西酞普兰与阿米替林治疗帕金森病伴发抑郁对照研究

目的探讨西酞普兰治疗帕金森病伴发抑郁的临床效果和安全性。方法对52例帕金森病伴发抑郁的患者随机分为研究组和对照组,分别用西酞普兰和阿米替林治疗8周;用汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评定临床疗效,用药物副反应量表(TESS)评定副反应。结果两组治疗2、4、8周末HAMD评分均明显低于治疗前,两组各时段评分相近(P<0.05或<0.01);两组治疗8周末的临床疗效相当(P>0.05);研究组治疗2、4、8周末TESS评分均明显低于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论西酞普兰治疗帕金森病伴发抑郁的疗效较好,安全性好。     

艾司西酞普兰治疗精神分裂症后抑郁疗效观察

目的了解艾司西酞普治疗精神分裂症后抑郁的疗效和安全性。方法采用自身对照研究,入组患者保持原抗精神病药物不变,加服艾司西酞普兰,观察周期为4周。分别在患者入组前、治疗2周、4周末评定汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、副反应量表(TESS),以HAMD总分减分率判定临床疗效。结果 HAMD总分在治疗2周末下降,与治疗前评分比较有统计学意义(t=2.16,P<0.05),治疗4周末评分与治疗前比较有统计学意义(t=7.37,P<0.01)。结论艾司西酞普兰治疗精神分裂症后抑郁疗效好,不良反应少。     

Observation on the Efficacy of Escitalopram in the Treatment of Post-schizophrenia Depression

目的 了解艾司西酞普治疗精神分裂症后抑郁的疗效和安全性.方法 采用自身对照研究,入组患者保持原抗精神病药物不变,加服艾司西酞普兰,观察周期为4周.分别在患者入组前、治疗2周、4周末评定汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、副反应量表(TESS),以HAMD总分减分率判定临床疗效.结果 HAMD总分在治疗2周末下降,与治疗前评分比较有统计学意义(t=2.16,P＜0.05),治疗4周末评分与治疗前比较有统计学意义(t=7.37,P＜0.01).结论 艾司西酞普兰治疗精神分裂症后抑郁疗效好,不良反应少.     

西酞普兰合并心理干预治疗脑卒中后抑郁症的疗效研究

目的评价西酞普兰合并心理干预对脑卒中后抑郁(PSD)的疗效。方法将60例脑卒中后抑郁患者随机分为研究组和对照组,分别给予西酞普兰合并心理干预(研究组)、单用西酞普兰(对照组)进行治疗,分别在治疗前、治疗6周末,用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评定疗效,用日常生活能力量表(ADL)评定患者生活质量,用副反应量表(TESS)评定副反应。结果治疗6周后,两组治疗PSD均有效,有效率差异无显著性(χ2=0.14,P>0.05),研究组显愈率(73.33%)明显高于对照组(46.67%),差异有显著性(χ2=4.44,P<0.05);两组间比较,治疗6周末,研究组HAMD评分显著低于对照组(t=2.34,P<0.05),研究组HAMD分数差值显著高于对照组(t=2.26,P<0.05);两组在治疗6周后日常生活能力均有提高,研究组在治疗6周末ADL评分较对照组显著下降(t=2.22,P<0.05);两组不良反应的发生率无显著性差异(χ2=0.42,P>0.05)。结论西酞普兰合并心理干预治疗脑卒中后抑郁的疗效较好。     

艾司西酞普兰联合认知疗法对脑卒中后抑郁及神经功能的影响

目的研究艾司西酞普兰联合认知疗法对脑卒中后抑郁及神经功能的影响。方法随机将60例确诊为脑卒中后抑郁的患者分为研究组和对照组各30例,研究组给予艾司西酞普兰20mg/d联合认知疗法,对照组仅单用艾司西酞普兰20mg/d治疗,疗程6周。用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)在治疗前及治疗后2、4、6周末评定疗效,脑卒中神经功能缺损量表(NIHSS)评定神经功能缺损,副反应量表(TESS)评定不良反应。结果从治疗第2周开始,两组间HAMD、NIHSS评分比较差异有统计学意义(t=-3.081,-2.690;P0.05或0.01);在治疗的第6周末,两组间HAMD及NIHSS评分比较均有显著统计学意义(t=-3.254,-3.192;P0.01)。两组药物不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义。结论艾司西酞普兰联合认知疗法治疗脑卒中后抑郁起效较快,效果更好,对患者神经功能的改善更为明显。     

