河南省豫南山地丘陵片区人群肠道寄生虫调查报告

在豫南山地丘陵片区潢川、淮滨、罗山和桐柏４个县进行人群肠道寄生虫分布调查。共检查８８８２人，查见肠道寄生虫感染者６０６５例，其感染率为６８．３％。共查见寄生虫１９种，其中原虫７种、线虫７种、吸虫３种和绦虫２种。各种寄生虫感染率分别为溶组织内阿米巴１％、结肠内阿米巴２．７％、哈氏内阿米巴５．２％、微小内蜒阿米巴７．２％、布氏嗜碘阿米巴０．５％、贾第虫４．３％、人芽囊原虫１．４％、蛔虫３４．５％、鞭虫３１．６％、钩虫２８．６％、蛲虫４．８％、美洲钩虫１．７％、十二指肠钩虫１８．５％、粪类圆线虫０．０７％、结节线虫０．０１％、华支睾吸虫０．４％、姜片虫０．０１％、肝片吸虫０．０１％、带绦虫０．０２％和微小膜壳绦虫０．４％。     

宁夏儿童青少年人体寄生虫感染现状

本文报道宁夏抽查４２个点，１８岁以内儿童青少年人体寄生虫感染情况共检查９４６０人，其寄生虫总感染率为５３．１％，共查见寄生虫２０种。人群各种寄生虫感染率分别为：蛔虫３０．６％、蛲虫１８．３％、鞭虫０．４％、钩虫０．３％、粪类圆线虫０．０５％、带绦虫０．０１％、微小膜壳绦虫０．０１％、缩小膜壳绦虫０．０２％、旋毛虫１．９％、棘球蚴９．０％、溶组织内阿米巴０．０６％、哈氏内阿米巴０．３％、布氏嗜碘阿米巴０．５％、微小内蜒阿米巴０．７％、人芽囊原虫０．０６％和结肠小袋纤毛虫０．０２％。１人同时感染２、３和４种寄生虫者依次有６３８例、５７例和３例。以蛔虫、贾第虫为例进行统计学分析，城镇与农村的儿童青少年感染率间差别有非常显著意义（χ２蛔虫＝１０８．６９０８，χ２贾第虫＝２０．８７４６，其Ｐ值均＜０．０１）。     

A cross-sectional study of intestinal parasitic infections in a rural district of west China.

BACKGROUND: Parasitic infections are widespread in rural areas of West China. The remote and humid environment, traditional ways of life, contaminated potable water and limited health services all contribute to the transmission and persistence of fecal parasites. OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in an area of West China, including its associations with demographic variables. METHODS: Single fecal specimens were collected using a previously validated kit. Parasites were detected microscopically by iodine-stained smear, modified Kato-Katz thick smear, simple saline smear, test tube filter paper culture and adhesive cellophane tape anal swab. RESULTS: The prevalence of enteric parasites in the population was 51.7%. The proportion of individuals infected with one parasite was 36.5%, two parasites 12.7%, three parasites 3.0% and four parasites 0.08%. Parasites identified included Ascaris lumbricoides in 41.4% of all individuals tested, Ancylostoma duodenale in 17.7%, Trichurias trichuria in 8.25%, Enterobius vermicularis in 0.43%, Blastocystis hominis in 1.37%, Entamoeba coli in 0.47%, Entamoeba histolytica in 0.16%, Giardia lamblia in 0.04%, Strongyloides stercoralis in 0.04% and Clonorchis sinensis in 0.04%. The prevalence was significantly increased in women, people aged 15 to 19 years and over 80 years, the rural farm population, farmers, preschool and primary school groups, residents of a hilly rather than mountainous or plains terrain, and in intermediate income groups. The prevalence was significantly negatively associated with educational level, but not with age or income. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the use of simple fecal examinations to monitor the parasite burden in rural areas of developing countries. Enteric parasites remain common in this population in rural China.     

