七氟醚对老年冠心病患者胃癌根治术的心肌保护作用

目的比较老年冠心病患者胃癌根治术中七氟醚和丙泊酚麻醉的心肌保护作用。方法择期行胃癌根治手术患者40例,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,年龄65～85岁,随机均分为丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼组(P组)和七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼组(S组)。记录术中血管活性药物使用情况。分别于术前、术后即刻、术后6、12、24h抽取中心静脉血测定血清心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)和肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)浓度。结果两组血管活性药物使用情况差异无统计学意义。术后6、12、24hS组CK-MB、cTnI浓度明显低于P组(P<0.05)。结论七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼比丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉对老年冠心病患者行胃癌根治术具有更好的心肌保护效果。     

单肺通气期间七氟醚或丙泊酚对脑氧代谢的影响

目的观察单肺通气期间七氟醚或丙泊酚联合靶控持续输注瑞芬太尼对脑氧代谢的影响。方法选择行肺叶切除术患者30例,随机分为七氟醚组（S组）或丙泊酚组（P组）,每组各15例。麻醉诱导后,分别持续吸入七氟醚1%-2.5%或静脉持续泵入丙泊酚4-8 mg/（kg.h）。于双肺通气15 min（T1）,单肺通气15 min（T2）,单肺通气30 min（T3）,恢复双肺通气之后15min（T4）时点记录HR、MAP及BIS值,同时采集桡动脉、颈内静脉球血行血气分析,测定颈静脉球氧饱和度（SjvO2）,并计算脑动静氧含量差（AjvDO2）及COER值。结果两组在T2、T3时点的PaO2值较T1时点明显降低（P〈0.05）;S组各时点的SjvO2值、AjvDO2值、COER值与P组相应时点比较,无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。结论单肺通气过程中七氟醚与丙泊酚联合瑞芬太尼均能够达到满意麻醉效果,并保持脑氧供需平衡。     

瑞芬太尼-丙泊酚靶控输注麻醉与瑞芬太尼-七氟醚麻醉用于腹腔镜胆囊手术的比较

目的 比较瑞芬太尼-丙泊酚靶控输注麻醉和瑞芬太尼七氟醚麻醉用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic chdecystectomy,LC)对患者血流动力学及术后苏醒的影响.方法 48例行择期LC患者,年龄21岁～73岁,ASA Ⅰ级～Ⅱ级,采用完全随机的设计分为2组:瑞芬太尼-丙泊酚靶控输注麻醉组(RP组,n=24)和瑞芬太尼七氟醚维持麻醉组(RP组,n=24).分别记录2组手术期间麻醉用药维持量,麻醉过程各时点的平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR)及术毕患者苏醒各时段时间.结果 RP组与RS组血流动力学变化差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).苏醒时间RS组(7.0±3.4)min比RP组(13.1±7.8)min明显缩短(P<0.01).结论 七氟醚-端芬太尼维持麻醉与丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼靶控输注麻醉对患者术中血流动力学效应相当,然而七氟醚-瑞芬太尼维持麻醉患者苏醒更快,更适合用于快通道麻醉.     

丙泊酚与七氟醚对舌癌根治术患者NK细胞和B淋巴细胞的影响

目的比较丙泊酚与七氟醚对舌癌根治术患者外周血NK细胞和B淋巴细胞的影响。方法选择择期行舌癌根治术患者40例,男25例,女15例,年龄44~67岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。随机分为两组:丙泊酚组(P组)和七氟醚组(S组),每组20例。P组采用丙泊酚2.0~2.5mg/kg、瑞芬太尼1~2μg/kg、顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵0.15mg/kg静脉麻醉诱导,丙泊酚4~6mg·kg-1·h-1及瑞芬太尼0.2~0.3μg·kg-1·min-1静脉输注维持麻醉;S组采用8%七氟醚、新鲜气体流量5L/min吸入,瑞芬太尼1~2μg/kg、顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵0.15mg/kg静脉注射诱导,瑞芬太尼0.2~0.3μg·kg-1·min-1静脉输注及2%~3%七氟醚吸入维持麻醉。分别在麻醉诱导前30min(T0)、麻醉后1h(T1)、3h(T2)、5h(T3)、手术结束时(T4)、手术结束后24h(T5)、48h(T6)、72h(T7)采集外周静脉血,采用流式细胞仪测定外周血NK细胞(CD3-CD16+56+)及B淋巴细胞(CD3-CD19+)百分比。结果与T0时比较,T1~T5时两组CD3-CD16+56+和CD3-CD19+百分比明显降低(P0.05),T6时S组CD3-CD16+56+百分比明显降低(P0.05);T2~T6时S组CD3-CD16+56+百分比明显低于P组(P0.05),两组各时点CD3-CD19+百分比差异无统计学意义。结论与七氟醚比较,丙泊酚可维持较高的NK细胞百分比,有利于维持舌癌根治术患者免疫功能。     

