Impaired gallbladder function in spinal cord injury on quantitative Tc-99m DISIDA cholescintigraphy

Background: Patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) have increased prevalences of gallstones and acute acalculous cholecystitis. A possible explanation for the increased prevalence of gallstone disease in SCI patients is decreased gallbladder motility causing gallbladder stasis, a known risk factor for gallstone disease. We investigated gallbladder function in SCI. Methods: Twenty-five normal control subjects and 50 SCI patients were included in this study. Gallbladder function was measured by technium 99m–labeled imino-diacetic acid analogue (Tc-99m DISIDA) cholescintigraphy and represented by the filling fraction (FF) and the ejection fraction (EF). The SCI patients were assigned to subgroups: old versus young, female versus male, high- versus low-level injury, and long versus short injury duration. Results: Forty-two percent of SCI patients had abnormal FFs and 54% of SCI patients had abnormal EFs. Significantly decreased FF and EF values were found in SCI patients, especially in those who were female and had high-level injuries. Conclusion: With the use of quantitative Tc-99m DISIDA cholescintigraphy, we found that SCI can significantly impair gallbladder function.     

Safety of same-day sequential extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and dissolution of gallstones by methyl tert-butyl ether in dogs

Passage of stone fragments after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) of gallstones has resulted in biliary colic, duct obstruction, and pancreatitis in some patients. Rapid dissolution of these fragments with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) may prevent such side effects and achieve complete clearance of gallstones within hours rather than several months to a year or longer. This study examines the safety of same-day ESWL fragmentation and MTBE dissolution of surgically implanted human gallstones in 15 dogs. The animals were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups to assess MTBE absorption from the gallbladder and to observe hematology and chemistry profiles after 0, 400, and 1,200 shock waves from a lithotriptor followed by MTBE dissolution therapy. They were sacrificed either immediately after treatment (12 dogs) or 2 weeks later (3 dogs). The results demonstrated that although ESWL causes moderate trauma to the gallbladder, this did not result in increased MTBE absorption or histologic evidence of mucosal disruption. Blood profiles demonstrated an increase in only the level of aspartate aminotransferase. The three dogs that were sacrificed 2 weeks after the combined treatment had no residual evidence of gallbladder injury or remaining stone material. In all animals, severe injury occurred where shock waves passed through lung or air-filled colon. This study suggests that same-day sequential fragmentation of gallstones by ESWL followed by dissolution of stone fragments with use of MTBE may be associated with only mild to moderate and reversible gallbladder trauma and can rapidly achieve clearance of gallstones.     

Three-dimensional sonographic evaluation of gallbladder contractility: comparison with cholescintigraphy

PURPOSE: To compare three-dimensional sonography (3D US) with quantitative cholescintigraphy for assessing gallbladder contractility. METHODS: Gallbladder radioactivity was assessed in 35 patients with suspected gallbladder disease using a gamma camera 5, 30, 60, and 90 minutes after technetium 99m (Tc-99m) DISIDA injection and 30 and 60 minutes after ingestion of a high-fat meal. Immediate gallbladder images were obtained via 3D US. Gallbladder radioactivity at 120 minutes after injection of Tc-99m DISIDA was defined as 100%, and gallbladder contractility was calculated. Gallbladder volume on 3D US was calculated using a dedicated software. Pearson correlation analysis and simple linear regression analysis were used. RESULTS: The mean gallbladder volume on 3D US was 25.3 ml after fasting and 6.6 ml after a high-fat meal. The mean gallbladder contractility index was 77.7% on cholescintigraphy (range, 18-99) and 73.4 on 3D US (range, 16.7-97.3). A linear correlation between cholescintigraphy and 3D US contractility indices was observed. The r value on Pearson analysis was 0.92 and R(2) of the coefficient of determination was 0.85. The difference in measured contractility between the 2 methods ranged from +21.5% to -15.0% (mean +/- SD, 4.4 +/- 8.7%). CONCLUSIONS: 3D US is a reliable and easy method for clinical measurement of the volume of the gallbladder and its contractility.     

