初中生自杀意念与抑郁的相关性

目的探讨初中生自杀意念与抑郁的相关性,为早期心理干预提供依据。方法分层整群抽取上海市松江区10所中学的1250名初中生,进行自杀意念自评量表(S IOSS)和流调中心用抑郁量表(CES-D)施测,以SPSS 17.0进行统计分析。结果①初中生年自杀意念检出率为13.1%。其中,女生、初一年级、来自农村、非独生子女、单亲家庭学生的年自杀意念检出率偏高,分别为15.5%,17.2%,16.3%,13.9%,13.8%(χ2=4.792,5.447,4.986,0.951,0.246;P>0.05);②初中生抑郁检出率为39.5%。其中,女生、初一年级、来自农村、非独生子女、单亲家庭学生的抑郁检出率偏高,分别为43.7%,52.4%,50.8%,47.7%,50.0%(χ2=8.326,38.261,28.458,10.438,5.289;P<0.05);③初中生自杀意念与抑郁呈正相关(r=0.370,P<0.001);④抑郁是初中生自杀意念的一项重要危险因素(R2=126.469,F=27.175,P<0.001)。结论初中生自杀意念与抑郁呈正相关,抑郁是自杀意念的一项重要危险因素。     

长沙市青少年自杀意念与若干心理因素的相关分析

目的了解青少年自杀意念现况及其影响因素,为有针对性地采取防治措施,提高中学生心理健康水平提供依据。方法采取分层整群随机抽样的方法,在长沙市抽取2216名中学生,采用自制一般情况问卷、自杀意念问卷、青少年生活事件量表和自尊量表进行调查。结果①长沙青少年自杀意念的检出率为24.2%,自杀计划的检出率为6%,自杀未遂的检出率为2.5%;②女生自杀意念发生率高于男生(χ2=34.814,P<0.01)、非独生子女的自杀意念发生率高于独生子女(χ2=5.760,P<0.05)、单亲家庭的自杀意念发生率高于非单亲家庭(χ2=17.385,P<0.01),家庭经济条件越差、家庭关系越不和睦和父母经常打骂,自杀意念发生率越高(χ2=23.215,44.442,66.915;P<0.01);③多因素Logistic回归分析显示,影响自杀意念的相关因素有性别、家庭关系情况、家庭暴力情况、生活事件总刺激量、学习压力因子、受惩罚因子、丧失因子和自尊水平。结论青少年自杀意念发生率仍较高,其危险因素有女性、非独生子女、单亲家庭、家庭经济差、家庭关系不和睦、父母经常打骂、负性生活事件以及低自尊水平。     

初中生自杀意念影响因素分析

目的探索初中生自杀意念的相关影响因素,为关注初中生心理健康提供实证依据。方法采用分层整群随机抽样的方法,对上海市松江区15所初中的2265名初中生进行一般情况问卷、自杀意念自评量表(SIOSS)、青少年生活事件量表(ASLEC)、中学生抑郁量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)施测,以SPSS 17.0进行统计分析。结果 1初中生1年内自杀意念检出率为13.47%;2学习成绩差、同伴关系差、有自杀家族史、父亲职业是农民、与父亲关系差、与母亲关系差、家庭经济状况差的初中生自杀意念检出率较高,差异有统计学意义(χ2=51.768,82.119,11.035,13.956,84.731,79.218,7.172;P0.05);3有自杀意念组初中生的抑郁、焦虑、人际关系因子、学习压力因子、受惩罚因子、丧失因子、健康适应因子、其他因子分均高于无自杀意念组,差异有统计学意义(t=-30.853,-25.108,-20.663,-18.947,-14.508,-11.480,-14.474,-19.018;P0.001);4多因素Logistic回归分析表明,初中生自杀意念的影响因素包括性别、年级、家庭状况(是否是单亲家庭)、同伴关系、家庭经济状况、抑郁、焦虑、人际关系因子、受惩罚因子。结论初中生自杀意念与多因素有关,应加强对初中生群体的心理健康教育。     

