内科胸腔镜对肝性胸水的发生机制和治疗作用研究

目的 探讨内科胸腔镜对肝性胸水的发生机制和临床治疗作用。方法 对26例肝性胸水患者行胸腔镜检查，并对其中24例在胸腔镜直视下向胸腔内均匀喷撒医用灭菌滑石粉3～5g行胸膜腔闭锁治疗，观察其治疗效果及不良反应。结果 胸腔镜检查示25例胸膜光滑无粘连带形成，其中19例胸壁及膈肌静脉显露扩张，6例奇静脉明显充盈扩张，16例存在膈肌小泡。24例经胸腔镜行胸膜腔闭锁术，其中14例完全闭锁，8例部分闭锁，2例无效。术后随访3个月至3年，3例死于上消化道大出血、肝性脑病；1例于术后1．5年胸水复发，1例失访。结论 膈肌小泡破裂形成膈肌小孔，腹水经膈肌小孔进入胸腔是产生肝性胸水的主要机制，而奇静脉、胸壁及膈肌静脉压力升高是构成肝性胸水形成的因素之一。内科胸腔镜胸膜腔闭锁治疗肝性胸水有肯定疗效，但需注意适应证并密切观察患者肝功变化。     

胸腔镜检术对胸腔积液病因的诊断和治疗价值

为了评价胸腔镜检术对胸腔积液的诊疗价值，用纤维支气管镜和硬质冷光源胸腔镜对１４６例原因不明的胸腔积液患者作胸膜腔检查。确诊恶性病者１０９例，良性特异性疾病者１８例。将全部病例的组织学诊断与随访结果比较，发现本检查敏感性达９２．７％，特异性１００．０％，诊断准确率９３．２％。７２例患者经胸腔镜喷入滑石粉治疗，其中６３例患者获得持久胸膜固定，术后仅有短暂发热和局限性皮下气肿，仅２例患者切口部位肿瘤种植。故认为本法对胸腔积液的病因诊断有较高临床实用价值，滑石粉胸膜固定术是控制顽固性胸腔积液的一种有效方法。     

胸腔镜对肝性胸水病人诊断和治疗的价值

我们对23例肝硬化伴顽固性胸水病人进行胸腔镜检查,并对14例病人用经胸腔镜滑石粉喷撒胸膜腔闭锁法进行治疗,以探讨胸腔镜对顽固性肝性胸水病人诊断和治疗的价值。     

内科胸腔镜对胸腔积液诊断和治疗的临床价值

目的：探讨内科胸腔镜对胸腔积液的诊断价值,以及应用内科胸腔镜滑石粉胸膜固定术对恶性胸腔积液的治疗价值。方法回顾性性分析2008年1月至2014年1月在郑州市第三人民医院呼吸内科接受内科胸腔镜诊断的142例胸腔积液患者的临床资料。评价内科胸腔镜对胸腔积液的诊断阳性率和分析病因。将确诊为恶性胸腔积液的患者分为胸腔镜组和对照组。胸腔镜组给予内科胸腔镜滑石粉胸膜固定术,对照组胸给予胸腔引流管内灌注滑石粉而实现胸膜固定。对两组的疗效进行对比和分析。结果在142例胸腔积液患者中,有136例经内科胸腔镜检查及病理活检明确诊断,确诊率达95.8%。其中恶性胸腔积液(含恶性胸膜间皮瘤2例)85例(59.9%),结核性胸膜炎31例(21.8%),肺炎旁积液13例(9.2%),非特异性炎症7例(4.9%),原因不明胸腔积液6例(4.2%)。确诊的85例恶性胸腔积液患者中,胸腔镜组56例,1个月后复查有效率为91.1%,完全缓解率为82.1%;对照组29例,1个月后复查有效率为69.0%,完全缓解率为48.3%,两组有效率和完全缓解率比较,差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为6.786、10.555,P 值分别为0.009、0.001)。结论内科胸腔镜对胸腔积液具有较好的确诊率,内科胸腔镜滑石粉胸膜固定术可以有效地治疗恶性胸腔积液。     