Computed tomography after ESWL of gallbladder calculi

Computed tomography (CT) was performed on 88 patients before and after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) of gallstones to find the effects of ESWL on the gallbladder and surrounding liver tissue. Post-ESWL scans demonstrated a thickening of the gallbladder wall in 25 (28.4%) cases. In one patient an intrahepatic bilioma beside the gallbladder was seen 3 days after ESWL treatment. Hematoma of the gallbladder wall or the adjacent liver tissue was not seen, and neither a hydrops nor biliary-induced pancreatitis was observed. The authors conclude that while some patients undergoing ESWL will show some posttreatment abnormality on CT scans, the procedure is associated with a low frequency of serious gallbladder and liver trauma.     

Value of prone positioning in the ultrasonographic diagnosis of gallstones: prospective study.

To determine prospectively the value of prone/postprone positioning in the sonographic detection of gallstones, 682 patients were scanned in the recumbent, erect, and prone or postprone positions. The gallbladder was evaluated for an intraluminal hyperechoic focus, shadowing, and gravitational dependence and was identified in 679 patients. Among these, 28% had cholelithiasis. In five cases, prone positioning alone revealed gallstones. In 11 of 140 cases, gravitational dependence was only seen with prone scanning. The gallbladder was seen more frequently when the patients were prone than erect. Prone or postprone scanning is a useful supplement to the gallbladder examination, allowing increased demonstration of gravitational dependence and increased stone detection.     

Role of99mTc-IDA cholescintigraphy in evaluating biliary tract disorders

Technetium-99m IDA cholescintigraphy has provided a new, noninvasive means of visualizing biliary tract function. It has become the procedure of choice in patients with suspected acute cholecystitis because of its ability to most accurately detect functional obstruction or patency of the cystic duct as opposed to ultrasound's ability to detect only anatomic changes such as the presence of calculi or a thickened gallbladder wall. These latter findings are more important in establishing the diagnosis of chronic cholecystitis where ultrasound shares a position of prime importance with the oral cholecystogram. Tc-99m IDA cholescintigraphy has also been particularly useful in evaluating bile leaks, biliary-enteric anastomosis patency and the post-cholecystectomy patient with recurrent pain. In the patient with cholestasis, ultrasound is usually the procedure of choice since it establishes whether or not ductal dilatation is present and frequently can determine the cause of obstruction. Cholescintigraphy has played an ancillary role in many cases by demonstrating the level of partial obstruction, but it does not have the anatomic resolution to visualize the cause of obstruction. Occasionally, in the evaluation of cholestasis, cholescintigraphy has proven to be the only modality which has identified the presence of acute common duct obstruction or localized intrahepatic ductal obstruction. All in all, Tc-99m IDA cholescintigraphy has had a dramatic impact upon hepatobiliary diagnosis.     

胆囊癌合并胆囊结石的超声研究

目的 探讨易合并胆囊癌的高危胆囊结石声像图特征，为胆囊结石患者选择预防性胆囊切除提供影像学依据。方法 分析37例胆囊癌合并胆囊结石术前超声检查的声像图特点。结果 26例（71％）同时合并慢性胆囊炎。29例（78％）为单发结石且结石大小超过1cm。扫查时27例（73％）结石不移动。胆固醇性和混合性结石共33例（89％）。结论 单发、体积较大且移动性差的胆固醇性或混合性结石更倾向于合并胆囊癌，当超声检查发现上述特点，尤其是同时存在慢性胆囊炎时，提示有较强的预防性胆囊切除指征。     

输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗ESWL失败的输尿管下段结石

目的探讨输尿管镜气压弹道碎石对ESWL失败的输尿管下段结石的治疗效果。方法用输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗ESWL失败的输尿管下段结石30例。结果27例碎石成功,碎石成功率90%,术后一月内结石排净26例,因进镜失败,输尿管扭曲,输尿管狭窄各一例改开放手术。结论输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗ESWL失败的输尿管下段结石创伤小,效果好,并发症少,应作为首选。     

