Serum and urine acute kidney injury biomarkers in asphyxiated neonates

Background

We evaluated serum (s) cystatin C (CysC) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and urine (u) CysC, NGAL and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) as markers of acute kidney injury (AKI) in asphyxiated neonates.

Methods

AKI biomarkers were measured in 13 asphyxiated neonates born at ≥36?weeks gestational age (eight with AKI and five without AKI) and 22 controls. AKI was defined as serum creatinine ≥1.5?mg/dl for >24?h or rising values >0.3?mg/dl from day of life (DOL) 1. Biomarkers were measured on DOL 1, 3, and 10.

Results

Asphyxiated neonates had significantly higher sCysC on DOL 1 as well as sNGAL and uCysC and uNGAL (standardized to urine creatinine and absolute values) than controls at all time points. Compared to controls, significantly higher sNGAL, uCysC, and uNGAL values were observed in the asphyxia-AKI and asphyxia–no AKI subgroups. Regarding uKIM-1, only the absolute values were significantly higher in asphyxiated neonates (DOL 10). sNGAL, uCyst, and uNGAL had a significant diagnostic performance as predictors AKI on DOL 1.

Conclusions

sNGAL, uCysC, and uNGAL are sensitive, early AKI biomarkers, increasing significantly in asphyxiated neonates even in those not fulfilling AKI criteria. Their measurement on DOL 1 is predictive of post-asphyxia-AKI.     

Using NGAL as an early diagnostic test of acute kidney injury

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) has generated great interest as a novel biomarker for the timely detection of acute kidney injury (AKI). Despite the enthusiasm surrounding NGAL, the research so far details and attempts to minimize a host of limitations that substantially preclude its use as a valuable diagnostic biomarker to detect AKI and guide clinical treatment. In our review of the current research, obvious drawbacks such as variable sensitivity and specificity, even among similar patient populations were discovered. Furthermore, there are not well-defined cutoff values among various patient populations which would permit use of NGAL as a positive or negative diagnostic marker similar to troponin in cardiac injury. Moreover, due to the wide variation in baseline concentration of NGAL among patients, the added requirement of serial measurements, that may not even be accurate in at-risk or chronic kidney injury populations, further degrades the benefit of early detection.     

尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶水平与新生儿窒息后肾损伤关系

目的探讨新生儿窒息后尿 N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶（N-acetyl-beta-D-glu-cosaminidase,NAG）、血清中α1微球蛋白（α1-microglobulin,α1-MG）、β2-MG 值水平变化以及与窒息程度和急性肾损伤（acute kidney inj ury,AKI）之间的关系,阐述其在窒息新生儿肾损伤中的诊断价值。方法选择围产期窒息新生儿40例（窒息组）,按照新生儿窒息Apgar评分标准分为轻度窒息者22例（轻度窒息组）,重度窒息者18例（重度窒息组）;根据有无发生 AKI 将40例窒息新生儿分为AKI组25例和无 AKI组15例;记录入选新生儿 Apgar评分、胎龄、日龄、体质量。另外选择20例无窒息史新生儿为对照组。所有纳入对象在出生后24 h内采取外周静脉血,同时收集尿液。采用胶乳增强免疫比浊法测定血清中α1-MG、β2-MG的含量;采用 ELISA法测定尿液中 NAG含量;同时用全自动生化仪检测尿素氮及血肌酐水平。结果（1）本研究40例窒息后新生儿 AKI 总发生率为62.5%（25/40）,并且轻度窒息与重度窒息对 AKI 影响不同,重度窒息患儿更易发生严重的肾损伤。（2）窒息组尿 NAG及血清中β2-MG、α1-MG明显高于对照组[（25.48±12.45）U/L 比（8.62±2.49） U/L,（4.82±1.32）mg/L比（2.92±0.89）mg/L,（29.85±5.59）mg/L 比（25.23±5.26）mg/L]。（3）重度窒息组尿 NAG及血清中β2-MG、α1-MG 明显高于轻度窒息组[（32.21±24.32）U/L、（5.89±1.59）mg/L、（34.32±7.64）mg/L]明显高于轻度窒息组[（17.25±7.32）U/L、（2.92±0.89）mg/L、（26.94±5.57）mg/L]。（4）AKI组尿 NAG及血清中β2-MG、α1-MG[（28.24±21.25）U/L、（5.79±1.49）mg/L、（31.32±5.28）mg/L]明显高于无 AKI组[（16.34±6.72））U/L、（2.82±0.79）mg/L、（26.49±5.52）mg/L]。（5）按照对照组尿 NAG及血清中β2-MG、α1-MG值设定在x＋2SD为对照上限值,窒息组中尿 NAG异常率达65%,明显高于血清中β2-MG、α1-MG 异常率（分别为32.5%和7     

