精神分裂症患者功能失调态度和自动思维及其与精神症状的相关性

目的探讨精神分裂症患者的功能失调态度和自动思维水平及其与精神症状的关系。方法采用功能失调态度问卷(DAS)、自动思维问卷(ATQ)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)和卡尔加里精神分裂症抑郁量表(CDSS)对66例精神分裂症患者进行评估,同时采用DAS和ATQ对65名正常对照者作评估。结果患者组ATQ分和DAS总分及其脆弱性、吸引和排斥、完美化、强制性和认知哲学因子分均显著高于正常对照组(P<0.05～0.001)。Spearman相关分析显示,患者组ATQ分与DAS总分(r=0.424,P<0.01)及脆弱性(r=0.398,P<0.01)、吸引和排斥(r=0.246,P<0.05)、完美化(r=0.492,P<0.01)、强制性(r=0.247,P<0.05)、寻求赞许(r=0.307,P<0.01)和自主性态度(r=0.340,P<0.01)因子分呈正相关;ATQ分与CDSS分呈正相关(r=0.369,P<0.01);DAS总分与PANSS总分(r=0.267,P<0.05)、阴性症状分(r=0.251,P<0.01)及CDSS分(r=0.465,P<0.01)呈正相关,控制CDSS分后,DAS认知哲学因子分与PANSS阴性症状分的相关性仍具显著意义(r=0.250,P>0.05)。结论精神分裂症患者存在较高的负性自动思维和功能失调态度,刻板的认知方式与阴性症状存在相关,提示认知心理治疗的重要性。     

产后抑郁症患者认知模式的影响因素及其与人格特征、应对方式、社会支持之间的相关性

目的:分析产后抑郁症(PPD)患者认知模式的影响因素及其与人格特征、应对方式、社会支持之间的相关性。方法:将我院接诊的103例PPD患者纳入PPD组,另将我院同期118例健康产妇纳入对照组,比较PPD患者与健康产妇的功能失调性态度问卷(DAS)、自动思维问卷(ATQ)、艾克森人格问卷成人版(EPQ)、特质性应对方式问卷(TCSQ)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)评分,比较不同人口学特征、不同产科因素PPD患者的DAS、ATQ评分,并分析DAS、ATQ评分与EPQ、TCSQ、SSRS评分的相关性。结果:PPD组与对照组间DAS(t=7.858,P0.05)、ATQ(t=11.773,P0.05)、EPQ(t=6.198,5.103,-3.271,-3.342;P0.05)、TCSQ(t=-3.519,5.664;P0.05)、SSRS(t=-2.514,P0.05)评分的差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);年龄(F=3.550,60.229;P0.05)是显著影响PPD患者DAS评分、ATQ评分等因素(P0.05);DAS评分与消极应对评分呈正相关(r=0.202,P0.05),与积极应对(r=-0.207,P0.05)、SSRS评分(r=-0.231,P0.05)呈负相关;ATQ评分与消极应对评分呈正相关(r=0.607,P0.05),与掩饰性量表(r=-0.224,P0.05)、SSRS评分(r=-0.468,P0.05)呈负相关。结论:PPD患者易出现功能失调性认知障碍,年龄是影响其认知模式的主要因素,且与患者人格特征、应对方式、社会支持密切相关。     

大学生归因方式与人格特质及父母教养方式的相关研究

目的探讨大学生归因方式与父母教养方式及自身人格特质三者之间的关系。方法以某高校161名大一到大三学生为被试,对其归因方式、人格特质及父母教养方式进行问卷调查。结果①大学生人格特质中精神质分数越高其归因总分越低(r=-0.215,P<0.01),外倾性分数越高其归因总分越高(r=0.180,P<0.05),神经质分数越高其内控归因的分数越高(r=0.284,P<0.01);②父母的惩罚严厉等因子分越高其大学生归因总分越高(r=0.176,0.165,P<0.05;r=0.271,0.241,P<0.01;r=0.280,P<0.001);③父母感情温暖理解因子分越高其大学生人格特质中的精神质、神经质的分数越低(r=-0.160,P<0.05;r=-0.263,-0.264,-0.240,P<0.01),其外倾性分数越高(r=0.199,P<0.05;r=0.230,P<0.01);父母惩罚严厉、拒绝否认因子分越高其大学生人格特质中精神质和神经质分数越高(r=0.197,0.178,P<0.05;r=0.257,0.208.0.268,0.267,0.299,P<0.01)。结论大学生倾性人格特质及父母的惩罚严厉、过度干涉、拒绝否认等教养方式易形成外控型归因方式,而高精神质的人格特质易形成内控型归因方式。     

