医学生情绪调节自我效能感与社会支持、应对方式的关系

目的:探讨医学生情绪调节自我效能感、社会支持、应对方式三者间的关系,为医学生的心理咨询和心理健康教育提供科学依据,从而提高医学生的心理健康水平。方法:通过情绪调节自我效能感量表、领悟社会支持量表、应对方式问卷对某医科大学的319名医学生进行调查。结果:医学生的总体情绪调节自我效能感总体上处于中等偏上水平,但在结构上有所失衡:医学生感受和调节正性情绪的效能感比较高,而调节沮丧/痛苦情绪效能感和调节生气/愤怒情绪效能感比较低;女医学生感受正性情绪效能显著高于男医学生(t=2.83,P0.01);而男医学生调节沮丧痛苦情绪效能感和调节生气愤怒情绪效能感显著高于女生(t=4.78,2.19;P0.01);情绪调节自我效能感总分及各维度分均与消极应对都呈显著负相关,与社会支持呈显著正相关,感受正性情绪效能感和领悟社会支持对应对方式有一定的负向预测作用。结论:医学院校应采取各种有效方式加强心理健康的教育,提高医学生对情绪的调节效能感以及领悟社会支持的能力,改变认知,从而更好应对压力。     

生活事件、社会支持、应付方式及自我效能感对心理健康的影响

目的 探讨初中学生生活事件、社会支持、应对方式及自我效能感与心理健康的关系.方法 对232名初中学生施测普通健康问卷、青少年生活事件量表、领悟社会支持量表、应付方式问卷、一般自我效能感量表.结果 (1)生活事件与心理健康有显著的负相关,应付方式、自我效能感、社会支持与心理健康有显著的正相关.(2)应付方式、自我效能感对心理健康有显著的直接影响,同时自我效能感还通过应付方式间接影响心理健康;生活事件需要透过应付方式间接影响心理健康,社会支持透过自我效能感与应付方式间接影响心理健康.结论 应付方式、自我效能感直接影响心理健康,而生活事件、社会支持是间接影响心理健康.     

医学生自我效能感在应对方式与幸福感的作用

目的探讨自我效能感在医学生特质应对方式、幸福感中的作用机制。方法对405名学生施测特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)、一般自我效能感量表(GSES)、大学生幸福感影响因素问卷(AFW-US)。采用相关分析和回归分析进行探索。结果①医学生幸福感与自我效能感和积极应对有显著正相关(r=0.353,0.281;P<0.01),而与消极应对呈显著负相关(r=-0.102,P<0.05);自我效能感与积极应对呈显著正相关(r=0.256,P<0.01),与消极应对呈显著负相关(r=-0.261,P<0.01);②自我效能感和特质应对方式可以显著预测医学生幸福感;自我效能感是应对方式与幸福感之间的中介变量。结论自我效能感在特质应对方式影响医学生幸福感中具有部分中介效应。     

私立学校中小学教师心理健康及其相关因素的研究

目的　考察私立学校教师心理及其影响因素。方法　应用 SCL— 90、社会支持、简易应对方式和一般自我效能感等量表测量私立学校教师的心理健康状况、社会支持程度、应对方式和自信心。结果　私立学校的教师在 SCL— 90各因子(除了人际关系以外 )都高出国内常模 ,而且心理健康状况与社会支持、消极的应对方式和自我效能感以及年龄相关显著。结论　私立学校的教师心理健康值得关注 ,学校与教师应自觉维护和提高     

大学生感恩状况及其与应对方式、领悟社会支持的关系

目的了解大学生感恩状况及其与应对方式、领悟社会支持的关系,为开展心理健康教育提供依据。方法采用感恩问卷(GQ-6)的中文修订版、简易应对方式问卷、领悟社会支持量表,对湖北省某高校162名大学本科生进行问卷调查。结果大学生感恩倾向较为强烈;男生得分显著低于女生(t=-2.65,P<0.01);感恩与积极应对方式、领悟社会支持均显著正相关(r=0.35,0.41,P<0.01),积极应对方式与领悟社会支持显著正相关(r=0.41,P<0.05);其它支持和积极应对对感恩的预测力达到了显著水平(β=0.294,0.231,P<0.01)。结论大学生感恩倾向较为强烈,存在显著的性别差异,感恩、应对方式、领悟社会支持显著正相关,其中其它支持和积极应对对感恩有正向预测作用。     