血清营养学指标预测住院急性肾损伤患者早期死亡

目的 评价血清营养学指标对住院期间发生急性肾损伤（AKI）的患者的预后，特别是早期死亡和晚期死亡的预测价值。 方法 采用前瞻性队列研究。入选华山医院住院期间发生AKI的成人患者194例。AKI诊断标准为RIFLE分期中的Scr标准，除外肾后梗阻、原发性肾小球肾炎、间质性肾炎及血管炎引起的AKI。收集患者临床资料及实验室检测指标，用人体测量、血清营养指标及主观全面评价法（SGA）来评估患者的营养状况。根据存活时间是否超过28 d，将入选患者分为存活组129例（存活>28 d）与死亡组59例（存活≤28 d）。进一步将死亡组分为早期死亡组（存活≤7 d）和晚期死亡组（存活8~28 d）两个亚组。观察各项营养指标对AKI患者预后的预测价值。 结果 人体测量、血清营养指标及SGA结果显示，高比例的AKI患者存在营养不良。单因素分析显示，SGA、血清前白蛋白及胆固醇、外周血总淋巴细胞计数（TLC）、Maastricht指数（MI）在早期死亡组、晚期死亡组和存活组间差异有统计学意义。早期死亡组前白蛋白及胆固醇显著低于存活组和晚期死亡组（P < 0.05）。多因素分析显示，在校正了年龄、性别、透析、机械通气、血红蛋白、血小板、血清胆红素和Glasgow昏迷评分（GCS）后，SGA及血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、胆固醇仍与早期死亡相关。以白蛋白、前白蛋白、胆固醇预测早期死亡的受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线下面积（AUC）分别为0.591、0.736和0.603，前白蛋白的AUC显著大于白蛋白及胆固醇（均P < 0.05）。 结论 低水平前白蛋白、白蛋白和胆固醇可独立预测住院期间发生AKI患者的早期死亡。     

Serum cystatin C predicts acute kidney injury in preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome

Background

We aimed to compare serum cystatin C levels (sCysC) in preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) with a control group and to investigate whether it could be used as a predictor for acute kidney injury (AKI).

Methods

sCysC was measured in 62 neonates with RDS (n?=?28) and control neonates without RDS (n?=?34), whose gestational ages (GA) were between 27 and 29 weeks (subgroup 1) and 30–32 weeks (subgroup 2). AKI was defined as oliguria and/or increase of serum creatinine. Blood samples were obtained on postnatal days (PND) 3 and 30. sCysC levels were determined by particle-enhanced nephelometric immunoassay.

Results

There were six neonates with AKI (RDS-AKI subgroup) and 22 neonates without AKI (RDS-no AKI subgroup) during the first 7 days. Although sCysC levels were lower in neonates with RDS than controls on PND3 in both GA subgroups, the differences were not significant. However, in neonates with RDS and AKI, sCysC levels were significantly higher than neonates with RDS but no AKI and neonates in the control group on PND3. sCysC level was found to have a statistically significant association with AKI development in preterm neonates with RDS.

Conclusions

sCysC is an independent predictor of AKI in preterm neonates with RDS.     

NGAL: a biomarker of acute kidney injury and other systemic conditions

Neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a 25 kDa protein belonging to the lipocalin superfamily. It was initially found in activated neutrophils, however, many other cells, like kidney tubular cells, may produce NGAL in response to various insults. Recently, it has been found to have a role in iron metabolism by virtue of its binding with siderophores. It has also been found to have a role in kidney development and tubular regeneration after injury. In experimental studies, it was found to be highly expressed in response to tubular injury. In subsequent clinical studies, urine NGAL has been found to be an early predictor for acute kidney injury (AKI). Newer devices for early bedside detection of NGAL are now available. Since serum creatinine is known to be an inadequate and late marker of AKI, NGAL might soon emerge as a troponin-like early marker for AKI. Recent evidence also suggests its role as a biomarker in a variety of other renal and non-renal conditions.     

