医学生完美主义与社交回避及苦恼

目的探讨医学生完美主义、社交回避及苦恼的特点及两者的关系。方法采用中文Frost多维度完美主义问卷(CFMPS)和社交回避及苦恼量表(SAD)对401名医学本科生进行问卷调查。结果①医学生完美主义在人口统计学因素上存在差异;②社交回避及苦恼总分与完美主义总分(r=0.178,P<0.01),担心错误维度(r=0.223,P<0.01),父母期望维度(r=0.109,P<0.05),行动的疑虑维度(r=0.314,P<0.01),以及消极完美主义(r=0.213,P<0.01)均有显著正相关;③通过回归分析发现,行动的疑虑、担心错误和个人标准对社交回避及苦恼均具有一定的预测作用(R2=0.134,P<0.01)。结论医学生完美主义多个方面存在差异,完美主义影响社交回避及苦恼。     

大学生完美主义与自尊的相关研究

目的探究大学生完美主义与自尊的关系,为大学生的心理健康研究提供理论依据。方法采用Frost多维完美主义问卷(FMPS)中文版和自尊量表(SES)对河北省唐山市某高校141名大学生进行问卷调查,使用SPSS对数据进行统计分析。结果①大学生自尊在年级上存在显著差异(F=4.358,P<0.05);②大学生自尊与完美主义担心错误因子(r=0.393,P<0.05)、父母期望因子(r=0.173,P<0.05)存在显著正相关;与对行为的疑虑因子(r=0.342,P<0.01)、完美主义总分(r=0.223,P<0.01)存在显著正相关;与条理性存在显著负相关(r=-0.222,P<0.01)。结论大学生的自尊水平越高,完美主义的倾向性越强。     

大学生自尊在尴尬与完美主义关系中的中介作用

目的:探讨大学生自尊在尴尬与完美主义间的中介作用。方法:选取哈尔滨市2所高校部分在校大学生771人[男327人,女444人;年龄17~26岁,平均年龄(20±3)岁],采用尴尬易感性量表中文版(SES)、中文Frost多维完美主义问卷(FMPS,积极完美主义包括条理性维度,消极完美主义包括担心错误、父母期望、个人标准和行动疑虑维度)和二维自尊量表中文版(SLCS-R)进行测量。结果:SES总分与FM PS总分及担心错误、父母期望、个人标准、行动疑虑、消极完美主义得分均呈正相关(r=0.15~0.54,均P0.01),SES总分及其4个维度得分与SLCS-R总分及其2个维度得分均呈负相关(r=-0.58~-0.25,均P0.01)。自尊在尴尬与积极完美主义、尴尬与消极完美主义间均具有部分中介作用,Bootstrap输出的95%可信区间分别为(-0.22~-0.14)和(0.14~0.21)。自尊在尴尬与消极完美主义间的中介效应占总效应的37.5%;自尊在尴尬与积极完美主义间的中介效应为遮掩效应[直接效应|0.13|、间接效应|-0.18|总效应|-0.05|]。结论:尴尬与完美主义、自尊的关系密切,完美主义可间接通过自尊对尴尬产生影响。     

大学生完美主义与安全感的关系

目的:探讨大学生完美主义与安全感的关系。方法:对296名大学生施测完美主义量表中文版(CFMPS)和安全感量表(SQ)。结果:1父母期望维度存在显著的性别(t=4.256,P0.001)、独生(t=2.005,P0.05)和年级差异(F=4.320,P0.01),个人标准维度存在显著的性别差异(t=2.624,P0.01);2人际安全感维度存在显著的独生(t=2.457,P0.05)和生源地差异(t=2.117,P0.05);3安全感各维度及总分与完美主义中的担心错误、父母期望、行动的疑虑、个人标准等维度以及完美主义总分均呈显著负相关,与条理性维度呈显著正相关;4行动的疑虑、担心错误和条理性3个维度均能很好的预测确定控制感、人际安全感和安全感总分。结论:大学生完美主义和安全感多个方面存在差异;完美主义和安全感相关显著,完美主义能够很好的预测安全感。     

大学生完美主义心理与父母教养方式的影响研究

目的 研究父母的教养方式对大学生完美主义心理形成的影响.方法 采用中文Frost多维完美主义量表、父母教养方式评价量表对1245名大学生进行测试并进行统计分析.结果 大学生的完美主义得分与父亲的完美主义得分(r=0.34549,P<0.0001)和母亲的完美主义得分(r=0.325 52,P<0.0001)均显著正相关...     