瑞芬太尼复合七氟醚在新生儿全身麻醉中的应用

目的观察瑞芬太尼复合七氟醚在新生儿全身麻醉中应用的安全性及有效性。方法40例择期行腹部手术的足月新生儿,年龄3~28 d,随机均分为瑞芬太尼复合七氟醚维持麻醉组(A组)和单纯七氟醚维持麻醉组(B组)。两组均给予七氟醚诱导,气管插管后,A组静脉泵入瑞芬太尼0.33μg·kg-1·min-1,两组均根据患儿临床表现(HR、BP、体动、呼吸对抗)调节七氟醚浓度。A组在术毕前约15 min停止泵入瑞芬太尼,两组均于手术结束时停止吸入七氟醚。记录入室时(T1)、手术开始前即刻(T2)、手术开始后10 min(T3)、60 min(T4)、拔除气管导管时(T5)患儿的HR、MAP、呼气末七氟醚浓度(C ET Sev),并记录患儿的拔管时间及不良反应。结果 T3~T5时A组HR明显慢于B组(P0.05);T3时A组MAP明显低于B组(P0.05);T2~T4时A组C ET Sev明显低于B组(P0.05)。两组拔管时间差异无统计学意义。无低血压、严重心动过缓等不良反应。结论瑞芬太尼复合七氟醚用于新生儿可以提供满意的麻醉效果,减少吸入麻醉药用量,不良反应少。     

两种麻醉方法下食道癌根治术患者单肺通气期间肺内分流的比较

目的 比较食管癌根治术患者异丙酚-瑞芬太尼靶控静脉麻醉与异氟醚麻醉下单肺通气（OLV）期间肺内分流的变化。方法 择期行中、下段食管癌左侧开胸切除术患者24例，年龄42，69岁，ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。随机均分为2组：异丙酚．瑞芬太尼组（PR组）和异氟醚组（ISO组）。PR组靶控输注异丙酚和瑞芬太尼，血浆靶浓度分别为3．2μg／ml和4．5ng／ml；ISO组吸入异氟醚（呼气末浓度为1．5％～2．5％），间断静脉注射芬太尼2μg／kg。持续监测ECG、平均动脉压（MAP）、SpO2、听觉诱发电位指数（AAI）、心脏指数（CI）、气道压（Paw）。麻醉诱导后，插入右双腔支气管导管，分别于平卧位漂浮导管置人后10min（T0）、右侧卧位双肺通气10min（T1）、单肺通气15、30、60、90min（T2～T5）进行动脉血及混合静脉血血气分析，计算肺内分流率（Q0／Q1）。结果 两组术中AAI均低于30，PaCO2、pH在正常范围内，组间各时点AAI、PaCO2、pH和Paw比较差异无统计学意义。与T0相比，两组T2-5时Paw升高，T1-5时Qa／Qt增加，于T2达到高峰；PaO2降低，于T2降至最低（P〈0．05），而CI差异无统计学意义（P〉O．05）。与ISO组比较，T2-5时PR组Qa／Qt降低（P〈0．05），PaO2差异无统计学意义。结论 与异氟醚麻醉比较，异丙酚-瑞芬太尼麻醉在OLV期间可减少食管癌根治术患者肺内分流，但对PaO2的影响不明显。     