老年人自我效能感-保护因素和非保护因素的影响

目的:探讨生活满意度、孤独感、神经质、积极应对方式、消极应对方式对自我效能感的预测。方法:在社区向老人发放、并回收167份问卷,采用生活满意度问卷、孤独感量表、神经质量表、简易应对方式问卷对老年人的相关特征进行测量。结果:生活满意度(β=0.300,P0.01)、孤独感(β=-0.236,P0.01)、神经质(β=-0.156,P0.05)、积极应对方式(β=0.218,P0.01)、消极应对方式(β=0.218,P0.01)可以显著预测自我效能感。逐步回归显示,生活满意度对自我效能感的预测力最大(R~2=0.20)。结论:自我效能感可以被保护因素和危险因素所预测。     

一般自我效能感与消极应对方式在儿童期创伤与军校大学生焦虑间的中介作用

目的:探讨儿童期创伤、一般自我效能感、消极应对方式与军校大学生焦虑之间的关系,为维护与促进大学生心理健康提供科学参考。方法:采用儿童期创伤问卷(CTQ-SF)、一般自我效能感量表(GSES)、简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)和焦虑自评量表(SAS)对整群抽取的某军校450名军校大学生进行测量。结果:焦虑高分组在儿童期创伤、情感虐待、身体虐待、性虐待、情感忽视、身体忽视、消极应对方式得分上均高于低分组(t=-8.584,-7.331,-6.323,-5.721,-7.397,-8.102,-4.407;P0.01),而在积极应对方式、一般自我效能感得分上则低于低分组(t=7.444,9.904;P0.01)。焦虑得分与儿童期创伤总分、情感虐待、身体虐待、性虐待、情感忽视、身体忽视、消极应对方式均呈正相关(r=0.266～0.540,P0.01),与积极应对方式、一般自我效能感负相关(r=-0.320,-0.413;P0.01)。儿童期创伤总分、一般自我效能感和消极应对方式可有效预测焦虑情况(β=0.416,-0.305,0.164;P0.01)。一般自我效能感、消极应对方式在儿童期创伤与焦虑中起部分中介作用。结论:儿童期创伤不仅对军校大学生的焦虑情绪有直接影响,还可以通过提高一般自我效能感和改善消极应对方式对军校大学生的焦虑情绪产生间接影响。     

来自四川地震灾区的大学新生一般自我效能感、应对方式与心理健康的关系

目的:了解5.12汶川地震后来自四川地震灾区的大学新生一般自我效能感、应对方式和心理健康的关系。方法:采用一般自我效能感量表、应对方式问卷和症状自评量表对来自四川地震灾区的598名大学新生进行调查。结果:来自地震灾区的大学新生一般自我效能感、应对方式各维度和心理健康两两显著相关(P<0.05或P<0.001);来自地震灾区的大学新生一般自我效能感对心理健康有直接预测作用,也通过积极应对方式起间接预测作用。结论:来自地震灾区的大学新生积极的应对方式在一般自我效能感与心理健康间起部分中介作用。     

军校男大学生特质焦虑与自我效能感、社会支持及应对方式的关系

目的探讨军校大学生特质焦虑与自我效能感、社会支持、应对方式的关系。方法对某军校591名男性学员进行状态-特质焦虑问卷(STAI)、一般自我效能感量表(GSES)、领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)和应对方式问卷(CSQ)的测评。并采用SPSS16.0统计软件进行数据录入、整理、统计和分析。结果①军校男性大学生的特质焦虑与自我效能感(r=-0.735,P0.01)、社会支持(r=-0.637,P0.01)存在显著负相关;②男性军校大学生的特质焦虑与应对方式中的解决问题(r=-0.715,P0.01)、求助(r=-0.522,P0.01)存在显著负相关,与应对方式中的其余4个因子存在显著正相关;③军校男性大学生的特质焦虑程度对自我效能感、社会支持、应对方式中的6个因子有显著的预测作用。结论特质焦虑程度越低,军校男性大学生其自我效能感、社会支持程度越高,倾向于采用解决问题、求助的积极应对方式。     

贫困大学生自我效能感应对方式的相关研究

探讨贫困大学生自我效能感的情况及与应对方式的关系,为其心理健康教育提供理论依据.采用一般自我效能感量表(GSES)和简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)对某校430名贫困大学生进行测量.结果:①贫困大学生一般自我效能感的整体水平较高,但仍有一定比例的学生一般自我效能感水平较低.一般自我效能感的性别差异有统计学意义,男生一般自我效能感水平显著高于女生,但在年级和专业上差异无统计学意义.②不同性别、专业的被试在移凇应对方式上差异有统计学意义,在消极应对方式上差异无统计学意义.不同年级的贫困大学生在积极和消极应对方面差异无统计学意义.③一般自我效能感与应对方式关系密切,与积极应对方式之间呈正相关,与消极应对方式之间呈负相关.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.