胸膜闭锁术致剧烈腹痛5例

胸膜闭锁术是治疗恶性胸腔积液、顽固性良性胸腔积液、复发性或慢性气胸等合理而有效的治疗方法。胸膜闭锁材料不同 ,所引起的副作用也不尽一致 ,常见的为胸痛、发热、不适和暂时通气受限。 1998年 2月以来 ,我们应用胸膜闭锁术治疗 2 86例胸膜疾病 ,有 5例患者出现剧烈腹痛。现报告如下。临床资料 :男 3例 ,女 2例 ;年龄 2 8～ 6 3岁。其中恶性胸水 2例 ,肝性胸水 1例 ,气胸 2例。 3例应用 3～ 5 g滑石粉(2例经胸腔镜给滑石粉干粉喷撒 ,1例经胸腔引流管注入混悬液 )作用闭锁剂 ,2例应用 3‰硝酸银 2 0 ml作为闭锁剂。术后 5～ 10 m in内出…     

胸膜固定术硬化剂的应用和机制

采用物理、化学或生物性胸膜刺激剂经人工方法导入胸膜腔 ,诱发无菌性炎症 ,促使脏层和壁层胸膜粘连 ,称胸膜固定术。临床常用来治疗恶性胸液、慢性持续性胸腔积液、顽固性气胸等胸膜疾病[1,2 ] ,证实本手术是治疗胸膜疾病的有效措施 ,对某些良性持续性胸腔积液或顽固性气胸患者可为根治性的 ,而对恶性胸液患者可提高生存质量。早在 1935年Ｂｅｔｈｕｎｅ首先介绍将碘化滑石粉喷入胸膜腔诱使胸膜粘连获得成功 ,此后各国学者通过胸腔穿刺术、胸腔插管引流术、胸腔镜检术或剖胸术将滑石粉等导入胸膜腔达到胸膜固定作用[1 6] 。至今 ,刺激胸膜…     

内科胸腔镜在不同原因胸腔积液诊断中的作用

目的评价内科胸腔镜在不同原因胸腔积液中的诊断作用。方法回顾性分析2014年12月-2017年12月在苏州市立医院行内科胸腔镜检查且确诊的57例胸腔积液患者的临床资料,并评价安全性。结果 57例患者中,恶性胸腔积液16例,结核性胸腔积液23例,炎性胸腔积液15例,不明原因积液3例。胸腔镜下恶性胸腔积液主要表现为胸膜结节(单发或多发)、胸膜充血水肿或粘连增厚;结核性胸腔积液表现为胸膜充血,粟粒样结节,多发散在黄白色结节,胸膜粘连增厚,包裹性积液,部分甚至胸膜闭锁;炎性胸腔积液镜下多表现为胸膜充血水肿,轻度粘连,脓胸时则可出现胸膜闭锁。胸腔镜后仅3例患者发生轻度皮下气肿。结论胸腔镜下不同病因胸腔积液的表现各异,内科胸腔镜能直视下判断胸膜及肺部病变情况,具有确诊率高,安全及创伤小特点。     

电视胸腔镜手术在胸腔积液诊治中的应用

目的探讨单操作孔电视胸腔镜手术（video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery,VATS）在诊治胸腔积液中的可行性、有效性和临床价值。方法 2008年2月至2010年10月共施行单操作孔电视胸腔镜手术治疗胸腔积液26例,术中吸净胸腔积液探查胸膜腔,活检钳于胸膜病灶处多处取活检,恶性胸腔积液予胸膜腔喷洒滑石粉行胸膜固定。结果 26例术后确诊：转移性腺癌10例,腺癌8例,结核6例,炎症2例。施行胸膜固定术18例。手术时间35~60 min,平均45 min。无严重并发症及围手术期死亡。结论单操作孔电视胸腔镜手术诊治胸腔积液是一种安全有效微创的术式,具有创伤更小、恢复更快等优势。     

胸腔镜下胸膜固定术治疗恶性胸腔积液的疗效分析

目的探讨内科胸腔镜下滑石粉胸膜固定术治疗恶性胸腔积液的疗效。方法我科收治的48例中-大量恶性胸腔积液患者随机分为两组,实验组25例行内科胸腔镜下滑石粉胸膜固定术,对照组23例经常规胸腔闭式引流后于胸腔内灌注滑石粉。经胸膜固定后,对于PS 0-2分的患者均予全身化疗2周期。随访复查胸CT及B超,观察12周的胸水控制情况,并对两组的疗效及不良反应进行统计学分析。结果实验组有效率92.0%（23/25）、完全缓解率84.0%（21/25）,对照组有效率60.9%（14/23）、完全缓解率43.5%（10/23）,二者具有显著性差异。不良反应中,胸痛实验组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义;发热两组无统计学差异。结论内科胸腔镜下滑石粉胸膜固定术治疗恶性胸腔积液疗效好,且具有安全、微创特点,值得临床推广。     