大学生完美主义对抑郁症状的预测研究

目的:在完美主义的双重过程模型的理论框架下,考察不同完美主义维度对抑郁的预测作用.方法:采用方便取样,选取湖南省某高校的在校大学生206名,每位参加者被要求先后参加两次测试,两次测试时间间隔4个月.第—次测试选用Frost多维完美主义量表(FMPS)、Hewitt多维完美主义量表(HMPS)、近乎完美主义量表(APS-R)、贝克抑郁问卷(BDI)、Rosenberg自尊量表(SES)、自我效能感量表(GSES)、状态焦虑问卷(S-AI)和正性负性情绪量表(PANAS).第二次测试选用贝克抑郁问卷(BDI).结果:偏相关分析显示,适应不良完美主义与心理症状学指标显著正相关(Pr=0.36,0.46,0.58;P＜0.001),而适应性完美主义与积极心理指标显著正相关(Pr=0.22,0.32,0.33;P＜0.01).横断面研究显示,适应不良完美主义中的差异性、社会决定完美主义因子能显著正向预测抑郁症状(β=0.372,P＜0.001;β=0.264,P＜0.01);适应性完美主义各因子均不能显著预测抑郁症状(P＞0.05).纵向研究结果显示,完美主义各因子均不能显著地预测4个月后抑郁水平的变化(P＞0.05).结论:本研究支持了完美主义的双重过程模型.适应不良完美主义中的差异性、社会决定完美主义因子能显著的正向预测抑郁水平.     

大学生完美主义与成人依恋的关系研究

目的探讨大学生完美主义与成人依恋的关系。方法采用李同归等人修订的亲密关系经历量表(ECR)中文版和杨宏飞修订的Frost多维完美主义量表(FMPS)中文版对423名大学生进行问卷调查。结果 1成人依恋回避维度在性别上存在差异(t=4.679,P0.05),完美主义个人标准、怀疑行动维度在性别上存在差异(t=4.637,P0.05;t=7.414,P0.01);2自评成绩不同的大学生在完美主义的个人标准和关注错误2个维度上存在显著差异(t=0.0001,P0.001;t=0.001,P0.01);3消极完美主义与成人依恋回避、焦虑维度存在显著的正相关(r=0.104,P0.05;r=0.243,P0.01)。结论大学生成人依恋焦虑因素与消极完美主义相关。     

完美主义人格的结构及特点

目的:探讨完美主义人格的结构及特点,为完美主义人格测量提供有效工具.方法:选取湖南省某高校的在校大学生584名,完成Frost多维完美主义量表(FMPS)、Hewitt多维完美主义量表(HMPS)、近乎完美主义量表修订版(APS-R)、Rosenberg自尊量表(SES)、自我效能感量表(GSES)、状态焦虑问卷(S-AT)和贝克抑郁问卷(BDI),考察完美主义的结构及特点,及不同完美主义结构与积极、消极心理指标的关系.结果:FMPS,HMPS和APS-R共可以提取适应不良完美主义、适应完美主义、组织性3个二阶因素;三因子结构模型拟合指数较理想(x2=134.95,df=32; GFI=0.91; CFI=0.92,NFI =0.90;RMSEA=0.083).适应不良完美主义得分与SES和GSES得分负相关(r=-0.46、-0.16,P＜0.01),与S-AT和BDI得分正相关(r=0.48、0.55,P＜0.001);适应完美主义得分与SES和GSES得分正相关(r=0.12、0.19,P＜0.05),与S-AT和BDI得分的相关无统计学意义(r=0.07、0.10,P＞0.05);组织性得分与SES和GSES得分正相关(r=0.16、0.17;P＜0.01),与S-AT和BDI得分的相关无统计学意义(r=-0.08、-0.08;P＞0.05).完美主义3个二阶因子的内部一致性Cronbachα系数为0.82～0.90,重测信度为0.72 ～0.79.结论:适应不良完美主义、适应完美主义、组织性3个二阶因子的完美主义量表具有较好的信效度,支持了完美主义区分为适应不良完美主义和适应完美主义两个方面的合理性.     

高中生父亲教养方式与自我妨碍的关系——以完美主义为中介

为探讨完美主义在父亲教养方式对高中生自我妨碍上的影响,采用父母教养方式评价量表、中文佛罗斯特完美主义问卷及自我妨碍量表,对无锡某中学285名高中生进行调查。研究表明:1父亲教养方式5个维度均与自我妨碍呈相关关系,其中父亲情感温暖理解与自我妨碍呈负相关,惩罚严厉、过分干涉、偏爱被试、拒绝否认和过度保护与自我妨碍呈正相关,消极完美主义(担心错误、父母期望、行动疑虑)与自我妨碍呈极其显著正相关,条理性维度与自我妨碍呈负相关;2复回归分析研究结果显示父亲教养方式通过消极完美主义部分或完全中介作用影响自我妨碍。     

87名高中教师的完美主义与心理健康的关系

Frost1991年编制了完美主义多维量表(FMPS)[1],确定了完美主义的六个维度:关注错误(CM);怀疑行动(DA);个人标准(PS);父母期望(PE);父母批评(PC);整洁(O)。Hewitt等人也编制了完美主义多维量表(HMPS)[2],确立了完美主义的三个维度:自我导向的完美主义(SOP);他人导向的完美主义(OOP);社会施加的完美主义(SPP)。Frost等人(1993)对FMPS和HMPS的9个分量表进行因素分析,发现两个因素:非适应性的评估关系(即消极的完美主义)和积极进取(即积极的完美主义)。前者与压抑和消极情感有关,即FMPS中的CM、DA、PE、PC,HMPS中的SPP;…     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.