three elementary schools without the program. RESULTS: The intervention effects were recognized on knowledge up to the second grade of junior high school for boys and up to the third grade for girls, on awareness of the importance of not smoking at the second grade, and on the intention of smoking at the age of 20 for girls up to the first grade. On the other hand, the intervention effects were not recognized on smoking experience for boys and girls. However, increase of the rate of smoking experience was not significant in the intervention group, while it was significant in the comparison group. CONCLUSION: The effect of the program for three years was judged to be moderate.     

江西省公共场所禁烟及人群被动吸烟状况调查

目的了解江西省公共场所吸烟状况，以及成年人和青少年吸烟和被动吸烟状况，为制定被动吸烟控烟对策提供依据。方法采用现场观察法对南昌市、景德镇市和井冈山市共44个公共场所吸烟状况进行调查，对600名成年人和800名学生进行问卷调查，问卷内容包括吸烟和被动吸烟情况、吸烟相关知识和态度、学校开展控烟健康教育状况等。结果公共场所控烟标识率为65．9％，吸烟发现率为37．1％，吸烟劝阻率为8．2％，交通工具等候室地面烟头数量较多，吸烟者较多。成年人吸烟率为32．7％，其中男性为61．8％，女性为2．4％，分别有76．0％、86．7％和64．8％的成年人在家庭、室内娱乐场所和室内工作场所中存在吸烟情况。学生尝试吸烟率为27．8％，其中男生为40．9％，女生为11．7％，分别有66．6％和20．5％在调查前7天内遭受过和每天遭受被动吸烟的危害，学校控烟健康教育活动开设率较低。结论江西省城市公共场所禁烟实施情况不理想，青少年和成年人被动吸烟情况严蕈。     

山东省城市中学生烟草使用情况及相关因素分析

目的 了解山东省城市中学生吸烟行为现状,为有效开展中学生控烟活动提供依据.方法 采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,抽取山东省中学生共8 873名进行自填匿名问卷调查.结果 山东省中学生的吸烟率为12.97％,男生为19.93％,女生为6.13％,不同性别、学校类型、家庭类型、城市类型及母亲文化程度之间的中学生吸烟率差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05).多因素非条件Logistic回归分析显示,男生、母亲的文化程度低、所在城市较发达、其他家庭、职高是吸烟的危险因素.结论 山东省中学生的吸烟率处于较高水平,应关注中学控烟工作,采取相应的干预控制并加强健康教育,让青少年树立正确的健康观念.     

Prevalence of cigarette smoking among Australian secondary school students in 1993

Abstract: The prevalence of cigarette smoking in Australian secondary school students in 1993 was estimated from a survey of 22 696 12- to 17-year-old students from 332 secondary schools (and feeder schools) in all states and the Northern Territory. Self-administered questionnaires were answered anonymously by groups of up to 20 students selected randomly from school rolls, a method that replicated previous surveys in 1984, 1987 and 1990. Current smoking (smoking at least one cigarette in the week preceding the survey) at 12 years of age was 8 per cent in boys and 7 per cent in girls, but in those 17 years of age the prevalence was much higher (28 per cent of boys, 31 per cent of girls). Age was also associated with the mean number of cigarettes smoked per week by current smokers (8.6 in boys and 7.0 in girls at age 12 and 43.8 in boys and 32.0 in girls at age 17). After controlling for sex, age, school type and state of residence, the percentage of 12- to 15-year-olds who were current smokers rose from 15.7 per cent to 17.5 per cent between 1990 and 1993, an effect that was more pronounced in boys. On the other hand, the mean number of cigarettes smoked by 12- to 15-year-old current smokers dropped from 23 per week to 19.5, and the reduced consumption was greatest in boys. Furthermore, there was no increase in the proportion of students who smoked on three or more days per week, which suggests the increase was limited to occasional, casual or social smoking.     

Cigarette smoking among adolescents in Thessaloniki, Greece

OBJECTIVES: Epidemiological characteristics in tobacco smoking among adolescents were investigated in Thessaloniki, Greece. METHODS: The target sample was 1,221 students coming from 15 high schools. RESULTS: Cigarette smoking was higher among girls than boys (40.9 % vs. 34.3 %). However, the percentage of boys who were smoking more than 20 cigarettes per day was found larger than the relevant percentage of girls (81.2 % vs. 75 % of total smokers). The boys also reported an earlier initiation of tobacco use (12.7 years vs. 12.9 years in girls). Physical activity was negatively correlated with smoking, whereas drinking alcohol and low parental education were positively correlated with smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Health promotion programs should be instituted not only during adolescence, but rather before the age of 14.     