内科胸腔镜在老年包裹性胸腔积液诊断中的应用价值

目的研究内科胸腔镜在诊断老年包裹性胸腔积液中的应用价值及其安全性。方法采用OLYMPUS公司内科电子胸腔镜LFT240,对24例老年(60~80岁)包裹性胸腔积液患者进行胸腔镜检查,术前采用彩超定位方法选择胸腔镜检查入路,术中对胸膜病变进行多点活检,术后观察患者并发症。结果 24例老年包裹性胸腔积液患者中,成功进入胸膜腔并取得病理22例(91.7%),病理确诊17例(70.8%),2例(8.3%)患者未能进入胸膜腔,检查失败。确诊患者按病因分为:恶性肿瘤6例(25%)、结核病6例(25%)、化脓性炎症5例(20.8%)、非特异性5例(20.8%)。恶性肿瘤中小细胞肺癌4例,肉瘤样癌1例,间皮瘤1例,未见腺癌及鳞癌引起包裹性胸腔积液。术后主要并发症为局部皮下气肿及轻微局部疼痛,未发生严重并发症。结论内科胸腔镜检查对于老年包裹性胸腔积液患者诊断具有简单易行、微创安全高效、并发症发生率低、诊断效能高的特点。     

Systemic inflammatory reaction after thoracoscopic talc poudrage

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have reported fever as a side effect of talc poudrage during thoracoscopic pleurodesis. However, thoracoscopy itself is likely to induce systemic inflammatory reaction, as it is an interventional procedure. The aim of the study was to investigate whether systemic inflammatory response is due to talc poudrage or to thoracoscopy. METHODS: We prospectively studied two groups of patients. The first group (18 patients) underwent thoracoscopic talc poudrage, and the second group (17 patients) underwent only diagnostic thoracoscopy. We measured body temperature, as well as WBC count and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels before the procedure (baseline), and at 24 and 48 h after the procedure. No antiinflammatory medication was permitted to be used before, during, or after the procedure. All patients had a 3-month follow-up. RESULTS: The baseline patient characteristics were similar in both groups. Temperature increased significantly in the thoracoscopic talc poudrage group (overall comparison, p = 0.005) especially at 9, 12, and 24 h after the procedure. Overall, the WBC count (p = 0.004), percentage of neutrophils (p = 0.03), and CRP levels (p < 0.0001) were significantly increased in the group of patients who underwent thoracoscopic talc poudrage. On the contrary, lymphocytes were significantly decreased (overall comparison, p = 0.01) in the thoracoscopic talc poudrage group during the same period. Mild side effects, such as pain during and after thoracoscopy and subcutaneous emphysema, were noted. No severe complication, such as infection or acute respiratory failure, was noted in either group during the hospitalization or during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: According to our results, fever and systemic inflammatory reaction is due to talc poudrage and not to thoracoscopy.     

Diseases of the pleura: the use of talc for pleurodesis

Talc either insufflated (poudrage) or in a suspension (slurry) is commonly used to create a pleurodesis in patients with recurrent pneumothorax or recurrent pleural effusions. There are now at least 32 cases in the literature in which patients developed the acute respiratory distress syndrome after receiving talc intrapleurally. The mechanism for the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the intrapleural administration of talc is not known, but it may be related to the systemic absorption of talc. Since there are effective alternatives to talc for producing pleurodesis (mechanical abrasion if thoracoscopy is performed; tetracycline derivatives or bleomycin if chest tubes are used), intrapleural talc should not be used to produce a pleurodesis.     

Thoracoscopy talc poudrage : a 15-year experience

OBJECTIVES: To review our experience with thoracoscopy and talc poudrage during the previous 15 years with regards to efficacy, side effects, morbidity, and mortality. METHODS: Six hundred fourteen consecutive patients (58.6% female; mean age, 54.5 years) underwent thoracoscopy with talc poudrage from August 1983 to May 1999. Of these, 457 patients had malignant pleural effusions, 108 patients had benign pleural effusions, and 49 patients had spontaneous pneumothorax. RESULTS: Sixty-four patients were excluded from evaluation for efficacy: 30 patients (4.9%) because the lung did not expand at the time of the procedure and 34 patients (5.5%) because they died within 30 days of the thoracoscopy. All exclusions were in the malignant group. The overall success rate of the 393 patients with malignant pleural effusions was 93.4%, while the overall success for the 108 patients with benign effusions was 97%, although 7 patients (7%) with benign effusions required a second thoracoscopy. The success rate with pneumothorax was 100%. Major morbidity included empyema in 4%, reexpansion pulmonary edema in 2.2%, and respiratory failure 1.3%. CONCLUSION: Thoracoscopy with talc poudrage is effective in producing a pleurodesis in malignant and benign pleural effusion and in spontaneous pneumothorax. However, it should be noted that the insufflation of talc has a systemic distribution associated with a low rate of morbidity and perhaps does induce ARDS, which is sometimes fatal in a small percentage of patients. Because of these side effects, the search for a better agent should be continued.     