Prediction of acute kidney injury complicated by sepsis with sTREM - 1 and NGAL as early marker

Objective To determine whether triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM - 1) and urinary neutrophil gelatinase - associated lipocalin (NGAL) were early biomarkers of acute kidney injury (AKI) secondary to sepsis. Methods A total of 141 eligible patients were enrolled in this prospective study. Blood and urine samples were collected at different time points as soon as sepsis was diagnosed. The concentrations of serum creatinine (Scr), urine sTREM-1 and NGAL were measured. According to AKI criteria, patients were divided into the AKI group and non - AKI group. Dynamic changes of levels of Scr, urine sTREM-1 and NGAL were observed in two groups. The receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate the early diagnostic value of urine sTREM-1 and NGAL. Results Among 141 septic patients, 44 (31.2%) cases had concomitant AKI. Twenty four hours after sepsis diagnosed, the level of Scr rose to 1.91 times of the baseline [(140.5±13.6) vs (82.6±15.3) μmol/L, P＜0.05], which met the diagnostic criteria of AKI. In the AKI group, urinary concentrations of sTREM-1 and NGAL at 8 h after the diagnosis of sepsis began to rise significantly from baseline [(100.5±17.4) vs (38.9±14.7) ng/L; (144.6±51.9) vs (56.2±43.8) μg/L, both P＜0.05].And at the following time points, urinary concentrations of sTREM - 1 and NGAL were significantly higher than the baseline levels and that of the non-AKI group (all P＜0.05). At 8 h time point, the area under the curve of urine sTREM-1 was 0.877 (95%CI 0.756-0.914), the sensitivity was 89.1% and specificity was 82.0% with a cutoff value of 70 ng/L. At 8 h time point, the area under the curve of urine NGAL was 0.862 (95% CI 0.703-0.958),the sensitivity was 87.4% and specificity was 85.5% with a cutoff value of 90 μg/L. Conclusions Urinary concentrations of sTREM-1 and NGAL at 8 h time point after the diagnosis of sepsis have predictive value for AKI and their diagnostic time is much earlier than that of Scr. Therefore, urinary sTREM-1 and NGAL can be used as early biomarkers of septic AKI.     

Urine interleukin-18 and cystatin-C as biomarkers of acute kidney injury in critically ill neonates

Background  

Urinary interleukin-18 and cystatin-C are suggested to be biomarkers for predicting acute kidney injury (AKI). The aims of this study are to examine whether the urinary concentrations of interleukin-18 and cystatin-C vary with gestational age and other factors in non-AKI control neonates, and to determine whether urinary interleukin-18 and cystatin-C can predict AKI development in non-septic critically ill neonates, independently of potential confounders.     

脓毒症相关急性肾损伤患者血清NGAL、PCT水平与肾功能转归相关性的研究

目的研究脓毒症相关急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)患者血清中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin,NGAL)、降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)水平与肾功能转归的相关性。方法选择2015年9月至2018年9月期间我院收治的62例脓毒症并发AKI患者,根据入组28 d后的肾功能分为肾功能完全恢复组19例、肾功能部分恢复组34例、肾功能未恢复组9例。比较3组患者临床资料、血清NGAL及PCT的差异,采用Logistics回归的方法分析肾功能转归的影响因素,采用ROC曲线分析血清NGAL及PCT水平对肾功能转归不良的预测价值。结果3组间性别、年龄、体质量指数(BMI)、高血压、糖尿病、体温、呼吸频率、心率、收缩压、舒张压、脓毒症感染部位、白细胞计数、血红蛋白含量、白蛋白含量的比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),合并器官衰竭数目、机械通气情况、升压药物使用情况、血小板计数、APACHE II评分、SOFA评分、入组即刻及入组后连续6 d时血清NGAL及PCT水平的比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);入组时血清NGAL及PCT水平升高、器官衰竭数目≥3个、进行机械通气、APACHE II评分≥30分是脓毒症合并AKI患者肾功能转归不良的危险因素;入院时血清NGAL及PCT预测肾功能转归不良的最佳截点分别为99.17和5.4,敏感性分别为88.89%和77.78%,特异性分别为81.48%和79.63%。结论血清NGAL、PCT水平的升高与脓毒症合并AKI患者肾功能转归不良有关,同时器官衰竭数目、机械通气、APACHE II评分也影响肾功能转归。     