七氟醚吸入与丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉在全胃切除手术中的应用比较

目的：比较七氟醚吸入与丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉在全胃切除手术中的应用效果。 方法：146例择期全胃切除术患者随机均分为对照组和观察组,对照组患者使用丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉,观察组使用吸入性七氟醚。记录观察两组患者术后不良反应、术后恢复情况、术后的疼痛情况。 结果：术后观察组患者不良反应发生率明显低于对照组患者,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）;两组术后恢复情况基本一致（P>0.05）;观察组在5 min至3 h的术后疼痛评分低于对照组（P<0.01）,24 h后,两组患者疼痛情况基本一致,患者疼痛均得到较好的控制（P>0.05）。 结论：七氟醚吸入麻醉或丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼静脉麻醉均可安全应用于全胃切除手术,七氟醚吸入麻醉效果更好。

     

异丙酚对内毒素性急性肺损伤大鼠中性粒细胞NF-κB活化的影响

目的 探讨异丙酚对内毒素性急性肺损伤(ALI)大鼠中性粒细胞NF-κB活化的影响.方法 健康清洁级SD大鼠60只,3月龄,体重250～350 g,雌雄不拘,随机分为5组(n=12):对照组(C组)、ALI组和不同剂量异丙酚组(Pl组、P2组、P3组).ALI组经股静脉注射LPS 5 mg/kg;Pl组、P2组和P3组经股静脉注射LPS 5 mg/kg后立即分别静脉输注异丙酚5、10和15 mg·kg-1·h-1,输注时间2 h;C组经股静脉注射10 ml生理盐水.异丙酚输注结束时,行肺组织病理学评分,采集颈动脉血样,测定中性粒细胞总NF-κB和活化的NF-κB的表达水平.结果 与C组比较,ALI组、P1组和P2组肺组织病理学评分和中性粒细胞活化的NF-κB表达水平升高,P3组肺组织病理学评分升高(P＜0.05);与ALI组比较,P2组和P3组肺组织病理学评分降低,P1组～P3组中性粒细胞活化的NF-κB表达水平降低(P＜0.05);P1组～P3组肺组织病理学评分和中性粒细胞活化的NF-κB表达水平依次降低(P＜0.05);各组中性粒细胞总NF-κB表达水平差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 异丙酚减轻大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤的机制可能与抑制外周血中性粒细胞NF-κB的活化有关.     

不同麻醉方法对行腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术患者认知功能的影响

目的比较靶控输注丙泊酚瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉、七氟醚和瑞芬太尼静吸复合麻醉及七氟醚加芬太尼复合腰硬联合麻醉对行腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术患者术后认知功能的影响。方法选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,年龄60-75岁行择期腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术患者60例,随机分为靶控输注丙泊酚瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉组（PR组）,七氟醚和瑞芬太尼静吸麻醉组（SR组）和七氟醚加瑞芬太尼复合腰硬联合麻醉组（CS组）,每组20例。在麻醉诱导前、术后1h、3h、5h和24h应用简易智力状态检查（MMS）测试方法评定其认知功能。结果三组患者各时间点MMS评分组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）：三组患者在术后1h均较术前显著降低（P〈0．05）,PR组、SR组和CS组分别有4例（20％）、有7例（35％）,3例（15％）患者有明显的认知功能降低;术后3hPR组和SR组分别有2例（10％）和有3例（15％）MMS分值较低,CS组基本恢复至术前水平;术后5h和24h三组MMS评分恢复至术前水平。结论在腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术后均可引起一过性的术后认知功能障碍,三种麻醉方法的影响相似。     