Prevalence and seasonal fluctuations of intestinal parasitic infections in the Nablus area, West Bank of Jordan

A total of 22,970 stool specimens collected from patients attending the Central Medical Laboratory in the city of Nablus in the period of 1981-1986 were examined for intestinal parasites. Of these 7412 (32.3%) were positive. Entamoeba histolytica (22.9%), Giardia lamblia (7.3%), and Ascaris lumbricoides (5.7%) were the most prevalent intestinal parasites found. Other intestinal parasites present included Hymenolepis nana, Trichomonas hominis, Trichuris trichiura, Taenia saginata, Enterobius vermicularis and Strongyloides stercoralis. Seasonal occurrence of intestinal parasites in the West Bank of Jordan was also studied in the period January 1981-August 1987. Lower prevalence rates of intestinal parasites generally occurred during winter and early spring. Peak incidence occurred during summer and early autumn. The reasons for these seasonal variations are discussed.     

Non-biting cyclorrhaphan flies (Diptera) as carriers of intestinal human parasites in slum areas of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

A study was conducted to determine the role of non-biting cyclorrhaphan flies as carriers of intestinal parasites in slum areas of Addis Ababa from January 2004 to June 2004. A total of 9550 flies, comprising of at least seven species were collected from four selected sites and examined for human intestinal parasites using the formol-ether concentration method. The dominant fly species was Chrysomya rufifacies (34.9%) followed by Musca domestica (31%), Musca sorbens (20.5.%), Lucina cuprina (6.8%), Sarcophaga sp. (2.8%), Calliphora vicina (2.2%) and Wohlfahrtia sp. (1.8%). Six intestinal helminths (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworms, Hymenolepis nana, Taenia spp. and Strongyloides stercoralis) and at least four protozoan parasites (Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, Entamoeba coli, Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium sp.) were isolated from both the external and gut contents of the flies. A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura among the helminths and E. histolytica/dispar and E. coli among the protozoans were the dominant parasites detected both on the external and in the gut contents of the flies, but occurring more in the latter. Among the flies, C. rufifacies and M. sorbens were the highest carriers of the helminth and protozoan parasites, respectively. The public health significance of these findings is highlighted.     

Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in Riyadh district, Saudi Arabia

A total of 23,516 stool specimens collected from patients attending three medical centres in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, were examined for intestinal parasites. Of these 5737 (24.4%) were positive. Entamoeba histolytica (8.8%) and Giardia lamblia (6.3%) were the commonest parasites found, and in the age group of one to 15 years. Giardia was found in 14.8% of males and 11.9% of females. Other intestinal parasites present included Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Schistosoma mansoni, Hymeolepis nana. Ancylostoma duodenale, Enterobius vermicularis. Taenia saginata and Schistosoma hematotium.     

甘肃省人体寄生虫分布初步调查

本文报告甘肃省19个县57个村28587名居民肠道寄生虫感染情况的调查结果。共查见原虫9种,线虫5种、吸虫5种。其中属我省常见的寄生虫有6种,其感染率为:蛔虫36％、 蛲虫12.2％、鞭虫2％、结肠内河来巴3.9％、溶组织内阿米巴1.8％、贾第虫1.1％。较少见的5种有钩虫、并殖吸虫、微小内蜒阿米巴、布氏嗜碘阿米巴和结肠小袋纤毛虫。属我省首次查见的虫种有:粪类圆线虫、华支睾吸虫、肝片形吸虫、姜片虫、支双腔吸虫、哈氏内阿米巴、人毛滴虫、人酵母菌。     

High throughput multiplex PCR and probe-based detection with Luminex beads for seven intestinal parasites