Perceived smoking prevalence at school-level and children's smoking initiation: a multi-level analysis of a cross-sectional data in Taiwan

OBJECTIVES: Literature on the influence of smoking prevalence at school-level on the smoking initiation among elementary school children is scarce. The aim of the current study was to explore this in school clusters stratified according to student's perceived smoking prevalence in the school while adjusting for social impact of individual students. METHOD: The data was obtained from a survey administered to 13 elementary schools in Taoyuan County, a final sample of 1585 3rd and 4th grade students. Multi-level logistic regression analysis (MLRA) was used to examine the influence variable at school-level as well as individual socio-environment level had on smoking status of elementary schools students. RESULTS: Attending a school where the students reported a perception of high smoking prevalence had a greater effect on smoking behavior in boys than girls when compared with students attending a lower smoking prevalence school, after adjustment for student-level characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirmed that a broader school environment with a high student perception of smoking prevalence is associated with children's smoking behavior in boys. The findings further indicate the need for enforcement of anti-smoking policies within schools with higher smoking rates to reduce visibility of smoking among school children.     

青春期性发育对青少年吸烟行为的影响

目的 研究青春期性发育早晚对青少年吸烟行为的影响。方法 2000年11月对随机整群抽取的1453名上海市高中学生进行横断面问卷调查，获取青少年吸烟，男孩首次遗精年龄，女孩月经初潮年龄及可能影响青少年吸烟的社会心理因素等信息。结果 男生的尝试吸烟率在性发育较晚组中最高（28．6％），其次为发育较早（21．3％）和中等组（21．7％）；现在吸烟率在性发育较早组最高（16．4％），然后依次为发育较晚（7．1％）和中等组（4．8％）；女生的曾经吸烟率在性发育早，中，晚各组中依次为24．2％，12．0％，6．3％。在控制影响青少年吸烟的一系列社会心理因素后，性发育较早是导致男生现在吸烟的独立危险因素（OR＝3.68,95%,CI:1.23-10.99)，也是女生吸烟的危险因素（OR＝2.23,95%,CI:0.89-5.60)；而性发育较晚可能导致男生尝试吸烟（OR＝1．48，95％CI：0．72－3．06），对女性却可能有一定的保护作用（OR＝0.64,95%CI:0.22-1.86)。结论 学校，家庭和社会应该关心，引导性发育时间偏离正常的男女青少年，加强吸烟危害健康教育。     

Incidence and variables contributing to onset of cigarette smoking among secondary school children and medical students in Lagos, Nigeria.

This paper reports the findings of a survey of smoking habits among secondary schoolchildren and medical students in Lagos, Nigeria. Altogether 40% of boys and 8.4% of girls at secondary school, and 72.4% of men and 22.2% of women at medical school were found to smoke. While the smoking habit of the secondary schoolboys was influenced by the smoking habits of their parents and friends, the smoking habit of the secondary schoolgirls and female medical students was mainly influenced by that of their friends. This study provides a baseline against which future studies on smoking habits in developing African countries may be measured, and the results show that health education on cigarette smoking must start in primary and secondary schools.     

Psychosocial predictors of smoking among secondary school students in Henan, China

The objective of this study was to measure the risk factors associated with tobacco use among secondary school students in Henan, China. Self-reported questionnaires were administered to four secondary schools; 3519 students were studied including 1799 boys and 1720 girls aged 10-19. Demographic, behavioral, attitudinal/belief, knowledge and interpersonal variables were investigated. Overall, 15.1% of boys and 1.4% girls reported smoking at least occasionally. Smoking onset is most prevalent from the ages of 10-14. The smoking rate increased with age. The likelihood of tobacco use was significantly higher among those having peers, teachers or mother who smoked. Positive smoking-related attitudes among students had a significant association with their smoking status. The results suggest that effective smoking prevention interventions need to be comprehensive and implemented in the early teen years.     