输尿管镜下双频激光碎石术治疗ESWL术后残留的输尿管结石

【目的】探讨体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL）术后残留输尿管结石的治疗方法。【方法】对78例ES—WL术后残留输尿管结石患者,应用输尿管镜下双频激光碎石术治疗。【结果】78例中71例原位一次碎石成功,6例有较大结石返回肾脏,加行1～2次ESWL,术后3个月复查结石均排净。仅1例结石下方输尿管明显狭窄进镜困难而改行开放手术取石。【结论】输尿管镜下双频激光碎石术治疗ESWL术后残留的输尿管结石安全、有效,可作为本病的首选治疗。     

Intramural gallstones mimicking typical lithiasic cholecystitis

Gallstone disease is common in the western population. Intramural gallstones are rare, with only a few cases reported in the literature. We present a 30-year-old female patient with typical symptoms of cholecystitis. The patient underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy one month later. Dark greenish intramural gallstones were identified right after the resection of the gallbladder, and the pathologic examination revealed adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder. To our knowledge, this is the first report of intramural gallstones presenting with cholecystitis. The presence of intramural gallstones is not easily detected during ultrasound examination, and does not affect the natural course or treatment of gallstone disease.     

经胆囊管胆管造影的评价（附100例分析）

目的：通过对１００例经胆囊管胆管造影的结果进行分析。提高经胆囊管胆管造影对胆道手术价值的认识。材料与方法：收集１００例行胆囊手术同时作胆囊管胆管造影的病例,将造发现的残石分别加以统计。结果：胆总管残留石占１５例,胆囊多发结石６９例,发现残石１３例。胆囊单发结石３１例,发现残石２例。结论经胆囊管胆管造影确有其重要的使用价值。     

清胆饮结合体外冲击波碎石治疗胆囊结石疗效观察

目的　探讨清胆饮结合体外冲击波碎石治疗胆囊结石的临床疗效。方法　对 2 0 0 0年 1月至2 0 0 3年 1月 16 9例行清胆饮结合体外冲击波碎石治疗胆囊结石的病例进行回顾性分析 ,并将之与同期行常规体外冲击波碎石治疗的 14 1例进行分析比较。结果　清胆饮碎石组患者的结石 2周清除率 (36 0 9% )、1个月清除率 (5 8 5 8% )、3个月清除率 (71 0 1% )、6个月清除率 (86 39% )高于常规碎石组 (14 89%、2 0 5 7%、36 17%、4 7 5 2 % ) (P <0 0 1) ;结石 1年复发率 (5 6 1% )和 2年复发率 (10 2 8% )低于常规碎石组 (7 2 7%、16 36 % ) (P <0 0 5 )。结论　清胆饮结合体外冲击波碎石治疗胆囊结石碎石清除时间短 ,清除率高 ,复发率低。     

复杂性肾结石的治疗(附38例报告)

目的 探讨复杂性肾结石的各种治疗方法。方法 对38例复杂性肾结石分别采用观察治疗、ESWL、PCNL、ESWL＋PCNL、开放手术取石等方法。观察结石取尽率、尿路梗阻和肾功能及并发症情况。结果 全部病例恢复肾盂肾盏通畅，观察治疗4例，结石增大不明显；ESWL治疗4例，结石大部分击碎排出，梗阻解除，随访3～5年结石不增大，肾功能好转；PCNL或ESWL＋PCNL治疗16例19侧，4侧有2个肾小盏残留结石，另15侧完全取出结石。14例开放手术，11例行取石术，完全取净结石9例，残留小盏结石2例；肾切除3例，1例术前已有尿毒症，肾脏积脓，2例合并肾肿瘤。3例术前有肾功能不全者，2例术后肾功能恢复正常，1例无变化。出现尿瘘1例。全组病人无继发性大出血、切口感染等并发症。结论 复杂性肾结石应根据个体情况，选择个体化的治疗方法，才能取得较好的效果。     