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for intestinal parasites are increasingly being used on fecal DNA samples for enhanced specificity and sensitivity of detection. Comparison of these tests against microscopy and copro-antigen detection has been favorable, and substitution of PCR-based assays for the ova and parasite stool examination is a foreseeable goal for the near future. One challenge is the diverse list of protozoan and helminth parasites. Several existing real-time PCR assays for the major intestinal parasites-Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica, Ancylostoma duodenale, Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus, and Strongyloides stercoralis-were adapted into a high throughput protocol. The assay involves two multiplex PCR reactions, one with specific primers for the protozoa and one with specific primers for the helminths, after which PCR products are hybridized to beads linked to internal oligonucleotide probes and detected on a Luminex platform. When compared with the parent multiplex real-time PCR assays, this multiplex PCR-bead assay afforded between 83% and 100% sensitivity and specificity on a total of 319 clinical specimens. In conclusion, this multiplex PCR-bead protocol provides a sensitive diagnostic screen for a large panel of intestinal parasites.     

Entamoeba histolytica and other parasitic infections in south Kanara district, Karnataka

Single stool specimens collected from 1,020 apparently healthy people of the South Kanara District, were processed for intestinal parasites using three parasitological methods viz. (a) Direct smear in physiological saline and D'Antoni's iodine, (b) Zinc sulfate concentration method and (c) by culture in modified Boek and Drbolhav medium. Of these 781 (76.51 per cent) were found to be infected with parasites. The prevalence of various intestinal parasites was: Ascaris lumbricoides (48.33 per cent), Necator americanus (46.86 per cent), Trichuris trichiura (42.75 per cent), Entamoeba coli (23.24 per cent), Entamoeba histolytica (7.94 per cent), Enterobius vermicularis (2.84 per cent), Giardia intestinalis (2.45 per cent), Iodamoeba buitschlii (1.57 per cent), Entamoeba hartmanni (1.37 per cent), Trichomonas hominis (0.88 per cent), Strongyloides stercoralis (0.68 per cent), Hymenolepis nana (0.49 per cent), Chilomastis mesnili (0.10 per cent) and Endolimax nana (0.10 per cent). High incidence of parasitic infections was recorded in females and age group of 6-14 years.     

Parasites of man in remote areas of Central and South Sulawesi, Indonesia

A biomedical survey was conducted in 10 villages in remote, high mountain valleys of Central and South Sulawesi, Indonesia to learn whether Oriental schistosomiasis was endemic and to determine the prevalences of other intestinal parasites, malaria and filariasis in those areas. Although persons with Oriental schistosomiasis were found in three villages of South Sulawesi, follow-up inquiries revealed that these had recently migrated from a known schistosomiasis area in Central Sulawesi. Other intestinal parasites diagnosed were Ascaris lumbricoides (14%), Trichuris trichiura (7%), hookworm (68%), Entamoeba histolytica (3%), Entamoeba coli (17%), and Giardia lamblia (5%). Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Trichostrongylus sp., Physaloptera sp., Diphyllobothrium sp. heterophyid, echinostome and dicrocoelid-like termatodes, Endolimax nana and Chilomastix mesnili were detected infrequently. Malaria parasitemias due to Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax and P. malariae were detected in 4% of the sampled populations, Malayan filariasis was diagnosed in 21% of the subjects examined.     

Survey for intestinal parasites in Belize, Central America

A stool survey was carried out in 5 villages in the Toledo district of the Central American country of Belize. Eighty-two percent of a total population of 672 participated. The stools were examined by the formalin-ethyl-acetate concentration technique. Sixty-six percent of the population was found to have one or more intestinal parasites. The most common infection was hookworm (55%) followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (30%), Entamoeba coli (21%), Trichuris trichiura (19%), Giardia lamblia (12%), Iodamoeba beutschlii (9%), and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (6%). Other parasites found were Entamoeba hartmani, Strongyloides stercoralis, Endolimax nana, Isospora belli, and Chilomastix mesnili. Children were more often infected than adults and more females had hookworm infections. Sixty percent of 111 households surveyed had dirt floors, 43% were without toilets, 35% of the houses were overcrowded, and 10% obtained drinking water from streams. Cross-tabulation and logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk and protective factors associated with parasitoses. The risk factors were: being in the Mayan Ketchi population group, and abtaining housework and drinking water from streams. Protective factors were: drinking treated water and the wearing of shoes.     