抑郁症患者人格、应对方式和抑郁严重程度的关系

目的:探讨抑郁症患者与正常对照之间应对方式与人格特质的差异,抑郁症患者人格特质、应对方式与抑郁严重程度之间的关系,以及人格特质和应对方式是如何影响抑郁症患者抑郁严重程度的,人格特质对抑郁症患者应对方式的影响。方法:采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)对山西某三级甲等医院的357例抑郁症患者及284例正常对照组进行调查和评估,用SPSS 22.0对数据进行非参数检验、分层回归分析及线性回归分析。结果:①抑郁患者组在消极应对上高于正常对照组,在积极应对上低于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义(Z=13.841,-15.491;P0.05);抑郁患者组在精神质和神经质因子上的得分显著高于正常对照组,在内外向因子上的得分显著低于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义(Z=18.442,2.454,-5.375;P0.05);②人格特质中的精神质与抑郁呈显著正相关(r=0.190,P0.01),应对方式总分与抑郁呈显著正相关(r=0.123,P0.05),与神经质、精神质、内外向均显著相关(r=0.197,0.556,-0.172;P0.01);③分层回归结果显示,人口学变量中的年龄能预测抑郁症状变化的5.2%,人格特质中的精神质因子能预测抑郁症状变化的6%(F=5.956,P0.001);精神质和神经质能预测应对方式变化的31.5%(F=55.685,P0.001)。结论:抑郁症患者与正常对照在应对方式和人格特质上均有显著差异,抑郁症患者人格特质中的精神质和应对方式与抑郁严重程度相关,抑郁症患者的人格特质与采取的应对方式密切相关,其中高精神质和神经质水平对患者采取消极应对方式有一定影响。     

认知扭曲问卷中文版测评抑郁症患者的效度和信度

目的:探讨认知扭曲问卷(CDQ)中文版在抑郁症人群中的效度和信度。方法:选取抑郁症患者347例,其中145例(样本1)用于条目分析与探索性因子分析,202例(样本2)用于验证性因子分析;对所有样本进行信度分析,功能失调性态度量表(DAS)、负性自动思维问卷(ATQ)、贝克抑郁量表-Ⅱ(BDI-Ⅱ)、贝克焦虑量表(BAI)测评用以检验效标效度。选取样本1中48人间隔2周重测。结果:条目与总分相关均有统计学意义(均P<0.001);探索性因子分析获得3个公因子,累积贡献率为50.84%;三因子模型优于单因子模型(IFI=0.93,TLI=0.91,CFI=0.93,FMIN=0.76,RMSEA=0.06);CDQ总分与DAS、ATQ、BDI-Ⅱ、BAI总分均正相关(r=0.51、0.64、0.62、0.39,均P<0.01)。总量表的Cronbachα系数为0.85,3个因子的α分别为0.84、0.62、0.58;总量表重测相关系数(ICC)为0.85,3个因子的ICC分别为0.83、0.86、0.92。结论:认知扭曲问卷(CDQ)中文版测评抑郁症人群具有良好的效度和信度。     

中医院校学生人格特质与抑郁程度的相关性

目的:研究中医院校大学生人格特质各因子对抑郁的影响程度。方法:采用BECK抑郁自评问卷和艾森克人格问卷对某中医院校不同专业年级的464名在校大学生进行调查,并使用SPSS 19.0统计软件对相关数据进行了统计分析。结果:1被调查对象的人格特质分9种,其中抑郁质人格类型的大学生抑郁水平处于中度水平,占总人数的15.7%;2被调查对象的抑郁平均分为(5.05±4.119),抑郁筛出率为47%,医学类大学生和非医学类大学生抑郁间的差异存在统计学意义(t=2.035,P0.05);3精神质(r=0.172,P0.001)、神经质(r=0.509,P0.001)得分与抑郁程度呈显著的正相关;内外向得分(r=-0.254,P0.001)与抑郁程度呈显著的负相关;4神经质N、说谎性L、精神质P对抑郁程度有显著的正向预测作用,内外向E对抑郁程度有显著的负向预测作用,能解释大学生抑郁程度31.2%的变异。结论:个体人格特质中精神质、神经质和内外向因子均对大学生抑郁程度有影响,其中神经质因子影响程度最大。     

