高中生真实性特点研究

目的考察不同地区和不同性别高中生在父母和朋友关系中感受到的真实性的特点。方法采用修订的真实性量表,对广东省619名高一～高三的学生进行调查。结果①高中生在父母关系中的真实性低于在朋友关系中的真实性(F=82.57,P<0.01),且城市学生的差异大于农村学生(F=8.58,P<0.01);②农村学生(F=11.07)、女生(F=12.15)在父母关系中的真实性高于城市学生和男生在该关系中感受到的真实性(P<0.01)。结论高中生在朋友关系中比在父母关系中更能真实地表达自己,城市学生和农村学生、男女学生在父母关系中的真实性表达存在差异。     

高中生心理韧性与主观幸福感的关系研究

目的探讨高中生心理韧性与主观幸福感的关系。方法采用中学生心理韧性量表和主观幸福感量表对510名高中生施测。结果高中生的心理韧性、主观幸福感处于中等程度以上,3个年级在心理韧性5个维度及其总分和主观幸福感的得分均存在显著差异(F=3.22,P<0.01),表现为高三年级学生心理韧性各维度及其总分和主观幸福感得分最高,一年级次之,二年级最低。在心理韧性,主观幸福感总分上,男生与女生并没有显著差异。而在心理韧性的情绪控制维度上,男生得分显著高于女生(F=7.53,P<0.01);人际协助维度,女生得分显著高于男生(F=6.90,P<0.01)。结论心理韧性和主观幸福感呈非常显著正相关,表明心理韧性对主观幸福感有一定的预测作用(R2=0.441,P<0.05)。     

大学生自我评价与成就动机的关系

目的考察大学生的成就动机和自我评价之间的关系。方法对来自临沂市的265名大学生采用个人自我评价量表(PE I)和成就动机量表(AM S)进行调查。结果①在自我评价方面,存在显著的性别、学科和年级差异(F=2.230,2.76,3.784;P<0.05)。进一步的检验显示,男生和理科生要显著高于女生和文科生,大一学生显著高于大三学生,大二学生显著高于大四学生;②在成就动机方面,追求成功和避免失败均存在显著的性别差异(F=3.176,P<0.01;F=-1.759,P<0.05),在追求成功维度上存在显著的学科差异(F=2.853,P<0.01)。进一步的检验显示,男生、理科生在追求成功维度上得分均比女生和文科生显著高,但是女生在避免失败的得分上高于男生;③自我评价与成就动机各因子存在明显相关(r=0.246,P<0.01;0.134,P<0.05),成就动机对自我评价有显著地预测作用(R2=0.061,P<0.001;R2=0.018,P<0.05)。结论自我评价与成就动机有密切的关系,成就动机对自我评价有显著预测作用。     

关于普通高校大学生自我差异现状的调查研究

目的探析大学生的理想自我与现实自我差异的特点。方法运用国内心理学研究贾远娥等编制的大学生理想自我与现实自我差异量表对1191名大学生进行调查。结果女生的自我差异均分高于男生(F=10.91,P=0.001);不同年级大学生的自我差异存在显著性的不同(F=19.015,P=0.000);不同专业学生的自我差异得分存在显著性不同(F=3.0957,P=0.019);城镇大学生的自我差异得分高于农村大学生(F=2.91,P=0.021)。结论大学生的理想自我与现实自我差异具有显著性的性别、年级、专业和城乡差异。     