内镜保胆胆囊组织结石复发易感基因调控研究

目的采用高通量测序技术通过对胆囊结石复发患者胆囊黏膜中基因表达谱的检测及生物信息学的分析,初步了解基因在胆囊结石发生发展中的作用机制。方法用Illumina Hi Seq 2500新一代高通量测序技术对7例胆囊结石及2例胆囊息肉复发患者进行mRNA表达谱差异筛选分析,并对得到的数据进行Gene Ontology(GO)和京都基因与基因组(KEGG)显著性富集统计。结果高通量测序结果显示,差异表达的mRNA差异基因共有150条。通过GO功能显著性富集分析,发现分子功能的GO功能显著富集是抗原结合;而对于生物过程,富集的GO功能是免疫应答;对于细胞成分,富集的GO功能是细胞外区域。KEGG通路富集分析发现最显著的途径是细胞因子-细胞因子受体作用途径(P=0.000)。结论目前的研究表明,研究胆囊结石复发易感基因,可以为预防内镜保胆术后胆囊结石复发的科学研究工作及临床治疗提供一个重要的参考。     

ESWL and gallstone dissolution with MTBE via a naso-vesicular catheter

Endoscopic placement of a naso-vesicular catheter was successful in 90% (45/50) of patients with cholecystolithiasis. The first 7 patients were treated by MTBE dissolution alone. Dissolution was discontinued after a maximum of 14 days, as only two patients were rendered stone free. In one patient, 3 tiny pigment stones were sucked out through the catheter, and in another inoperable patient a pigtail endoprosthesis was finally inserted into the gallbladder. In the remaining 36 patients, combined ESWL and MTBE dissolution therapy was carried out. Treatment was broken off by one patient after one week, and interrupted in another due to catheter dislodgement. After an average of 10 days with 1-9 ESWL sessions (average: 3) complete stone clearance was achieved in 60% (20/34) of patients. Fourteen of the patients who completed treatment, and the one with catheter dislodgement still have sludge in the gallbladder, which is being treated with oral bile acids. The procedure-related complication rate was 10% (3 pancreatitis, 1 cystic duct perforation and 1 guidewire impaction). The mortality rate was zero. There was no evident complication due to either ESWL or MTBE dissolution.     

Improvement of extracorporeal shockwave cholelithotripsy in the comprehensive treatment of cholelithiasis

The method of shockwave distant lithotripsy (DL) has been used since 1985. However, many facets of this problem have not been solved yet, because large fragments of the stone remain after its destruction, and focused shock waves (FSW) damage the gallbladder (GB). The aim of this study was to determine possibilities of effective distant destruction of gall stones, to reveal negative consequences of the effects of FSW on the gallbladder (GB) and the surrounding tissues, as well as development and perfection of DL technique. The established parameters of FSW were used to develop the new Lithotriptor Compact. By now, 53 patients with cholelithiasis aged 18 to 55 have been treated by DC. The procedure was performed without general anesthesia. A thousand to 3500 shockwave impulses were applied to each stone. All patients had received litholytic therapy and treatment directed towards metabolic normalization, the functional state of the GB, and prevention of recurrent stone formation, prior to DL. In total, 116 DL sessions (2.2 sessions per a patient) were performed. A positive effect as a result of the complex treatment of cholelithiasis using DL method was achieved in 47 (88.7%) of the patients. There were no complications. In 3 patients (5.7%) recurrence of gallstones was found two years after DL sessions. Correctly selected parameters of FSW and DL technology allow for effective destruction of GB stones, while conservative therapy favors their passage through the biliary tract and fast litholysis of remaining stone fragments.     