Chronic chest pain and paresthesia after video-assisted thoracoscopy for primary pneumothorax

BackgroundThis study aims to identify clinical and surgical risk factors for chronic chest pain and paresthesia after video thoracoscopic surgery for primary spontaneous pneumothorax.MethodsWe retrospectively collected the data of 1,178 consecutive patients <40-years-old undergoing video thoracoscopic surgery for primary spontaneous pneumothorax in 9 Italian centers in 2007–2017. Cases with <2-month follow-up were excluded, leaving 920 patients [80% male; median age: 21 (IQR, 18–27) years] for statistical analysis. The following risk factors for chronic chest pain and chronic paresthesia were assessed by univariable and multivariable Cox regression model: age, gender, cannabis smoking, video thoracoscopy ports number, pleurodesis technique (partial pleurectomy/pleural electrocauterization/pleural abrasion/talc poudrage), chest tube size (24/28 F), postoperative chest tube stay.ResultsBlebs/bullae resection with pleurodesis was performed in 732 (80%) cases; pleurodesis alone in 188 (20%). During a median follow-up of 68 (IQR: 42–95) months, chronic chest pain developed in 8% of patients, chronic chest paresthesia in 22%; 0.5% of patients regularly assumed painkillers. Chronic chest pain was independently associated with partial pleurectomy/pleura abrasion (P<0.001) and postoperative chest tube stay (P=0.019). Chronic chest paresthesia was independently associated with pleurodesis by partial pleurectomy (P<0.001), chest tube stay (P=0.035) and 28 F chest tube (P<0.001).ConclusionsAfter video thoracoscopic surgery for primary spontaneous pneumothorax, the incidence of chronic chest pain and paresthesia was significantly lower when pleurodesis was performed by pleural electrocauterization or talc poudrage, and chest tube was removed early. A 24 F chest tube was associated with lower risk of chronic chest paresthesia.     

Medical thoracoscopy

Thoracoscopy has received increasing attention over the past decade as a result of the considerable advances that have been made in the development of endoscopic instruments. In contrast to the newly established video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, the classic way to perform thoracoscopy is using only local anesthesia and sedation (medical thoracoscopy) making the procedure less invasive and expensive. The leading diagnostic indication for medical thoracoscopy today is an exudative pleural effusion of unknown origin offering a yield of more than 90% in malignancy or tuberculous pleurisy. In addition, talc poudrage during thoracoscopy is the most effective way to perform pleurodesis. For spontaneous pneumothorax, the second most important indication, medical thoracoscopy allows staging as well as therapeutic measures such as coagulation of blebs or talc poudrage. Other indications such as biopsy for diffuse lung disease or peripheral nodules are now reserved for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery.     

Clinical efficacy and safety of thoracoscopic talc pleurodesis in malignant pleural effusions

STUDY OBJECTIVES: In patients with disseminated neoplastic disease, recurrent pleural effusion is frequently observed. The purpose of this study was to determine the long-term efficacy and safety of pleurodesis by thoracoscopic talc poudrage (TTP) in malignant pleural effusions (MPEs). METHODS: We report a consecutive series of 102 patients (45 women, 57 men; 20 to 83 years of age) who underwent medical thoracoscopy and TTP for recurrent MPE between 1999 and 2001. Thoracoscopy was performed utilizing local anesthesia and IV sedation (medical thoracoscopy). For pleurodesis, an average of 8 g of sterile talc powder was used. One hundred eighty-day follow-up was completed for all patients, and outcome measures included time to recurrence of the effusion and survival. Efficacy was judged by clinical examination, chest radiograph, and/or thoracic ultrasound examination. Procedure-related complications were documented. RESULTS: The most common primary neoplasms were lung cancer (n = 48), breast cancer (n = 16), and malignant pleural mesothelioma (n = 10). Twenty-eight patients had other types of tumors, including renal cell carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, GI tumors, prostate, malignant lymphoma, and unknown primary cancer. At the end of the primary observation period of 180 days, 38 of 46 surviving patients (82.6%) had a successful pleurodesis. Type of primary neoplasm had no significant influence on success rate. The 30-day mortality rate was 16.7% (n = 17). Survival curves after 180 days showed significant differences, with best survival in mesothelioma and shortest life expectancy in lung cancer (p = 0.005). Adverse effects included empyema in one case and malignant invasion of the scar. No episode of talc-induced ARDS was observed. CONCLUSION: Thoracoscopic talc pleurodesis is a safe and effective method to stop recurrent MPEs. Lasting pleural symphysis is obtained.     