度洛西汀与西酞普兰治疗脑卒中后抑郁焦虑共病对照研究

目的比较度洛西汀与西酞普兰治疗脑卒中后抑郁焦虑共病的疗效。方法对73例脑卒中后抑郁焦虑共病患者随机分为度洛西汀组和西酞普兰组,疗程6周。于治疗前及治疗1、2、4、6周采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)和汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评定疗效,用副反应量表(TESS)评定副反应。结果治疗6周后两组HAMD和HAMA评分均显著下降(P<0.01),治疗1周末度洛西汀组疗效优于西酞普兰组(t=-2.312,-2.278;P均<0.05);治疗6周后度洛西汀组有效率为88.88%,西酞普兰组为86.48%,两组疗效差异无统计学意义(t=0.382,P>0.05);两组不良反应的发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论度洛西汀治疗脑卒中后抑郁焦虑疗效与西酞普兰相似,起效时间快于西酞普兰。     

艾司西酞普兰治疗糖尿病患者焦虑抑郁状况

目的 评价艾司西酞普兰治疗糖尿病患者焦虑抑郁的效果和对血糖的影响.方法 对72例符合糖尿病诊断标准且伴焦虑、抑郁者,进行6周的随机对照研究,被试分为研究组和对照组各36例.对照组在常规的糖尿病治疗基础上,给予单纯的心理治疗;研究组在上述基础上,给予艾司西酞普兰5～20mg/d,采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)及汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)进行疗效评定,用副反应量表(TESS)评定不良反应.糖化血红蛋白(GHb)用于血糖控制的监测.结果 ①研究组治疗前后HAMD及HAMA评分比较有显著性差异(t=4.85,5.69;P＜0.01);②两组间从治疗第2周末起,各时点HAMD及HAMA评分有显著性差异(t=4.67,5.01;P＜0.01)、TESS评分无显著性差异(t=3.68,P＞0.05);③研究组GHb水平改善优于对照组,但无显著性差异.结论 艾司西酞普兰能有效缓解糖尿病患者的抑郁、焦虑症状,有利于血糖的控制,药物相互作用少,耐受性好,安全性高,起效快.     

抗抑郁药对伴焦虑抑郁症状精神分裂症的辅助治疗效应

目的 探讨抗抑郁药对伴焦虑抑郁症状的精神分裂症的辅助治疗作用及不良反应.方法 对符合CCMD-Ⅲ关于精神分裂症的诊断且伴焦虑抑郁症状的住院患者进行随机分组,研究组(64例)给予抗精神病药加抗抑郁药(西酞普兰20mg/d)治疗;对照组(67例)单给抗精神病药治疗;两组于入组时、4周末、8周末分别评定简明精神病量表(BPRS)、汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)和汉密顿焦虑量表(HAMA),以副反应量表(TESS)评定不良反应,然后进行比较.结果 两组的BPRS总分和HAMD、HAMA总分在治疗后均显著下降(P＜0.01);研究组4周末疗效更佳(P＜0.05～0.01);8周末疗效两组相近(P＞0.05);两组的不良反应无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论 抗抑郁药在急性期对伴焦虑抑郁症状的精神分裂症有辅助治疗作用,不良反应轻微.     

西酞普兰与多塞平对产后抑郁临床疗效及安全性

目的对西酞普兰与多塞平治疗产后抑郁的临床疗效及安全性进行对比分析。方法将符合诊断标准的产后抑郁患者80例随机分为西酞普兰组和多塞平组各40例,疗程12周,经系统治疗后,于入组、治疗第2、4、6、8、12周末进行汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)及副反应量表(TESS)评定。结果两种药物均有明显抗抑郁效果,且治疗各周两组间临床疗效无显著差异(t=0.91,0.88,1.17,0.59,0.22;P>0.05);但西酞普兰组各时间段安全性评定与多塞平组比较有明显差异。结论新型抗抑郁药西酞普兰治疗产后抑郁与多塞平疗效相当,但安全性显著优于多塞平,可作为治疗产后抑郁的首选一线用药。     

小剂量利培酮口服液联合西酞普兰治疗伴有躯体症状抑郁症对照研究

目的了解小剂量利培酮口服液联合西酞普兰治疗伴有躯体不适抑郁症效果。方法将60例伴有躯体不适抑郁症患者随机分成研究组和对照组各30例,研究组采用小剂量利培酮口服液联合西酞普兰治疗并与单独采用西酞普兰治疗的对照组进行对照,以汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)和汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评定疗效,以副反应量表(TESS)评定不良反应。结果两组HAMD评分在治疗后与治疗前比较均无统计学意义(P0.05),两组间HAMA中的躯体焦虑因子评分在治疗2周后差异明显,6周和8周后均有统计学意义(P0.01),两组间副反应量表评分差异不明显。结论小剂量利培酮口服液联合治疗西酞普兰伴有躯体不适抑郁症效果优于单独采用西酞普兰,且耐受性好。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.