Intestinal parasitic infections in schoolchildren of Abha (Asir), Saudi Arabia.

Stool specimens from 1282 children between the age of 5 and 13 years attending 10 primary schools for boys in the city of Abha, southwestern Saudi Arabia, were examined for the presence of intestinal parasites. Of these, 313, (24.4%) were found infected with one or more species of 11 intestinal protozoa and helminths. The most common pathogenic protozoa being Giardia lamblia (10.9%) followed by Entamoeba histolytica (4.1%). The nonpathogenic protozoan, Entamoeba coli had the highest prevalence rate (11.3%) in the children's stools. Hymenolepis nana was the commonest intestinal helminth (3.0%). Other intestinal helminths, including Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura. Schistosoma mansoni, Dicrocoelium dendriticum were detected to a lesser extent. The distribution of the common intestinal infections among the children surveyed were also analysed according to age, nationality and multiplicity of infection. Prevalence of E. histolytica was found to increase with age whereas Giardia infections were less common among older children. This pair of parasite species were strongly associated. Yemeni children had consistently the highest prevalence of infection with protozoa and helminths, followed by Saudi and non-Saudi children.     

Intestinal parasitic infection and associated symptoms in children attending day care centres in Trujillo,Venezuela

OBJECTIVES: To examine the presence of intestinal protozoan and helminth infections and their association with clinical signs and symptoms in children in Trujillo, Venezuela. METHODS: Conventional microscopic methods (thick-smear, saline and iodine solutions) were used to identify parasites in stool samples of 301 children attending day care centres. A subgroup of 45 children was evaluated clinically and parasitologically five times during a 1-month period using conventional methods and the Kinyoun acid-fast stain for Cryptosporidium identification. RESULTS: The point prevalence of protozoan infections was 21% for Giardia duodenalis, 1.0% for Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, 4% for Entamoeba coli, 16% for Blastocystis hominis, and 89% for Cryptosporidium parvum. Prevalence of helminth infection was 11% for Ascaris lumbricoides, 10% for Trichuris trichiura, 0.3% for Strongyloides stercoralis, and 1.3% for Hymenolepis nana. Over a 1-month time frame, new infections were observed at a rate of 11% for G. duodenalis, 4% for E. histolytica/dispar, 7% for A. lumbricoides, 11% for T. trichiura, 0% for S. stercoralis, and 2% for H. nana. Intestinal symptoms (diarrhoea, vomiting, gas, stomach pain, and loss of appetite) were associated with presence of one or more of C. parvum or B. hominis organisms in stool samples. CONCLUSIONS: Intestinal parasitic infections contribute significantly to the enteric disease burden experienced by this group of children. The organisms most strongly implicated by this study are common and difficult-to-treat protozoan pathogens.     

Human parasitoses of the Malili area, South Sulawesi (Celebes) province, Indonesia.

A biomedical survey was conducted in 9 villages in the Malili area of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Blood specimens were examined for malaria and microfilariae; stool specimens were examined for intestinal parasites. Malaria parasitemias were rare; Plasmodium falciparum was detected in 10 and P. vivax in 11 of 985 blood smears. Malayan filariasis was endemic to all villages surveyed. The overall prevalence of detectable microfilaremias was 15%, varying from 34% in Kawata to 1% in Nuha. Microfilarial densities, expressed as MfD50 averaged 8.0 and varied from 1.1 in Timampu to 16.0 in Karabbe. Intestinal parasites were common. Although Schistosoma japonicum was not found, 97% of the examined had one or more intestinal parasites as follows: Ascaris lumbricoides (74%), Trichuris trichiura (65%), hookworm (62%), Entamoeba coli (38%), Endolimax nana (10%), Entamoeba histolytica (6%), Iodamoeba bütschlii (4%), Entamoeba hartmanni (3%), Giardia lamblia (2%) Chilomastix mesnili (1%) and Enterobius vermicularis (1%). Strongyloides stercoralis larvae and Hymenolepis nana eggs were detected once each and heterophyid-like eggs were detected twice.     