瑞马唑仑复合瑞芬太尼麻醉用于衰弱老年患者胃癌根治术的效果

目的评价瑞马唑仑复合瑞芬太尼麻醉用于衰弱老年患者胃癌根治术的效果。方法择期行腹腔镜胃癌根治术患者120例, 年龄65～75岁, 性别不限, BMI 18～28 kg/m2, 简易虚弱问卷量表评分3～5分, 按照随机数字表法分为3组(n=40):丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼组(P组)、低剂量瑞马唑仑复合瑞芬太尼组(B1组)和高剂量瑞马唑仑复合瑞芬太尼组(B2组)。麻醉诱导:P组静脉注射丙泊酚2 mg/kg, B1组和B2组分别静脉泵注瑞马唑仑6和12 mg·kg-1·h-1, 意识消失后3组静脉注射阿芬太尼和罗库溴铵。麻醉维持:P组静脉泵注丙泊酚4～12 mg·kg-1·h-1, B1组和B2组静脉泵注瑞马唑仑0.5～1.0 mg·kg-1·h-1, 3组静脉输注瑞芬太尼0.05～0.20 μg·kg-1·h-1, 间断静脉注射罗库溴铵, 术中维持BIS值45～55。记录意识消失时间、意识恢复时间和气管拔管时间;记录麻醉诱导时注射痛、术中心血管事件、术中知晓和PACU期间呼吸抑制、恶心呕吐、嗜睡的发生情况。结果与P组比较, B1组和B2组意识消失时间延长, 注射痛、术中低血压和心动过缓发生率降低,...     

维生素D受体在糖尿病肾病足细胞损伤及蛋白尿缓解中的作用

目的探讨维生素D受体(VDR)在糖尿病肾病(DKD)足细胞中的表达水平及在足细胞损伤及蛋白尿缓解中的作用。方法(1)本研究纳入了65例诊断患有2型糖尿病(伴或不伴蛋白尿)的患者,并纳入了25例年龄和性别相匹配的健康体检者为对照组。根据白蛋白/肌酐(ACR)的尿排泄比例对2型糖尿病患者进行分组,分别为无蛋白尿(ACR<30 mg/g,n=24)、微量白蛋白尿(ACR 30~300 mg/g,n=18)和临床蛋白尿(ACR>300 mg/g,n=23)。另选择25例经肾活检确诊的DKD患者作为DKD组。正常肾脏组织标本均取自泌尿外科同一时期肾脏肿瘤切除患者10例。将各组检测指标进行对比,同时采用实时定量PCR、ELISA法和免疫组化法检测VDR在各组患者的血液、尿液样本和肾脏组织中的表达情况,以及使用Pearson相关分析分析VDR与尿蛋白的相关性。(2)在2型糖尿病肾病小鼠模型中对上述结果进行验证,将遗传背景均为C57BLKs/J的雄性db/db小鼠及同窝出生的db/m小鼠,随机分为正常对照组(A组)、DKD对照组(B组)、DKD二甲基亚砜处理组(C组)、DKD帕立骨化醇(VDR激动剂)处理组(D组),C、D组连续腹腔注射处理8周,对照组不做任何处理。小鼠10周龄时开始连续干预8周,在小鼠22周龄(开始干预后12周)检测各组小鼠体重、血、尿生化指标对比;Western印迹法检测β⁃catenin、VDR的变化;免疫荧光观察足细胞标志蛋白podocin及足细胞损伤蛋白α⁃SMA的表达变化。结果(1)与正常健康对照组相比,无蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组和临床蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05);与无蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者相比,微量白蛋白尿组和临床蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05)。(2)与正常健康对照组相比,无蛋白尿糖尿病组和DKD组患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05);与无蛋白尿糖尿病组患者相比,DKD组患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平亦较低(均P<0.05)。(3)免疫组化结果显示,DKD组肾组织中VDR的表达明显少于正常对照组。(4)DKD患者血浆中VDR mRNA相对水平与ACR呈负相关(r=-0.342,P<0.05)。(5)各组尿液上清液中VDR的水平与血浆中的水平呈相反趋势。(6)Western印迹结果显示,B组、C组肾小球足细胞β⁃catenin蛋白表达高于D组(均P<0.05),VDR蛋白的表达低于D组(均P<0.05);免疫荧光结果显示,B组、C组肾小球足细胞podocin的表达低于D组(均P<0.05),α⁃SMA的表达高于D组(均P<0.05)。结论VDR高表达缓解DKD足细胞损伤及蛋白尿。     

Fibrinogen-thrombin collagen patch reinforcement of highrisk colonic anastomoses in rats

AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of human fibrinogenthrombin collagen patch(TachoSil~?) in the reinforcement of high-risk colon anastomoses.METHODS A quasi-experimental study was conducted in Wistar rats(n = 56) that all underwent high-risk anastomoses(anastomosis with only two sutures) after colectomies. The rats were divided into two randomized groups: Control group(24 rats) and treatment group(24 rats). In the treatment group, high-risk anastomosis was reinforced with TachoSil~? (a piece of Tacho Sil? was applied over this high-risk anastomosis, covering the gap). Leak incidence, overall survival, intra-abdominal adhesions, and histologic healing of anastomoses were analyzed. Survivors were divided into two subgroups and euthanized at 15 and 30 d after intervention in order to analyze the adhesions and histologic changes. RESULTS Overall survival was 71.4% and 57.14% in the TachoSil~? group and control group, respectively(P = 0.29); four rats died from other causes and six rats in the treatment group and 10 in the control group experienced colonic leakage(P 0.05). The intra-abdominal adhesion score was similar in both groups, with no differences between subgroups. We found non-significant differences in the healing process according to the histologic score used in both groups(P = 0.066).CONCLUSION In our study, the use of TachoSil~? was associated with a non-statistically significant reduction in the rate of leakage in high-risk anastomoses. TachoSil~? has been shown to be a safe product because it does not affect the histologic healing process or increase intra-abdominal adhesions.     

Protective effect of a prostaglandin oligomer on liver mitochondria in situ: time-shared measurements of fluorescence and reflectance in the cold-preserved rat liver

The protective effect of a new oligomeric derivative of prostaglandin B₂, known as OC-5186, was evaluated using time-sharing spectrofluorometry in the coldpreserved rat liver. Experiments were divided into three groups: in group A, a 5000 ng dose of OC-5186 was administered via the peripheral vein, 1000 ng via the portal vein, and 200 ng/ml in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution; in group B, the OC-5186 dosage was ten times greater than that in group A; in group C (control group), liver procurement and storage were performed without OC-5186. At 0, 12, and 24 h after cold preservation at 4°C, the liver was perfused for 30 min at 12°C with oxygenized Krebs-Henseleit solution, after which the perfusate was switched to deoxygenized Krebs-Henseleit solution. Time sharing spectrofluorometry was used to follow NADH fluorescence at 450 nm with a 360-nm excitation wavelength, as well as the reflectance of cytochrome aa ₃ with 605 minus 620 nm from oxidation to reduction. Rate constants of NADH fluorescence and cytochrome aa ₃ reflectance were used as indices of integrity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. In group C, the rate constant of NADH fluorescence decreased significantly (P<0.05) from the control value of 8.31±0.21×10^-3 (sec^-1) to 4.97±0.15×10^-3 and 5.58±0.16×10^-3 (mean±SEM) at 12 and 24 h after cold preservation, respectively. By contrast, in groups A and B, the rate constant of NADH fluorescence was maintained at significantly (P<0.05) higher levels of 6.57±0.54×10^-3 and 7.29±0.48×10^-3, and 6.94±0.44×10^-3 and 6.86±0.44×10^-3 at 12 and 24 h, respectively. The rate constant of cytochrome aa ₃ reflectance between the OC-5186 groups and the control group was not significant. It is concluded that OC-5186 has a protective effect on the mitochondrial respiratory chain against cold-preservation and/or reperfusion injury.     

Effects of intravenous anesthetics on bacterial elimination in human blood in vitro

Backround : Since anesthetics are widely used in critically ill patients, this study investigates anesthetic effects on neutrophil and monocyte function concerning bacterial elimination in human whole blood. Methods : The effects of thiopental (20 and 200 μg/ml), propofol (5 and 50 μg/ml), midazolam (0.15 and 1.5 μg/ml) and ketamine (3 and 30 μg/ml) on elimination of Escherichia (E.) coli from whole blood were investigated in vitro after incubation for 1 h in both clinical (1) (n=10) and 10-fold higher (h) (n=11) concentrations. These data were compared to neutrophil and monocyte phagocytosis (1; n=6) and burst activity (1; n=10, h; n=11), measured by flow cytometry. To enable quantification of the clearance process, a defined number of 10⁵ colony forming units of E. coli were added to the blood assays and bacterial growth was determined. Results : All anesthetics delayed bacterial clearance from the blood in the 10-fold concentration (P<0.05). Thiopental (1+h) and propofol (h) suppressed neutrophil (59±3% and 38±6%) and monocytic (45±6% and 30±11%) oxidative burst (P<0.01). Phagocytosis was reduced even after propofol (1) in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) (34±9%; P<0.05) and monocytes (35±11%). Ketamine (h) prolonged bacterial elimination (P<0.01), which did correlate with inhibition of monocytic phagocytosis, by 26±14%. Midazolam application (h) resulted in an inhibition of PMN-respiratory burst by 19±6% (P<0.05) and impaired bacterial clearance (P<0.05). Conclusion : Thiopental, propofol, midazolam and ketamine affect E. coli clearance and neutrophil and monocyte oxidative burst and phagocytosis in vitro only in high concentrations, while thiopental inhibited monocytic burst and propofol impaired PMN phagocytosis even in clinically used concentrations. These data suggest that i.v. anesthetics in concentrations recommended for general anesthesia seem to have minor influence on the investigated host defense mechanisms.     