广州市青少年吸烟饮酒成瘾性药物使用情况分析

目的 了解广州市青少年吸烟、饮酒及成瘾性药物使用状况,为开展有针对性的预防和控制措施提供科学依据.方法 采用“中国青少年健康相关行为调查问卷”对广州市66所学校11939名学生进行问卷调查.结果 广州市青少年尝试吸烟率为26.61％.调查前1个月有9.56％的学生吸过烟,其中男生(17.36％)高于女生(2.84％);农村学生(12.92％)高于城市学生(7.79％);职中生最高(22.74％),初中、高中、大学学生依次为6.82％,6.66％和7.75％.青少年饮酒的比例为60.63％,过去1个月29.03％的青少年有饮酒行为,11.17％的青少年有重度饮酒行为.广州市青少年成瘾性药物使用率为8.85％,男生为9.72％,女生为8.16％;农村为11.83％,城市为7.32％;职中生最高(10.50％),初中、高中、大学学生依次为9.35％,7.72％,7.56％.结论 广州市青少年吸烟、饮酒及成瘾性药物使用率比较高,相关部门和学校应该采取有针对性的干预措施.     

上海市中学生吸烟行为影响因素及未来吸烟意向分析

探讨影响上海市中学生吸烟行为的相关因素及其对未来吸烟意向的影响,为控制青少年吸烟行为干预措施提供参考.方法 采用分层随机整群抽样法抽取上海市5个区68所中学的26 508名学生,进行现场匿名问卷调查.结果 上海市中学生尝试吸烟率、未来1年和5年的吸烟意向分别为11.6%,8.0%和14.1%,男生(15.7%,10.9%,19.3%)高于女生(7.3%,5.0%,8.6%)(x2值分别为452.97,306.42,629.04,P值均<0.01),职校生(29.2%,21.3%,31.6%)高于高中生(12.5%,9.3%,16.1%)和初中生(6.8%,4.2%,8.9%)(x2值分别为1 677.56,362.25,1 470.29,P值均<0.01).多因素Logistic回归分析表明,父母吸烟、同伴吸烟、学校缺少控烟教育课程、媒体吸烟信息高暴露使学生尝试吸烟行为和未来吸烟意向的风险较高(P值均<0.01).结论 青少年吸烟行为的发生和未来吸烟意向与家庭、同伴、学校、社会环境密切相关,需要多措并举,采取互为支持的综合干预措施降低学生吸烟行为的发生.     

Prevalence of smoking in Izhevsk

The purpose of the investigation was to study the prevalence of smoking as the most aggressive risk factor of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in different populations of a large industrial center. A questionnaire survey was conducted in 485 schoolchildren, 427 students, and 1406 adults from Izhevsk. The smoking rates were 73.4, 20.5, and 36.3 per 100 respondents among men, women, and students, respectively. Among the schoolchildren from the 9th to 11th forms, the number of smokers increased from 29.0 to 48.9 and from 10.2 to 11.2 per 100 respondents in boys and girls, respectively. The smokers with higher education were fewer than those with secondary and secondary specialized education.     

控烟健康教育对某中职卫校学生影响的调查

摘要:目的　了解吸烟健康教育对中职卫校青少年学生控烟的影响。方法　以班为单位抽样调查312人,通过自填问卷进行调查,经过吸烟健康教育干预后对同样班级人群再次进行问卷调查,对前后差异比较分析。结果　健康教育前学生每周吸烟率为3.8%,每天吸烟率为3.2%,健康教育干预后分别降为1.3%和0.6%;吸烟动机调查显示,学生吸烟与多种因素相关,其中,学校环境因素、个人自身因素有统计学意义;吸烟危害的健康教育程度与知识的掌握程度有关联。结论　控制吸烟要从青少年人抓起,在成都某中职卫校学生中积极开展控制吸烟的健康教育,可明显调动学生控制吸烟的自觉性、主动性,不断增强吸烟学生戒烟的自信心。     

School connectedness and daily smoking among boys and girls: the influence of parental smoking norms