Nonoliguric and oliguric acute renal failure in asphyxiated term neonates

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and types of acute renal failure in asphyxiated full-term neonates and to evaluate the accuracy of an asphyxia morbidity score in predicting acute renal failure. Neonates admitted to one institution from 1990 through 1993 with a gestational age 36 weeks and 5-min Apgar score 6, without congenital malformations or sepsis, were studied retrospectively for acute renal failure in the 1st week of life. Acute renal failure was defined as serum creatinine >1.5 mg/dl (133 mol/l) with normal maternal renal function. Nonoliguric renal failure was defined as renal failure with urine output >1 ml/kg per hour after the 1st day. An asphyxia morbidity scoring system was used to distinguish severe from moderate asphyxia. The score ranged from 0 to 9 and was based upon fetal heart rate, Apgar score at 5 min, and base deficit in the 1st h of life. The score for severe asphyxia was defined as 6–9 and for moderate asphyxia as 1–5. Sixty-six neonates fulfilled study criteria. Acute renal failure was present in 20 of 33 (61%) infants with severe asphyxia scores and 0 of 33 with moderate asphyxia scores (P<0.0001). Acute renal failure was nonoliguric in 12 of 20 (60%), oliguric in 5 of 20 (25%) and anuric in 3 of 20 (15%). In conclusion 1) acute renal failure occurred in 61% of infants with severe asphyxia, 2) acute renal failure associated with severe asphyxia was predominantly nonoliguric and 3) an asphyxia morbidity score, which can be determined at 1 h of age, predicted acute renal failure in full-term infants with 100% sensitivity and 72% specificity.     

Serum copeptin levels in adolescents with primary hypertension

Background

The prevalence of hypertension continues to rise in the pediatric population. In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of reports on serum arginine vasopressin and its derivative, copeptin, in blood pressure control, but its role is still unclear. The objective of this study was to assess serum copeptin in adolescents with essential hypertension.

Methods

The study cohort consisted of 84 subjects (30 girls and 54 boys) aged 11–18 years, divided into two groups: hypertension (HT) – 53 subjects with confirmed primary hypertension and R - reference group – 31 subjects in whom hypertension was excluded on the basis of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) (white-coat hypertension). Serum copeptin concentration was measured using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (USCN).

Results

Hypertensive patients had higher serum copeptin levels (median, 267 [Q1–Q3: 151.1–499.7 pg/ml]) than controls (median, 107.3 [Q1–Q3: 36.7–203.4 pg/ml]), (p?<?0.01). Statistically significant difference was found both in males and females. In both groups, positive correlations between serum copeptin and uric acid levels (r?=?0.31, p?<?0.01), albuminuria (r?=?0.45, p?<?0.01), serum triglycerides (r?=?0.3, p?<?0.05), body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score (SDS) (r?=?0.24, p?<?0.05) and 24-h systolic blood pressure (SBP) (r?=?0.37, p?<?0.01) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (r?=?0.23, p?<?0.05) were found.

Conclusions

In summary, higher serum copeptin levels, a surrogate for arginine vasopressin (AVP) release, are associated not only with systolic and diastolic blood pressure but also with several components of metabolic syndrome including obesity, elevated concentration of triglycerides, albuminuria, and serum uric acid level. However, for the time being, more research is needed in order to confirm the role of serum copeptin as a novel marker of elevated blood pressure and predictor of metabolic syndrome.     

尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白和肝型脂肪酸结合蛋白对肝移植术后急性肾损伤的早期诊断价值

目的 探讨尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白（NGAL）和肝型脂肪酸结合蛋白（L-FABP）在肝移植术后急性肾损伤（AKI）中的早期诊断价值。 方法 前瞻性收集2007至2008年间25例肝移植患者术前、门静脉开放后2、4、6、12、24、48、72和120 h的血液和尿液标本,检测Scr和尿NGAL及L-FABP水平。根据急性肾损伤网（AKIN）标准中的Scr标准将患者分为AKI组和非AKI组。观察两组各时间点尿NGAL、尿L-FABP和Scr水平的动态变化;运用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）评价尿NGAL和L-FABP诊断AKI的精确性。 结果 25例患者中11例发生了术后AKI,两组患者术前、术中及术后情况差异无统计学意义。术后24 h AKI组与非AKI组的Scr差异有统计学意义[(90.48±50.32) 比（59.84±14.72） μmol/L,P < 0.05]。AKI组与非AKI组术后2～120 h尿L-FABP均显著升高,4 h时差异有统计学意义[2361.41（1036.89~4048.93） ng/mgCr比5246.97（2406.33~7688.21） ng/mgCr,P < 0.05]。AKI组术后2、4、6 h尿NGAL均显著高于非AKI组,差异有统计学意义 [69.02（29.79~237.29）比22.94（8.69~46.23） ng/mgCr,29.34（16.06~536.91）比 12.66（8.91~22.78） ng/mgCr和34.23（11.47~81.26）比11.84（6.57~20.10） ng/mgCr,均P < 0.05]。ROC曲线下面积（AUC）结果显示,与尿L-FABP相比（当4 h截断点为3451.75 ng/mgCr时,AUC为0.760）,尿NGAL对早期诊断AKI具有更高的敏感性和特异性（2、4、6 h的截断点分别为43.02、26.97和17.19 ng/mgCr时,AUC分别为0.766、0.773和0.773）。 结论 尿NGAL在肝移植术后早期AKI的诊断上表现出较高的敏感性和特异性,也许能作为肝移植术后AKI早期诊断的生物学标志物,但仍需要大样本的临床研究加以证实。     