六安市某乡村留守初中生自杀意念现状及相关因素的研究

目的:探讨六安市乡村留守初中生自杀意念的现状及自杀意念与负性生活事件、家庭环境特征及焦虑抑郁情绪的关系。方法:采用自杀意念自评量表、焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表、家庭环境量表、青少年生活事件量表调查六安市乡村留守初中生共255人。结果:初中生年自杀意念检出率为36.5%,且随着年级的增加呈上升趋势。大家庭或核心家庭的初中生自杀意念检出率显著低于寄养家庭和单亲家庭的初中生(χ~2=12.174,P0.05)。相关分析结果显示,自杀意念与负性生活事件各因子相关呈显著性(r=0.205~0.386,P0.05)。自杀意念与家庭环境量表中的亲密度、情感表达、矛盾性、知识性、娱乐性和组织性等因子相关呈显著性(|r|=0.091~0.328,P0.05)。自杀意念与焦虑抑郁情绪相关呈显著性(r=0.527,0.536;P0.05)。自杀意念的影响因素包括:人际关系因子、学习压力因子、受惩罚因子、丧失因子、其它因子、亲密性因子、矛盾因子、知识性因子、娱乐性因子、组织性因子、焦虑情绪、抑郁情绪。结论:初中生自杀意念的发生与不良的家庭环境、负性生活事件、焦虑抑郁情绪有密切的关系。     

在沪藏族初中生孤独感与应对方式

目的了解在沪藏族初中生的孤独感与应对方式的相关性,为关注其心理健康提供依据。方法整群抽取292名在沪藏族初中生进行UCLA孤独量表和特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)进行施测,以SPSS17.0进行统计分析。结果①男生的高孤独感发生率为30.8%,显著高于女生,差异有统计学意义(χ2=8.359,P<0.05)。初二年级、农村成长、单亲家庭学生的高孤独感发生率偏高,分别是28.6%,34.2%,29.2%;②女生、单亲家庭学生的消极应对分数偏高,与男生、完整家庭学生比较,差异有统计学意义(t=-2.528,-2.555,P均<0.05);③孤独感与积极应对之间为负相关(r=-0.217,P<0.01),与消极应对之间为正相关(r=0.486,P<0.01)。结论在沪藏族初中生中,男生、初二年级、农村成长、单亲家庭学生多表现出高孤独感倾向,女生、单亲家庭学生多倾向于消极应对。     

初中生自杀意念与抑郁的干预

目的:探索系统心理干预对初中生自杀意念与抑郁的影响情况。方法:采用分层整群随机抽样的方法,对上海市松江区某所初中的609名初中生进行一般情况问卷、自杀意念自评量表(SIOSS)、青少年生活事件量表(ASLEC)、中学生抑郁量表、特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)施测,筛查出阳性人群纳入研究组,对研究组初中生进行系统心理干预,比较干预前后各变量的改善情况,以SPSS17.0进行统计分析。结果:1初中生1年内自杀意念检出率为14.61%;2同伴关系差、有自杀家族史、与父亲关系差、与母亲关系差的初中生自杀意念检出率较高,差异有统计学意义(χ2=23.174,14.315,24.812,21.382;P0.001);3有自杀意念组初中生检出中度及以上抑郁的比例高达84.3%,明显高于无自杀意念组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=168.402,P0.001);4研究组初中生经系统心理干预后自杀意念检出率为40.43%,比率明显低于干预前,差异有统计学意义(χ2=13.187,P0.001);5研究组初中生在干预后其自杀意念、抑郁、人际关系因子、学习压力因子、消极应对分数均低于干预前,积极应对分数高于干预前,差异有统计学意义(t=2.931,3.359,2.308,2.259,-2.958,2.011;P0.05)。结论:系统心理干预对降低初中生自杀意念与抑郁的发生率有一定的积极作用。     

