初中生社会支持与心理健康的关系研究

目的了解初中生的心理健康状况及其与社会支持的关系。方法采用社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、症状自评量表(SCL-90)对273名初中生进行问卷调查,然后对数据进行t检验和相关分析。结果初中女生的问题检出率高于男生;学生的心理问题集中在强迫症状、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对等5个因子上,女生的客观支持显著高于男生(t=-2.146,P<0.05);心理健康大部分因子与社会支持存在显著相关(r=0.258,P<0.01)。结论初中生心理健康状况总体较好,但是问题检出率仍不乐观,女生的问题检出率高于男生;社会支持与心理健康密切相关。     

中专和高中非毕业班学生心理健康状况调查分析

目的 研究中专和高中非毕业班学生心理健康状况.方法 采用SCL- 90量表对217名中专和高中一、二年级学生心理健康水平进行调查分析.结果 ①该群体学生30.4％有轻度心理问题,4.1％有明显心理问题;②女生心理健康状况不如男生,在强迫症状(t=-2.205,P＜0.05)、恐怖(t=-3.416,P＜0.01)、其他(t=-2.006,P＜0.05)和总均分(t=-2.032,P＜0.05)方面男女生之间存在显著性差异;③非独生子女心理健康状况不如独生子女,独生子女在抑郁(t =-2.240)、焦虑(t=-1.967)、敌对(t=-2.044)和偏执因子得分(t=-2.186)显著性高于独生子女(P＜0.05).结论 该群体学生存在心理问题比例较高,女生心理健康状况不如男生,非独生子女心理健康状况不如独生子女.     

独生与非独生子女初中生的心理特征及家庭精神环境比较

目的探讨独生子女与非独生子女初中生的个性、心理健康状况及家庭精神环境特征。方法采用分层随机整群抽样法,应用儿童艾森克人格问卷和中学生心理健康检测量表家庭环境量表测查芜湖地区初中生1918人,其中独生子女1304例,非独生子女614例。结果独生子女内外向因子分高于非独生子女(t=4.998,P<0.01);独生子女的强迫症状、偏执、人际关系紧张、抑郁、焦虑、适应不良、心理不平衡因子分均低于非独生子女(t=-4.073,-3.527,-3.841,-5.030,-2.089,-3.185,-2.024;P<0.01或P<0.05);独生子女家庭的亲密度、情感表达、独立性、成功性、知识性、娱乐性、组织性、控制性因子分均高于非独生子女家庭(t=3.839,7.137,4.714,5.384,4.225,4.311,4.226,2.667;P<0.01),差异有显著性。结论独生子女初中生个性及心理健康状况优于非独生子女,其家庭精神环境优于非独生子女。     

山西省贫困地区小学高年级学生心理健康状况

目的:深入了解山西省贫困地区小学生心理健康状况,掌握小学高年级学生心理特征,明白实施心理健康教育的必要性。方法:采用心理健康诊断测验(MHT)量表,调查了山西省中部某贫困县城乡结合部小学248名4~6年级学生的心理健康状况。结果:(1)从总体看,严重问题检出率为2.42%,有1项及以上阳性因子数的被试占总体的77.82%;(2)随着受测群体的年级升高,总体心理健康水平在逐渐下降;(3)从男女内容量表得分看,恐怖倾向差异显著(t=-2.065,P0.05);(4)从独生子女与非独生子女的内容量表得分看,冲动倾向差异显著(t=2.792,P0.01);(5)优等生、中等生和后进生在学习焦虑、对人焦虑、孤独倾向、过敏倾向、身体症状、恐怖倾向、冲动倾向上都存在显著性差异(F=4.602~16.142,P0.01);(6)心理健康水平由高到低排序:非独生子女独生子女;城镇学生农村学生;民主型放任型专制型溺爱型。结论:该地心理健康教育基础为零,男生、独生子女、中等生、寄宿生这几类人群心理健康水平较低,家庭、学校、社会需要给予关注。     

校风与大学生心理健康的关系研究

目的探讨校风与大学生心理健康状况及两者之间的相关关系。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、校风问卷对365名大学生进行调查研究。结果①校风的学习风气、教学风气与心理健康存在显著相关;②学生对学校校风的评价处于中等水平。心理问题检出人数占总人数的17%;③在心理健康上存在性别差异,且女生心理健康状况要优于男生。在强迫症状、人际关系、焦虑、偏执等因子上存在显著差异(t=2.949,2.619,3.043,2.419;P<0.05),在敌对、恐怖因子上呈现非常显著的差异(t=3.265,3.446;P<0.01),在躯体化、抑郁因子上呈现极其显著差异(t=3.719,3.441;P<0.001);④不同学历层次学生之间存在显著差异,本科学生心理健康状况要好于专科学生的。在躯体化、强迫症状、焦虑因子上差异有统计学意义(t=-2.437,-2.866,-2.954;P<0.05),在人际关系、抑郁、敌对、恐怖、偏执等因子差异有显著的统计学意义(t=-4.285,-3.870,-3.853,-4.524,-3.565;P<0.001)。结论校风对大学生心理健康存在一定影响。     