The Correlations between College Students' Attribution Style,Personality Trait and Parental Authority

目的 探讨大学生归因方式与父母教养方式及自身人格特质三者之间的关系.方法 以某高校161名大一到大三学生为被试,对其归因方式、人格特质及父母教养方式进行问卷调查.结果 ①大学生人格特质中精神质分数越高其归因总分越低(r=-0.215,P＜0.01),外倾性分数越高其归因总分越高(r=0.180,P＜0.05),神经质分数越高其内控归因的分数越高(r=0.284,P＜0.01);②父母的惩罚严厉等因子分越高其大学生归因总分越高(r=0.176,0.165,P＜0.05;r=0.271,0.241,P＜0.01;r=0.280,P＜0.001);③父母感情温暖理解因子分越高其大学生人格特质中的精神质、神经质的分数越低(r=-0.160,P＜0.05;r=-0.263,-0.264,-0.240,P＜0.01),其外倾性分数越高(r=0.199,P＜0.05;r=0.230,P＜0.01);父母惩罚严厉、拒绝否认因子分越高其大学生人格特质中精神质和神经质分数越高(r=0.197,0.178,P＜0.05;r=0.257,0.208.0.268,0.267,0.299,P＜0.01).结论 大学生倾性人格特质及父母的惩罚严厉、过度干涉、拒绝否认等教养方式易形成外控型归因方式,而高精神质的人格特质易形成内控型归因方式.     

高职学生人格、自我和谐与主观幸福感

目的探讨人格特质、自我和谐与主观幸福感的关系。方法采用艾森克人格问卷、自我和谐量表和总体幸福感量表对742名高职学生进行测量。结果①高职学生主观幸福感普遍较高,城乡差异显著(t=6.12,P<0.01);②内外向性、自我的灵活性与主观幸福感有显著的正相关(r=0.26～0.52,P<0.01),神经质、精神质、自我与经验的不和谐、自我的刻板性和自我和谐总分均与主观幸福感存在显著的负相关(r=0.19～0.52,P<0.01);③人格特质对自我和谐和主观幸福感回归效应显著(β=0.18,0.37);④自我和谐在人格特质基础上对主观幸福感回归效应显著(β=0.28),是人格特质与主观幸福感的中介变量。结论人格特质通过自我和谐的中介影响主观幸福感。     

生活事件对大学生负性情绪的影响:神经质和应对方式的中介作用

目的考察应对方式和神经质在生活事件与负性情绪间的中介作用。方法采用青少年生活事件问卷、大五人格问卷-神经质分量表、流调中心用抑郁量表、应对方式量表、状态特质焦虑量表对3010名大学生进行调查。结果神经质以及生活事件各因子与焦虑、抑郁均呈显著正相关(P<0.01);问题解决和求助的应对方式与抑郁、焦虑均呈显著负相关(r=-0.09,-0.13,-0.16,-0.19;P<0.01),而其他应对方式与抑郁、焦虑均呈显著正相关(P<0.01);神经质、应对方式在生活事件与负性情绪间的中介效应显著(F=240.17,P<0.01)。结论大学生负性情绪与生活事件、人格特质中的神经质和不成熟的应对方式密切相关;神经质和应对方式在生活事件的应激对大学生负性情绪的影响中起着部分中介作用。     

喉癌化疗患者癌因性疲乏与人格的相关性

目的:探讨喉癌化疗患者癌因性疲乏与人格之间的关系。方法:采用横断面调查方法,运用一般资料问卷、癌因性疲乏量表、艾森克人格问卷简式量表对喉癌化疗患者进行调查,分析癌因性疲乏状况及其与人格之间的关系。结果:1在96例被调查者中,喉癌化疗患者癌因性疲乏呈中等水平,得分为(34.44±7.01)分;2喉癌化疗患者的神经质、精神质评分显著高于全国常模(t=7.586,3.772;P<0.01),而内外向及掩饰性评分与全国常模间无显著性差异(t=1.675,0.085;P>0.05);3神经质与癌因性疲乏总分,躯体疲乏、心理疲乏、认知疲乏存在显著正相关(r=0.529,0.291,0.555,0.357;P<0.01);4精神质与心理疲乏存在显著正相关(r=0.203,P<0.05);5内外向与癌因性疲乏总分、心理疲乏存在显著负相关(r=-0.353,-0.500;P<0.01)。结论:喉癌化疗患者疲乏程度为中等水平,癌因性疲乏受人格因素影响。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.