河南省人体寄生虫分布情况的调查

通过对5个片区40个县市166个调查点85741人的粪检调查,共查出肠道线虫8种:蛔虫、十二指肠钩虫,美洲钩虫,鞭虫、蛲虫,东方毛圆线虫,粪类圆线虫,结节线虫(未定种),其平均感染率分别为:44.6％,15.9％,2.8％,8.1％,21.7％,0.1％,0.2％,和0.1％;绦虫3种:带绦虫(0.1％),微小膜壳绦虫(0.2％),长膜壳绦虫(0.1％);吸虫2种:华支睾吸虫(0.3％),肝片吸虫(0.1％),原虫11种:溶组织内阿米巴,结肠内阿米巴,哈氏内阿米巴,微小内蜒阿米巴,布氏嗜碘阿米巴,贾第虫,人酵母菌,人毛滴虫,脆弱双核阿米巴,迈氏唇鞭毛虫,结肠小袋纤毛虫,其平均感染率分别为:0.7％,0.8％,3.1％,6.0％,1.1％,7.2％,1.8％,0.1％,0.6％,0.4％和0.1％。总感染人数为55414人,其平均感染率为64.6％。男、女感染率分别为64.9％和66.0％,(u=2.36,P<0.05),两者间有显著性差异。南阳盆地,豫东平原,淮南丘陵山地,豫东北平原,豫西北山地感染率分别为75.3％,68.8％,67.2％,63.3％和54.4％,各两两间u值均大于2.58,P<0.01,不同地区间有非常显著性差异。     

Parasitology survey and seroepidemiology of amoebiasis in South Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia.

A parasitology surevy was conducted among inhabitants of 7 villages in 3 regencies in South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. A total of 2,169 stool specimens, 2,756 blood smears and 1,027 serum specimens were obtained, representing samples from approximately 10%, 12% and 5% of the population, respectively. One to 8 different intestinal parasitic infections were detected in 97% of the people. Those parasites most frequently found were Trichuris trichiura (83%), Ascaris lumbricoides (79%), and hookworm (65%), followed by Entamoeba coli (37%), Endolimaxnana (12%), Entamoeba histolytica (12%), Iodamoeba bütschlii (11%), Giardia lamblia (5%), Entamoeba hartmanni (2%), Chilomastix mesnili (2%). Other parasites found were Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Capillaria sp., Echinostoma sp., Hymenolepis diminuta, and Trichomonas hominis. Giardia lamblia was found more often in younger people and Entamoeba coli, Iodamoeba bütschlii and hookworm in the older age group. Ascaris lumbricoides occurred more frequently in females, and hookworm in males. Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum were found in the blood smears of 4.4% of the people, mostly in the younger age groups. Seroepidemiological studies on amoebiasis were done by use of the indirect hemagglutination test with antigens prepared from the HK9 strain of Entamoeba histolytica maintained in axenic cultures. The frequency distribution of the reciprocal antibody titers showed a bimodal distribution with 34% of the population demonstrating positive reactions at titers of 1:128 or greater.     

Parasitological survey in Gorontalo North Sulawesi, Indonesia.

A survey for blood and intestinal parasites was carried out in the municipality of Gorontalo on the Minahasa peninsula of North Sulawesi. A total of 156 stool specimens were obtained from 83 males and 73 females. Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, unidentified dicrocoeliid-like ova and Entamoeba coli, in that order, were the most common intestinal parasites detected. Other intestinal parasites found less frequently were Entamoeba histolytica, Iodamoeba bütschlii, Endolimax nana, Giardia lamblia, Enterobius vermicularis and Chilomastix mesnili. Brugia malayi microfilaremiar were detected in 6% and Plasmodium falciparum in less than 1% of the population sampled.     