输尿管镜电子弹道碎石术治疗上段输尿管结石(附32例报告)

目的 探讨上段输尿管结石的最佳治疗方法。方法 对32例上段输尿管结石病人使用输尿管镜电子弹道碎石术。结果30例一次成功，2例进镜失败，1周后再次手术成功。27例1个月后复查X 光片结石排净，5例结石有残留，行ESWL后治愈。随诊9～15个月，平均11个月，未见结石复发。结论 输尿管镜电子弹道碎石术对上段输尿管结石效果良好，值得推广。     

经腹腔镜或输尿管镜治疗体外冲击波碎石失败的上尿路结石(附45例报告)

目的 评价腹腔镜及输尿管镜治疗体外冲击波碎石（ESWL)失败的上尿路结石的疗效。方法 对ESWL治疗失败的输尿管中、上段结石行腹腔镜经腹膜后输尿管切开取石术，对ESWL治疗失败的输尿管下段结石及输尿管石街行输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术。结果 26例输尿管中上段结石行腹腔镜经腹膜后输尿管切开取石术，24例取石成功，2例结石滑入肾盂，腹腔镜与输尿管镜组合应用取出结石；8例输尿管下段结石经输尿管镜气压弹道碎石成功；11例输尿管石街行输尿管镜气压弹道碎石，9例1周内碎石屑大部分排出，2例石街内仍有较大碎石，放置输尿管内支架管后继续行ESWL排出结石。结论 腹腔镜及输尿管镜治疗ESWL失败的上尿路结石创伤小，效果理想，可作为首选。     

Sonographic findings in cases of missed gallstones

PURPOSE. We retrospectively evaluated sonographic findings in 946 cases of gallstones to determine whether the false-negative rate for gallstone detection by sonography has decreased as a result of technologic advances over the past 15 years. METHODS: We reviewed preoperative sonographic reports, operative notes, and pathologic reports for 614 women and 332 men (ages 22-78 years) seen over a 2.5-year period and compared sonographic findings with surgical pathologic findings after cholecystectomy. Sonograms for patients whose gallstones were missed on sonography were reviewed by 3 board-certified radiologists. RESULTS: Preoperative sonography of the gallbladder accurately predicted the presence of gallstones in 934 cases (98.7%). Gallstones were not identified by sonography in the remaining 12 cases. In those cases, sonography revealed polyps in 5, sludge in 5, sludge plus a polyp in 1, and neither stones nor polyps in 1. Thus, the false-negative rate was 1.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Despite improvements in sonographic technology, detection of small gallstones remains difficult in some cases. Adherent gallstones can mimic gallbladder polyps. Our false-negative rate for detection of gallstones was no different from that in earlier studies.     

The formation of abnormal bile and cholesterol gallstones from dietary cholesterol in the prairie dog

To study the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstones, we fed 24 adult male prairie dogs a high cholesterol, egg yolk diet. 13 control animals received a cholesterol-free diet. All animals fed the egg yolk diet formed multiple gallstones in 2-6 months' time. These stones contained cholesterol, 77+/-14% by dry weight. No stones ocurred in the control group.The egg yolk-fed animals developed bile of altered chemical composition. The cholesterol concentration of hepatic and gallbladder bile increased significantly. The molar ratios of bile acid/cholesterol and phospholipid/cholesterol decreased in hepatic and gallbladder bile. The predominant bile acid shifted from cholic acid, 78% of the total bile acids, to chenodeoxycholic acid, 60% of the total. In common bile duct cannulated animals the high cholesterol diet produced increased secretion of cholesterol by the liver and increased bile flow.In animals fed the egg yolk diet for 2 months, cholesterol-4-(14)C was included in the daily diet for the next 4 months to establish an isotopic steady state. At autopsy the mean specific activity of cholesterol was similar in serum, liver, hepatic bile, gallbladder bile, and gallstones. Thus the cholesterol of gallstones apparently equilibrated constantly throughout the study and was not sequestrated as a static pool.The high cholesterol, egg yolk diet caused the secretion of an "abnormal bile" which led to precipitation of cholesterol from micellar solution. The increased bile cholesterol relative to bile acid and phospholipid favored stone formation. This dietary induction of cholesterol gallstones provided a unique animal model, in part but not completely analogous to human cholelithiasis.