内地民族初中生心理健康状况和结构特征调查研究

目的探析内地民族初中生心理健康状况及特征。方法采用中学生心理健康量表(MSSMHS)对215名内地民族初中生进行测试。结果①内地民族初中女生焦虑和抑郁显著高于男生(t=6.10,6.73;P<0.05);②不同年级的内地民族初中生心理健康10个方面均差异显著(F=3.9～7.9,P<0.05、P<0.01或P<0.001),多重比较结果显示了八年级得分均显著高于七年级和九年级;③内地民族初中生心理健康各因子得分普遍显著高于城市初中生与流动学生(t=2.3～9.31,P<0.05、P<0.01或P<0.001)但低于山区初中生(t=2.21～5.91,P<0.05或P<0.001);④各因子呈中等以上显著相关(r=0.41～0.79,P<0.001),因素分析抽取了1个因子。结论内地民族初中生心理健康问题明显且心理健康结构复杂、变化剧烈,女生比男生问题严重,八年级问题突出。     

小学学业发展弱势学生心理健康的调查报告

目的:考察学业发展弱势小学生心理健康的总体特点以及不同群体学业发展弱势学生的心理健康状况。方法:采用中小学生心理健康量表,对从四川省、湖南省、山西省和山东省10所普通小学使用分层取样方法抽取的学业发展弱势学生253名,非学业发展弱势学生266名进行调查。结果:1非学业发展弱势小学生的心理健康水平明显高于学业发展弱势学生的水平(t=5.587,P0.001);2不同年级学业发展弱势小学生的心理健康水平有明显的差异,四年级学生的心理健康水平相对较低(F=79.398,P0.001);3学业发展弱势小学生的心理健康水平具有明显的性别差异,男生的心理健康水平明显低于女生的水平(t=-4.403,P0.001);4自定义和非自定义学业发展弱势小学生的心理健康水平明显不同,自定义学业发展弱势学生的心理健康水平显著低于非自定义学生的水平(t=-3.421,P0.001)。结论:学业发展弱势小学生的心理健康问题较突出,教育部门应予以高度重视。     

医护专科新生心理健康与个性特征

目的了解医护学生的心理健康状态,探讨医护学生的心理健康与个性特征的关系。方法采用大学生心理健康问卷(UPI)和艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)集体施测于2187名医护专科新生。结果①新生的心理健康状况总体良好,第一类学生筛选率为24.14%,有自杀意念的学生占1.87%;男生的心理健康水平比女生高(t=-4.07,P<0.001);不同专业学生的心理健康水平没有差异;②男女生在EPQ问卷的精神质P(t=9.05,3.92;P<0.001)、内-外倾E(t=-2.30,-5.18;P<0.001)、神经质N(t=11.29,5.19;P<0.001)3个分量表上分数与常模均存在显著差异;男女生在N分量表上的分数差异极其显著,女生的分数显著高于男生(t=-5.72,P<0.001);③UPI评定的三类学生在EPQ问卷的P(F=107.23,P<0.001)、E(F=164.28,P<0.001)、N(F=601.92,P<0.001)、L(F=129.56,P<0.001)分量表上的差异均极其显著。结论个性对心理健康存在影响,性格越外向,情绪越稳定,自控能力越强,心理健康水平越高。     

综合医院心理咨询门诊中学生心理健康调查

目的:调查研究综合医院心理咨询门诊中学生心理健康状况及其特点。方法:对104例中学生来访者采用心理健康诊断测验(MHT),对不同性别、年级、城乡及独生子女非独生子女分别进行比较。结果:走进心理咨询室的中学生MHT总量表分有明显心理障碍的检出率为9.62%,咨询问题以非医学问题为主共计73例(70.19%)。女生在恐怖倾向得分高于男生(t=-2.045;P0.05),初中生在身体症状及冲动倾向上高于高中生(t=2.066,2.660;P0.05),农村学生在学习焦虑上高于城市学生(t=-2.032;P0.05),独生子女在孤独倾向上高于非独生子女(t=2.230;P0.05),总分及其他分量表得分差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:来综合医院心理咨询门诊的中学生,性别、年级、城乡来源及是否独生子女,其心理健康状况呈现一定的差异。     

普高学生心理健康状况调查

目的调查分析普高学生心理健康现状,为推动普高学生心理健康教育提供参考。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)对铁岭市321名普高学生进行评测,数据汇总和数据统计采用SPSS 17.0。结果男生的强迫、人际敏感和恐怖因子得分均高于常模(t=2.23,2.22,2.21;P<0.05);女生的抑郁、焦虑和敌对因子得分均低于常模(t=-4.17,-3.43,-2.98;P<0.01);男生在强迫症状、抑郁、焦虑和敌对等方面存在问题的比例高于女生(χ2=16.04,6.69,9.28,7.80;P<0.01)。结论男生的心理健康水平低于女生,女生的心理健康水平高于高中生的平均水平;男生存在严重心理问题的比例高于女生。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.