改道性结肠炎治疗进展

改道性结肠炎(diversion colitis,DC)是在结肠或回肠造口术后无粪流通过的旷置结肠段粘膜的非特异性炎症。尽管绝大多数肠道造口患者无症状,但几乎所有粪便改道患者均可出现DC。DC的临床症状主要有腹痛、里急后重、便血以及排粘液分泌物等,且随着肠管旷置时间延长而炎症可日渐加重,进而不同程度影响了这类患者的生活质量。然而,国内对DC的研究甚少,对DC的认识有限,因而还未引起临床医生的足够重视。鉴于此,我们在本文中对DC的表现及治疗方面的研究进展作一综述,以期能够提高临床对改道性结肠炎的认识,同时帮助临床医生做出更好的治疗决策。     

不同尿钙水平的Gitelman综合征患者临床特点比较

目的观察不同尿钙水平Gitelman综合征(GS)患者的临床特点,探讨尿钙在GS疾病临床分型中的价值。方法收集2016—2018年来自中国国家罕见病注册系统(NRSC)、在北京协和医院行SLC12A3基因检测诊断为GS患者的临床资料,分析其尿钙特点,比较不同尿钙水平患者的临床和实验室检查指标。氢氯噻嗪试验按照标准操作流程进行,测定患者基线和用药后3 h内氯离子排泄分数改变量的最大值(ΔFECl)。结果共有83例GS患者被纳入研究,其中低尿钙患者53例(63.86%)。低尿钙组尿钙/肌酐比明显低于非低尿钙组[(0.085±0.058)mmol/mmol比(0.471±0.284)mmol/mmol,t=7.349,P<0.001]。两组患者在年龄、性别、估算肾小球滤过率、血压、血尿电解质水平、代谢性碱中毒方面差异均无统计学意义。低尿钙组患者乏力(χ2=4.595,P=0.032)及多尿(χ2=5.778,P=0.016)发生比例低于非低尿钙组,两组患者在其他临床症状方面差异无统计学意义。低尿钙和非低尿钙组各有16例患者行氢氯噻嗪试验,中位ΔFECl结果分别为0.539%(0.430%,1.283%)和0.829%(0.119%,1.298%),均提示对氢氯噻嗪无反应,组间差异无统计学意义(U=130.000,P=0.956)。结论GS患者中低尿钙比例为63.86%,尿钙水平与疾病临床表型、NCC功能损伤严重程度之间均无明确相关性。     

Enhancement of the effect of low-dose cyclosporin A by sulphasalazine in prevention of cardiac allograft rejection in the rat

Sulphasalazine (SASP) is an immunomodulatory compound with disease-modifying activity in ulcerative colitis and in other autoimmune disorders. SASP was previously shown to prolong the survival of heart allografts in rats treated with cyclosporin A (CyA) for 9 days after transplantation. We have now evaluated whether SASP also exerts a beneficial effect under continuous treatment with CyA, when CyA is discontinued after 14 days, or alone if given 10 days prior to transplantation. Cardiac grafts were transplanted from PVG donors to Wistar/Kyoto recipients using an accessory cervical heart transplantation technique. Rejection was defined as the absence of palpable contractions and occurred in the control group in a very reproducible manner on day 8 or 9. SASP alone was given orally (100 mg/kg body weight) starting 10 days before transplantation and resulted in a minor prolongation of graft survival. When SASP was given in addition to oral CyA (1 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg from day 0 to rejection) there was a significant prolongation in graft survival [from medians of 8 (range 6–11) and 9 (range 8–11) days, respectively, to medians of 10 (range 8–15) and 12 (range 11–15) days, respectively]. When SASP was given from day 0 to rejection, in addition to a schedule of oral CyA (10 mg/kg) for 15 days, there was no prolongation of graft survival [median of 30 (range 26–42) days vs median of 32 (26–38) days]. The data show that SASP acts as a weak immunosuppressive agent which enhances the effect of CyA given at a low dose. This warrants further investigation as to whether SASP can be used as an additive to conventional regimes in order to allow a lowered dose of CyA for long-term treatment.     