高中生应对方式及其与学业成绩的关系

目的:探讨高中生面对挫折和烦恼时应对方式的特点及其与学业成绩的关系。方法:以中学生应对方式评定问卷对649名高中生进行了调查。结果:女生比男生更倾向于采用发泄(因子均分2.4±0.7/2.7±0.7,F=23.32,P<0.01)和忍耐(3.2±0.7/3.0±0.8,F=5.08,P<0.05),而男生更倾向于采用幻想(2.4±0.9/2.1±0.8, F=15.52,P<0.01);重点中学比普通中学的高中生更多采用问题解决(3.3±0.6/3.1±0.7,F=20.85,P<0.011幻想(2.4±0.9/2.1±0.9,F=12.87,P<0.01)、退避(2.9±0.6/2.8±0.6,F=7.04,P<0.01)应对;来自城市和农村的高中生应对方式差异不显著;和睦安宁家庭气氛中的高中生采用问题解决应对显著多于偶尔争吵和经常争吵家庭中的高中生;民主型教养方式下的高中生比放任型教养方式的学生更多采用问题解决应对,权威型教养方式家庭中的高中生比民主型教养方式家庭中的高中生更多采用幻想应对。结论:高中生的应对方式存在性别差异。不同家庭气氛和不同教养方式以及学生在学业上的地位对应对方式也有一定影响,但城乡差别不明显。     

大学新生自我概念与父母教养方式

目的探讨大学新生自我概念及与其父母教养方式的关系。方法以唐山市某高校362名大学新生为研究对象,采用田纳西自我概念量表和父母教养方式评价量表进行问卷调查。结果 1男女大学新生的自我概念在自我行动(t=2.260,P0.05)及自我批评(t=3.732,P0.001)上存在显著差异;2双亲不同受教育程度的大学新生自我概念在道德自我(F=6.572,6.376;P0.01)、心理自我(F=7.211,P0.001;F=5.403,P0.01)、家庭自我(F=4.942,4.902;P0.01)、自我认同(F=6.756,6.963;P0.001)、自我行动(F=3.242,P0.05)和自我概念总分(F=5.060,4.823;P0.01)上存在显著差异,且文化程度越高差异越显著;3不同自我概念水平组大学新生的父母教养方式在父亲过分干涉(t=2.730,P0.01)、父亲过度保护(t=2.256,P0.05)、母亲温暖理解(t=-2.758,P0.01)、母亲过度干涉或过度保护(t=2.771,P0.01)上存在显著差异。结论 1大学新生在自我行动上,男生较女生积极;在自我批评上女生较男生积极;2双亲受教育程度越高,大学新生的自我概念越积极;3父母给予子女情感温暖与理解,子女较易形成积极的自我概念,而过度干涉、过度保护则使子女形成消极的自我概念。     

高中生的社会支持与学校适应

目的考察高中生社会支持的特点、学校适应状况以及高中生社会支持对学校适应的预测作用。方法以816名高中生为被试,采用情感关系量表考察高中生的社会支持特点,采用高中生学校适应量表考察其学校适应状况。结果重复测量方差分析表明,高中生寻求重要他人的社会支持存在显著的性别主效应(F(1,806)=17.063,P0.001),事后均值比较发现,高中女生寻求母亲、父亲和同性朋友的社会支持显著多于高中男生(P0.001),高中男生寻求异性朋友的支持显著多于高中女生(P0.05)。重复测量方差分析表明,高中男生和女生的4个重要他人的主效应都显著(F(3,984)=20.268,P0.001,F(3,1434)=128.664,P0.001),事后成对比较发现,高中生寻求同性朋友的社会支持显著多于寻求父母支持和异性朋友支持(P0.05),高三学生比高一、高二更多寻求父母的社会支持(P0.05)。独立样本t检验表明,重点中学高中生学校适应总体水平(t=2.099,P0.05)、学习适应(t=2.227,P0.05)、学校态度(t=5.947,P0.001)、师生关系(t=3.951,P0.001)显著好于普通中学高中生,普通中学高中生比重点中学高中生同伴关系更好(t=2.444,P0.05);单因素方差分析的事后多重比较表明,高三学生的学校适应最好,高二的学校适应最差(P0.05)。独立样本t检验表明,高中女生学校适应显著好于男生(t=3.258,P0.01)。多元线性回归分析表明,高中生的父亲支持(β=0.226,t=5.288,P0.001)、同性朋友支持(β=0.204,t=5.471,P0.001)、母亲支持越多(β=0.109,t=2.508,P0.05),高中生的学校适应越好。结论同性朋友是高中生最重要的他人;高中女生寻求父母和同性朋友的社会支持显著多于高中男生,高三学生寻求父母的支持显著多于高一、高二学生;重点中学高中生学校适应总体水平显著好于普通中学,而普通高中学生的同伴关系比重点高中学生好,高中女生比高中男生学校适应好,高三学生学校适应最好,高二最差;高中生的社会支持越多,学校适应越好。     