抑郁症患者自杀态度与自杀意念的关系研究

目的探讨抑郁症患者自杀态度与自杀意念的关系。方法采用自杀态度问卷(Q SA)和B eck自杀意念量表中文版(BS I-CV)对334名抑郁症住院患者进行调查。结果抑郁症患者自杀态度的4个因子均分都在2.5~3.5之间;其与自杀意念强度、自杀危险程度呈一定负相关关系(P<0.05);结构方程模型拟合表明,自杀态度通过自杀意念强度影响自杀危险程度(近1周:χ2=2870.04,P<0.05,NNF I=0.88,CF I=0.89;最消沉抑郁时:χ2=1599.41,P<0.05,NNF I=0.94,CF I=0.95);在"近1周"和"最消沉"2个时间段,自杀态度对自杀危险程度的间接影响作用分别为0.308和0.410,P<0.05。结论自杀态度通过自杀意念强度对自杀危险产生影响。     

初中生应对方式与自杀意念的关系

目的:了解初中生自杀意念的现状,探讨初中生应对方式与自杀意念的关系。方法:从我校每个年级的10个班中,采用分群随机抽样的方法抽取5个班共864人。采用自杀意念自评量表(SIOSS)、中学生应对方式量表进行调查。通过筛选有无自杀意念学生,然后根据不同年级、性别从自杀意念检出率和平均分进行比较,用应对方式各因子的得分与自杀意念量表得分做相关分析。结果:初中生自杀意念的检出率为16.32%。自杀意念检出率女生显著高于男生(χ~2=9.024,P0.01),初二年级学生显著高于初一、初三年级学生(χ~2=10.912,P0.01);在自杀意念的平均得分上女生显著高于男生(t=-5.252,P0.01),初三年级、初二年级学生显著高于初一年级学生(t=8.992,P0.01)。问题解决、积极合理化与自杀意念有显著负相关(r=-0.232,-0.194;P0.01);忍耐、逃避、发泄及幻想否认等指向情绪的应对方式与自杀意念有显著的正相关(r=0.324,0.250,0.296,0.393;P0.01)。结论:初中生应对方式与自杀意念有显著相关。     

初中生抑郁现况调查

目的了解初中生抑郁的现况,为维护其心理健康提供素材。方法分层整群抽取上海市松江区9所初中的1173名初中生,进行流调中心用抑郁量表(CES-D)施测,以SPSS17.0进行统计分析。结果①1173名初中生中,女生、初一年级、来自农村、单亲家庭的学生抑郁分数偏高,差异有统计学意义(t/F=3.196,10.297,4.345,3.808;P<0.001);②初中生抑郁检出率为38.3%。其中,女生、初一年级、来自农村、非独生子女、单亲家庭学生的抑郁发生率偏高,分别为41.6%,47.4%,48.9%,45.7%,49.5%;③性别、年级、成长环境、是否独生子女、家庭状况均是初中生抑郁的影响因素(R2=10.014,F=8.750,P<0.001)。结论初中生抑郁检出率较高,女生、初一年级、来自农村、非独生子女、单亲家庭初中生抑郁发生率较高。     

抑郁症患者的抑郁状态与自杀意念

目的探讨抑郁症患者抑郁状态与自杀意念的关系。方法采用贝克自杀意念量表中文版(BSI-CV)与汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)对352名抑郁症患者进行调查。结果抑郁症患者的抑郁总评分为(18.80±8.06);抑郁与自杀意念,特别是抑郁各因子中认识障碍与自杀意念强度(r=0.292,P<0.01)、自杀危险程度(r=0.336,P<0.01)呈显著正相关,阻滞与自杀意念强度(r=0.243,P<0.01)、自杀危险程度(r=0.267,P<0.01)呈显著正相关,绝望感与自杀意念强度(r=0.267,P<0.01)、自杀危险程度(r=0.289,P<0.01)呈显著正相关。结论抑郁因子中认识障碍、阻滞及绝望感与自杀意念呈显著正相关。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.