Higher Expression of Myosin Heavy Chain IIx in Wrist Flexors in Cerebral Palsy

Background  

Children with cerebral palsy (CP) use their paretic arm less than normal but have a relative overactivity of wrist flexors, causing an impairing flexed position of the wrist. Voluntary use of a muscle downregulates myosin heavy chain (MyHC) IIx, but it is unclear whether the relative overactivity of wrist flexors and extensors in children with CP affects MyHC expression compared to normal subjects.     

Cost-effectiveness of three combinations of antiemetics in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting

Background. This study compares the cost-effectiveness of threecombinations of antiemetics in the prevention of postoperativenausea and vomiting (PONV). Methods. We conducted a prospective, double-blind study. NinetyASA I–II females, 18–65 yr, undergoing general anaesthesiafor major gynaecological surgery, with standardized postoperativeanalgesia (intrathecal 0.2 mg plus i.v. PCA morphine), wererandomly assigned to receive: ondansetron 4 mg plus droperidol1.25 mg after induction and droperidol 1.25 mg 12 h later (Group1); dexamethasone 8 mg plus droperidol 1.25 mg after inductionand droperidol 1.25 mg 12 h later (Group 2); ondansetron 4 mgplus dexamethasone 8 mg after induction and placebo 12 h later(Group 3). A decision analysis tree was used to divide eachgroup into nine mutually exclusive subgroups, depending on theincidence of PONV, need for rescue therapy, side effects andtheir treatment. Direct cost and probabilities were calculatedfor each subgroup, then a cost-effectiveness analysis was conductedfrom the hospital point of view. Results. Groups 1 and 3 were more effective (80 and 70%) thanGroup 2 (40%, P=0.004) in preventing PONV but also more expensive.Compared with Group 2, the incremental cost per extra patientwithout PONV was €6.99 (95% CI, –1.26 to 36.57) forGroup 1 and €13.55 (95% CI, 0.89–132.90) for Group3. Conclusion. Ondansetron+droperidol is cheaper and at least aseffective as ondansetron+ dexamethasone, and it is more effectivethan dexamethasone+droperidol with a reasonable extra cost. Br J Anaesth 2003; 91: 589–92     

Magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of rejection of a kindney allograft in the rat

Orthotopic DA (RT1^a) into Lewis (RT1¹) rat kidney allografts and control Lewis-into-Lewis grafts were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and perfusion measurement after intravenous injection of a superparamagnetic contrast agent. MRI anatomical scores (range 1–6) and perfusion rates were compared with graft histology (rank of rejection score 1–6). Not only acute rejection, but also chronic events were monitored after acute rejection was prevented by daily cyclosporine (Sandimmune) treatment during the first 2 weeks after transplantation. In acute allograft rejection (n=11), MRI scores reached the maximum value of 6 and perfusion rates were severely reduced within 5 days after transplantation; histology showed severe acute rejection (histologic score 5–6). In the chronic phase (100–130 days after transplantation), allografts (n=5) manifested rejection (in histology cellular rejection and vessel changes), accompanied by MRI scores of around 2–3 and reduced perfusion rates. Both in the acute and chronic phases, the MRI anatomical score correlated significantly with the histological score (Spearman rank correlation coefficient r _s 0.89, n=30, P<0.01), and perfusion rates correlated significantly with the MRI score or histological score (r _s values between-0.60 and -0.87, n=23, P<0.01). It is concluded that MRI represents an interesting tool for assessing the anatomical and hemodynamical status of a kidney allograft in the acute and chronic phases after transplantation.