BACKGROUND: The objective was to test whether an association between school connectedness and smoking exists among Danish school children, and if so, to examine whether parental smoking attitude and parental smoking behaviour influenced this association. METHODS: Data were collected by the Danish contribution to the cross-national study Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) 1998. Analyses were performed on questionnaire-based data from 1537 students at grade nine from a random sample of schools in Denmark. RESULTS: An independent inverse association was found between school connectedness and smoking among both boys and girls. Parents' attitude to their children's smoking significantly modified this association among boys. Among girls the modifying effect was less marked. Neither among boys nor girls did parental smoking behaviour significantly modify the association between school connectedness and smoking, although a modifying tendency was observed among girls. CONCLUSIONS: The smoking behaviour of Danish adolescents may be influenced by complicated interactions of varying sets of experienced smoking norms, and any research project or preventive programme focusing on the influence of school life on adolescent smoking behaviour needs to consider the family smoking norms. Additionally, the results stress the important role of gender by indicating that the smoking behaviour of girls may be more sensitive to restricting social influences than the smoking behaviour of boys.     

临沂市罗庄区中学生行为危险因素分析

目的探讨中学生行为危险因素,为制定预防控制措施提供依据。方法采用分层随机抽样方法,对山东省临沂市罗庄区1886名学生通过自填问卷方式进行调查,并对数据进行统计分析。结果54．2％的中学生认为无病或机体功能正常即健康,持此观点的初中一年级学生（66．3％）明显高于高中二、三年级学生（46．5％,44．4％,P〈0．05）。男生吸烟率为9．77％,女生为1．01％,男生明显高于女生;53．2％的吸烟学生认为吸烟主要受社会、家庭、周围环境的影响。有饮酒习惯男生为10．6％,女生为3．36％。有婚前性行为的高中生为3．19％,初中生为0．88％,初、高中学生性行为差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。42．0％的高中生对婚前性行为表示赞同态度。结论罗庄区中学生存在多种健康相关危险行为,缺乏健康知识,尤其缺乏性健康科学知识。应从学校、家庭和社会多方面入手,开展相关健康教育,并制定干预措施。     

Psychosocial, school, and parent factors associated with recent smoking among early-adolescent boys and girls

BACKGROUND: Experimentation with smoking often begins during adolescence, but an adequate understanding of the factors associated with early initiation remains elusive. METHODS: Sixth- to eighth-grade students (n = 4,263, 67.1% white, 23.5% black, 7.2% other) from seven middle schools were surveyed. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of recent smoking (past 30 days) of 10.4% was similar for boys and girls and by race, but increased from 3.7% in sixth to 17.8% in eighth grade. In multiple logistic regression analyses positive outcome expectations, high perceived prevalence, deviance acceptance, and trouble at school were independently associated with smoking for both boys and girls. Among boys, problem-behaving friends, peer pressure, authoritative parenting, and mother's education and among girls, self-control problems, knowledgeable parents, and grade were independently associated with smoking. CONCLUSIONS: This is one of the few studies to report an independent association between smoking and outcome expectations, the first study to report an independent effect for peer influences among boys only, and one of several to find a negative association between smoking and positive parenting behavior. These findings suggest that the effectiveness of preventive interventions might be improved by targeting parent, school, and student outcomes, including outcome expectations, deviance acceptance, and social norms for both boys and girls, peer influences among boys, and self-control among girls.     

983名中学生吸烟现状及相关知信行调查分析

目的了解湖州市青少年吸烟现况和影响因素,为有效开展学生控烟教育和实施行为干预提供科学依据和指导。方法采用浙江省疾病预防控制中心健康教育所提供的“学生预防烟草使用调查问卷”,整群抽取某实验初中初一和初二学生共983名进行问卷调查。结果学生吸烟率为7.7%,其中男生吸烟率10.4%,女生吸烟率5.5%,两者比较有显著性差异（P〈0.01）;10.5%学生尝试过吸烟,男生为13.5%,女生为7.9%,两者比较有显著性差异（P〈0.01）;尝试过吸烟的学生中,有78.6%吸第一支烟的主要原因是模仿和好奇;对烟草中含尼古丁知晓率达88.6%,吸烟能引起呼吸系统疾病知晓率达79.7%,其他几项知识知晓率在19.9%～68.4%之间。除当别人在你面前吸烟时,请他们停止吸烟一项劝说率在50.5%外,吸烟相关态度和行为正确率均在75.0%～92.9%之间。结论被调查的学生有一定比例的吸烟和尝试吸烟者;大部分学生控烟的知识掌握较好,态度积极,行为正确率较高,但劝阻吸烟能力较差。