Intestinal parasites in inhabitants of Wrocław and Wałbrzych

In the period 1990-1997 several thousand patients from Wroc?aw and Wa?brzych hospitals as well as inhabitants of Wroc?aw city were examined for intestinal parasites. The presence of parasites was noted in 12.3% of 2173 patients from the District Hospital of Infectious Diseases in Wroc?aw, 3.2% of 599 from Wa?brzych Hospital and 39.3% (mostly Enterobius vermicularis) of 746 ambulatory examined persons in the Private Analytical Laboratory in Wroc?aw. Among the intestinal protozoa the most frequent was Giardia intestinalis (from 5.7 to 18.1%) and Entamoeba coli (0.5-0.6%); the remaining amoebas (E. histolytica, E. hartmanni, E. polecki and Endolimax nana) as well as Chilomonas mesnili was present only in single cases. Enterobiosis was observed in nearly half of the total number of examined children (1808); the most rarely found helminths were Opisorchis felineus (! Adult patient), Strongyloides stercoralis (2) and Trichuris trichiura (8); Taenia saginata was found in 56 patients, which constituted 1.6% of the total number of examined cases and Ascaris lumbricoides in 40 (1.2%).     

西藏自治区人体寄生虫分布调查

本文报告１９８８年５月至１９９０年１０月，按全国人体寄生虫分布调查实施细则方法对本区１３个县３０个调查点进行人群寄生虫分布调查。实检率为７１．７％（１０３１５／１４３７９）。人群寄生虫总感染率为５１．６％（５３２５／１０３１５），共查见寄生虫２４种，其中包括原虫１０种、线虫９种和绦虫５种。各种寄生虫感染率分别为：溶组织内阿米巴８．１％、结肠内阿米巴１３．３％、哈氏内阿米巴１．５％、微小内蜒阿米巴３．３％、布氏嗜碘阿米巴８．５％、贾第虫８．２％、人毛滴虫０．０２％、结肠小袋纤毛虫０．０１％、人芽囊原虫０．３％、肉孢子虫１２．６％、蛔虫６．０％、鞭虫２．３％、钩虫０．３％、粪类圆线虫０．０１％、毛圆线虫０．０４％、蛲虫１１．５％、小杆属线虫０．０３％、旋毛虫２６．８％、带绦虫８．５％、缩小膜壳绦虫０．１％、微小膜壳绦虫１．５％、棘球蚴３４．９％和裂头蚴２１．４％。其中，小杆属线虫和毛圆线虫、哈氏内阿米巴，人毛滴虫、人芽囊原虫为我区首次报道。作者认为寄生虫感染率的高低与当地地理类型、经济、文化及生活习惯有关。     

A survey of intestinal parasites of the foreign laborers (Indonesians and Filipinos) in Ishikawa Prefecture]

A survey of intestinal parasites was conducted on 198 foreign workers aged 19-27 from Inodonesia and Philippines. They work for a private company in Ishikawa Prefecture as technical trainee. On the base of stool examination, 94 (71%) out of 133 Indonesians and 48 (74%) of 65 Filipinos had intestinal helminths and/or protozoan infections. The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichura and Hookworm was 4.5, 64.1, 10.6%, respectively. In addition, the positive rate of the cyst of Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, Blastocystis hominis and Giardia lumblia was 11.1, 5.6, 4.5 and 2.0%, respectively. No E. histolytica was found; however, counter current immunoelectrophoresis revealed that one out of 112 sera possessed the antibody against the antigen of HK-9 strain of E. histolytica. Sixty-three cases of trichuriasis were treated with mebendazole at a dose of 200 mg/day x 3 consecutive days. Re-examination revealed that 53 (85.5%) of them were cured.