Plasma levels of soluble CD30 in kidney graft recipients as predictors of acute allograft rejection

In renal transplant recipients elevated soluble serum CD30 levels are associated with increased rejection and graft loss. We sought to determine the sCD30 plasma levels before and after kidney transplantation and to assess whether sCD30 was a predictive factor of immunological risk. sCD30 plasma levels were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay assay in 52 kidney graft recipients before as well as 7, 15, and 21 days after transplantation. Eighteen patients developed acute allograft rejection (group I) and 34 patients showed uneventful courses (group II). Before transplantation sCD30 plasma levels were elevated in both groups (mean: 162.6 +/- 89.5 U/mL). After transplantation, group I recipients with acute rejection showed higher relative levels of plasma sCD30 on days 7 and 15 (120.8 +/- 74.6 U/mL and 210.6 +/- 108.7 U/mL respectively) compared with group II patients without rejection (95 +/- 45 U/mL and 59.4 +/- 31.6 U/mL), a difference that was significant for group I (P = .0003) and not significant for group II (P = .09). On day 21, sCD30 decreased in the two groups but remained higher among group I patients (120.6 +/- 92.7 U/mL). HLA antibodies were positive in 18 patients (34.6%) with 9 (50%) experiencing at last one episode of acute rejection. Among 34 patients negative for anti-HLA antibodies, nine displayed acute rejection only (26.4%), a difference that was not significant (P > .05). If we consider 100 U/mL as the minimum predictive level for allograft rejection, our results suggested that levels of sCD30 should be taken into consideration with the presence of HLA-antibodies detectable before and after transplantation, especially in patients with more than three HLA mismatches [RR = 3.20 (0.94 < RR < 10.91)]. These data suggested that measurement of plasma sCD30 is a useful procedure for the recognition of rejection in its earliest stages.     

新生儿开胸心脏手术后急性肾功能损伤的危险因素

目的 分析新生儿开胸心脏手术后急性肾功能损伤（AKI）的危险因素。
方法 本研究为回顾性病例-对照研究。收集2017年3月至2018年6月在本院行开胸心脏手术的新生儿112例,男78例,女34例,手术日龄1～28 d,出生体重1.70～4.13 kg,手术日体重1.85～4.30 kg,ASA Ⅲ—Ⅴ级。本研究采用单因素分析和二元逐步Logistic回归分析术后AKI的危险因素。
结果 术后有42例（37.5%）患儿发生AKI。与非AKI患儿比较,术后合并AKI的患儿术后机械通气时间以及住院时间明显延长（P<0.05）。单因素分析结果显示：出生胎龄、术前乳酸浓度、术前NICU住院时间、更高的STAT手术难度分级、深低温停循环、术中最低温度、术后延迟关胸、术后非计划再次手术与AKI发生有关（P<0.05）。二元逐步Logistic回归分析显示,STAT手术难度4～5级（OR=5.805,95% CI 1.985～16.981,P=0.001）和深低温停循环（OR=4.475,95%CI 1.249～16.029,P=0.021）是新生儿开胸心脏术后发生AKI的独立危险因素。
结论 STAT手术难度4～5级和深低温停循环是开胸心脏手术患儿术后AKI的独立危险因素。     

Epidemiology of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury in neonates: a retrospective study

Background

Cardiac surgery is a known risk factor for acute kidney injury (AKI) in children. However, cardiac surgery-associated AKI (CS-AKI) in neonates has not been well studied. The objectives of this study were: (1) to describe the epidemiology of CS-AKI in neonates utilizing the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) definition, (2) to identify risk factors for neonatal CS-AKI, and (3) to determine if neonatal CS-AKI is associated with increased morbidity and mortality.