Hepatic hydrothorax

Hepatic hydrothorax (HH) is an uncommon manifestation of cirrhosis with ascites. Pleural effusions form when ascitic fluid moves through diaphragmatic defects that have been opened by increased peritoneal pressure. The diagnosis is established clinically by finding a serous transudate and is confirmed by radionuclide imaging demonstrating communication between the peritoneal and pleural spaces. In end-stage liver disease, the management of hepatic hydrothorax is problematic and often does not respond to medical therapy. Therapeutic options for a refractory hepatic hydrothorax include therapeutic thoracentesis, talc slurry through a chest tube, peritoneovenous and pleurovenous shunting, thoracoscopic talc poudrage, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), thoracosopic diaphragmatic defect repair followed by talc poudrage, and lastly, liver transplant. TIPS can be used as a bridge for transplantation but is often complicated by encephalopathy. Video assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) with patching the defect and talc poudrage may provide symptomatic relief; however, the morbidity and mortality in these extremely ill patients is high. The only definitive treatment for refractory hepatic hydrothorax associated with end-stage cirrhosis is liver transplantation.     

A 62-year-old woman with bilateral pleural effusions and pulmonary infiltrates caused by extramedullary hematopoiesis

A 62-year-old female presented with a 1-month history of irritating cough and increasing dyspnea. A chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis had been diagnosed 5 years ago. CT of the chest and abdomen showed bilateral pleural effusions with a thickened pleura, nodular infiltrations in both lungs, enlarged intraabdominal lymph nodes and splenomegaly. Pleuroscopy (medical thoracoscopy) on the left side revealed dense tumorous nodules mainly on the posterior chest wall pleura, but also on the diaphragm and the lung. Biopsies taken from the chest wall pleura revealed extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) with abnormal megakaryocytes as well as myeloid and erythroid precursors. After unsuccessful tetracycline pleurodesis, talcum slurry was instilled via the chest tube without recurrence of the pleural effusion. Furthermore, treatment with hydroxyurea was started, and the disease regressed and then remained stable over the next 24 months. In conclusion, the pleuropulmonary findings were caused by EMH due to chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis. The definite diagnosis was established by pleuroscopy followed by successful pleurodesis with talc slurry, after tetracycline pleurodesis had failed.     

Prognostic value of pleural fluid pH in malignant epithelial mesothelioma after talc poudrage

BACKGROUND: Current staging schemes for malignant mesothelioma are inadequate. The most accurate staging may require pneumonectomy - a procedure associated with many complications. The pH of pleural fluid (ppH) predicts survival in non-mesotheliomatous malignant pleural effusions, suggesting that this noninvasive test might be useful for prognostication in malignant mesothelioma. OBJECTIVE: It was the aim of this study to determine whether baseline ppH correlates with survival in malignant epithelial pleural mesothelioma. METHODS: We reviewed survival data in patients treated with thoracoscopic talc pleurodesis whose final diagnosis was epithelial malignant pleural mesothelioma and whose chart recorded a ppH determination performed just before thoracoscopy. We monitored 26 patients until April 2002 (25 of these patients died), identifying cutoff ppH values that discriminate best for survival; Cox proportional hazards models were recursively run by increasing the ppH cutoff value by 0.02 each time. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 19+/-14 months. Mean ppH was 7.30+/-0.09, and median ppH was 7.32. Several cutoff points correlated with a statistically significant difference in survival, but ppH 7.32 was associated with the greatest value for the area under the curve. Patients with ppH>.32 lived a median of 21.2 months (95% confidence interval 16.5-30.0 months) after diagnosis compared with patients who had ppH 相似文献