高中生学习策略的调查研究

目的了解高中生学习策略并分析学习策略在不同维度上的差异。方法从几所高中选取278名高中生作为研究对象,采用《中学生学习策略问卷》作为研究工具进行分析。结果①学习策略发展水平存在显著的年级差异(t=4.064,P<0.01)和性别差异(t=1.975,P<0.05);②女生在复述策略(t=-2.611,P<0.05)和精加工策略(t=-2.362,P<0.05)维度上的得分高于男生,男生在计划策略(t=4.454,P<0.01)、监视策略(t=4.948,P<0.01)、调节策略(t=4.073,P<0.01)3个维度上的得分显著高于女生;③不同类型学校高中生在学习策略水平上存在显著差异(t=5.256,P<0.01)。结论①学生的学习策略并未表现出随年级增长而提高的趋势;②不同性别学生在认知策略和元认知策略水平上存在显著差异;③重点中学学生学习策略的总体水平显著高于普通中学。     

大学生负性情绪影响因素调查分析

目的探讨大学生负性情绪产生的原因及一般特点。方法采用自编的《大学生负性情绪问卷》,对河南省4所高校大学生进行施测,获得的数据进行探索性因素分析和方差分析。结果影响大学生负性情绪产生的主要因素有就业和前途问题、经济问题、学习问题、家庭问题、对学校的满意度、朋友交往问题、恋爱问题、自身问题、任务管理压力。就业和前途问题、经济问题和恋爱问题因素上性别差异显著(F=8.411,P<0.01;F=6.424,P<0.05;F=11.420,P<0.01)。家庭问题、对学校的满意度、朋友问题、恋爱问题和自身问题上年级差异显著(F=9.958,P<0.01;F=2.785,P<0.05;F=8.353,8.977,3.924,P均<0.01)。经济问题、恋爱问题上城乡差异显著(F=4.856,P<0.05;F=7.755,P<0.01)。结论影响大学生负性情绪的因素主要有9个方面。性别上,女生因为就业而产生的负性情绪程度高于男生,而经济问题和恋爱问题上,男生受到的影响要大于女生。不同影响因素的年级差异具有特异性。城乡上,农村学生因为经济问题产生的负性情绪程度显著高于城市学生,而因为恋爱问题产生的负性情绪程度显著低于城市学生。     

高中学生的自我决定动机与学业拖延

目的:了解高中生学业拖延现状及其与自我决定动机间的关系,为高中生改善学业拖延和提高学习自我决定水平提供参考。方法:采取分层整群抽样法,对江苏和安徽4所重点或普通高中645名在校学生的学业拖延和自我决定动机进行问卷调查。结果:学生的学业拖延(2.69±0.48)处于中等水平,不同年级(F=11.47,P0.01)、不同成绩(F=10.46,P0.01)学生间学业拖延差异显著;女生的拖延程度低于男生,而内摄调节(t=-2.64,P0.05)水平高于男生;高低拖延者的自我决定动机差异显著(F=8.41,P0.01)。学业拖延与控制性调节呈正相关(r=0.09,P0.05),与自主性调节(r=-0.24,P0.01)和相对自主性(r=-0.25,P0.01)呈负相关。回归分析显示认同调节(β=-0.39,t=-7.58,P0.01)、内部调节(β=-0.24,t=-6.16,P0.01)及相对自主性(β=-0.25,t=-6.46,P0.01)是学业拖延的显著预测变量。结论:外控动机愈高者拖延愈严重,提高高中生自我决定水平有助于改善学业拖延现象。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.