Methods

This was a retrospective study involving 122 neonates (≤28 days) undergoing cardiac surgery from 2006 to 2009. Neonates with and without AKI were identified using serum creatinine (SCr) and urine output (UO) data.

Results

Cardiac surgery-AKI occurred in 76 (62 %) neonates, of whom 22 (29 %) were AKIN stage 1, 19 (25 %) were stage 2, and 35 (46 %) were stage 3. AKI mostly occurred early as 75 % of patients achieved their maximal AKIN stage within the first 48 h post-operatively. In the multivariate analysis, cardiopulmonary bypass duration of ≥120 min was independently associated with AKI [odds ratio (OR) 2.53, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.03–6.30]. Severe AKI (AKIN stage 3) was independently associated with mortality (OR 6.70, 95 % CI 1.08–41.50) and a longer stay in the pediatric intensive care unit (hazard ratio 9.09, 95 % CI 1.35–60.95). The majority of severe AKI cases (65 %) were identified with AKIN UO criteria alone without significant rises in SCr.

Conclusions

Cardiac surgery-AKI is common in neonates when the AKIN definition is utilized and is associated with higher morbidity and mortality, especially in those with more severe AKI.     

Evaluation of serum NGAL and hepcidin levels in chronic kidney disease patients

Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of death in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. The main underlying reason is inflammation. In CKD, interleukin-6 and hypersensitive C-reactive protein are known to be used for the evaluation of inflammation and serum levels increase with decreased creatinine clearance. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and hepcidin are also considered to be effective in the assessment of inflammatory conditions. The possible interactions of NGAL and hepcidin with inflammatory markers in CKD patients including the kidney transplants, which have not been thoroughly explained up to date wereevaluated in this study. Serum creatinine, iron, unsaturated iron binding capacity, interleukin-6, hypersensitive C-reactive protein, NGAL, hepcidin and pro-hepcidin levels were measured in a cohort of 163 CKD patients including transplant patients and 82 healthy volunteers. Clinical evaluation and classification of the patients were done according to the NFK/KDOQI guideline. Serum hepcidin, Prohepcidin, NGAL, hypersensitive C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels were higher in patient groups compared to the control group. In patient groups, while hepcidin, NGAL, interleukin-6, hypersensitive C-reactive protein levels were correlated with creatinine and glomerular filtration rate, iron metabolism parameters were not correlated with the inflammation biomarkers. Inflammation related hepcidin and NGAL weakly correlated with creatinine clearance. Our results demonstrated that serum NGAL and hepcidin levels might be valuable for the evaluation of inflammation in CKD, and these new inflammation parameters are not related through iron metabolism.     

白细胞介素18、中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白和血清胱抑素C在呼吸衰竭合并急性肾损伤中的变化

目的探讨尿白细胞介素18（interleukin-18,IL-18）、中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白（neutrophilgelatinase-associatedlipocalin,NGAL）和血清胱抑素C（cystatinC,Cysc）在呼吸衰竭合并急性肾损伤（acutekidneyinjury,AKI）中的变化。方法收集我院呼吸衰竭患者125例,其中呼吸衰竭并发AKI患者35例（AKI组）,呼吸衰竭未并发AKI患者90例（非AKI组）。检测全血细胞、血清CysC、血肌酐（SCr）、尿素氮（BUN）、血白蛋白水平、血气分析,检测尿NGAL和IL-18水平。结果2组患者间年龄、男女比例、动脉血氧分压、动脉血二氧化碳分压、血红蛋白、白蛋白的差异无统计学意义,而基础有高血压史比例的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。AKI组估算肾小球滤过率（estimatedglomerularfiltrationrate,eGFR）低于非AKI组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;AKI组SCr、BUN、血清CysC、尿NGAL和II,18高于非AKI组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;Pearson相关分析显示AKI组尿IL-18、NGAL及血清CysC均与SCr具有相关性,与eGFR也具有相关性。多因素Logistic回归分析显示尿IL-18、NGAL、血清CysC升高是呼吸衰竭发生AKI的独立危险因素。结论尿IL-18、NGAL和血清CysC对诊断呼吸衰竭合并AKI有较高的准确性。