HMGA1基因转染诱导NIH3T3细胞恶性转化实验研究

目的：通过建立稳定转染外源HMGA1基因的NIH3T3细胞，探讨HMGA1基因表达与肿瘤发生、发展的相关性。方法：脂质体转染法将真核表达载体pcDNA3．0-HMGA1稳定转染NH3T3细胞，G418筛选获得阳性细胞克隆；RT-PCR法及基因测序技术，确定外源HMGA1基因在阳性细胞克隆转录水平的表达；MTT法绘制细胞生长曲线以及流式细胞术测定细胞周期观察细胞增殖能力的变化；软琼脂集落形成实验判断转染细胞的非锚定依赖性生长能力；RT-PCR法检测转染细胞免疫抑制因子VEGF和FasL mRNA表达。结果：筛选获得稳定转染HMGA1基因的NIH3T3细胞克隆，与对照细胞相比稳定转染HMGA1基因，细胞生长增殖速度加快，在软琼脂中形成细胞集落，并表达免疫抑制因子VEGF和FasL mRNA。结论：HMGA1基因转染可诱导正常NIH3T3细胞恶性转化，并参与调控免疫抑制因子mRNA表达，揭示HMGA1是肿瘤发生发展、转移以及免疫逃逸的关键分子。     

PC-1基因表达诱导NIH3T3细胞恶性转化

目的 通过建立稳定表达外源PC-1基因的小鼠成纤维细胞株,初步探讨PC-1基因表达对肿瘤发生、发展的影响。方法 通过脂质体介导的方法,将真核表达载体pcDNA3、1(-)／myc-his-pc-1稳定转染NIH3T3细胞,之后利用PCR、逆转录PCR(RT-PCR)技术,确定外源PC-1基因在靶细胞染色体上的整合及在转录水平的表达。通过细胞形态学分析、MTT实验、细胞周期分析、软琼脂集落形成和裸鼠成瘤实验,观察PC-1基因表达对NIH3T3生物学特性的影响。结果建立了稳定转染PC-1基因的NIH3T3细胞株。PC-1基因表达的小鼠成纤维细胞NIH3T3生长速度加快,在软琼脂上生长并形成集落,接种裸鼠后可成瘤(6／6)。结论 PC-1基因在NIH3T3细胞中稳定表达具有诱导正常NIH3T3细胞发生恶性转化的重要生物功能。     

视网膜母细胞瘤基因对人骨肉瘤细胞株OS732的影响

目的 观察外源性N端截短的视网膜母细胞瘤（Rb)基因对骨肉瘤细胞株OS732的生长和细胞间缝隙连接信息通讯能力的影响。方法 构建N端截短的长度为1.65kb Rb基因的真核表达质粒,并用DOTAP将其导入骨肉瘤细胞株OS732。应用逆转录－聚合酶链反应（RT－PCR）和Northern blot检测Rb基因的表达;用细胞计数,流式细胞仪分析和软琼脂克隆形成试验观察OS732细胞的生成状况;用半定量RT－PCR法和罗氏黄荧光传输法检测细胞间缝隙连接信息通讯的能力。结果 转染N端截短的Rb基因后,OS732细胞内可检测到内源性和外源性Rb基因的mRNA表达。OS732细胞的形态发生改变,其生长速度减慢,软琼脂形成集落能力降低,细胞周期阻滞于G0－G1期;缝隙连接蛋白基因Gonnexin43的表达和细胞信息通讯能力增强。结论 N端截短的Rb基因可抑制骨肉瘤细胞株OS732的恶性生长表型以及增强细胞间信息通讯能力。     

染色体驱动蛋白KIF4A稳定低表达胃癌细胞系的构建及鉴定

目的 构建稳定低表达染色体驱动蛋白KIF4A的胃癌细胞系,观察KIF4A低表达细胞的有丝分裂期纺锤体中央区的形成.方法 针对人类驱动蛋白KIF4A mRNA的编码区设计特异性siRNA序列,构建KIF4A短发夹RNA（shRNA）表达质粒pGPU-GFP-KIF4A.将质粒转染胃癌细胞SGC-7901,经过G418筛选获得稳定低表达KIF4A的细胞株.使用蛋白免疫印迹方法鉴定细胞株内KIF4A蛋白的敲降效果,并通过细胞免疫荧光染色法观察细胞纺锤体中央区的形成.结果 成功获得了3株不同水平稳定低表达KIF4A的SGC-7901细胞株（SGC-shKIF4A）和稳定表达无意义shRNA的对照细胞（SGC-shNC）;同时,与对照细胞SGC-shNC相比,SGC-shKIF4A细胞中有丝分裂纺锤体中央区延长,并随KIF4A蛋白表达水平的降低而增加.结论 成功构建了不同水平稳定低表达KIF4A蛋白的胃癌细胞SGC-shKIF4A,为进一步研究驱动蛋白分子KIF4A的功能及其在胃癌发生发展过程中的作用奠定基础.     

RNA干扰沉默HIF-1α基因对宫颈癌HeLa细胞定植和侵袭的影响

目的探讨HIF-1α基因短发夹干扰RNA(shRNA)低氧条件下对宫颈癌HeLa细胞定植和侵袭能力的作用。方法针对HIF-1α基因设计并合成2条寡聚DNA片段,退火后将其克隆入pSilencer2.1-U6-neo质粒中,构建shRNA真核表达质粒,脂质体转染人宫颈癌细胞株HeLa细胞。低氧培养后,应用Western blot和定量PCR法检测HIF-1α蛋白及mRNA表达水平;用软琼脂克隆形成实验和体外侵袭实验检测HeLa细胞的定植和侵袭能力。结果成功构建的HIF-1αshRNA真核表达载体转染宫颈癌HeLa细胞,低氧条件下HeLa细胞的HIF-1α蛋白及mRNA表达下降;同时细胞在软琼脂中克隆形成数和穿透Matrigel膜的细胞数减少。结论HIF-1α的shRNA真核表达载体在低氧条件下可抑制宫颈癌细胞的定植和侵袭能力。     

人卵巢癌细胞株侧群细胞的生物学特征

目的 研究人卵巢癌细胞株细胞中乳腺癌耐药蛋白与侧群细胞表型的关系,并探讨侧群细胞在卵巢癌病理牛理中的作用以及卵巢癌细胞株在卵巢癌肿瘤干细胞研究中的应用. 方法 利用流式细胞术从人卵巢浆液腺癌细胞株OVCAR3中分离排斥双苯酰亚胺(Hoechst 33342)染色的侧群细胞以及能被其染色的非侧群细胞,比较两个亚群的细胞集落形成率,并检验其在软琼脂平板生长的能力.同时以免疫印迹和免疫荧光染色检测两种细胞的乳腺癌耐药蛋白表达情况. 结果 OVCAR3细胞株中排斥Hoechst 33342的细胞占2.0%,此活动对维拉帕米(verapamil)敏感.侧群细胞和非侧群细胞克隆形成率分别为46.17%±23.27%和6.17%±3.06%,侧群细胞克隆形成率高于非侧群细胞(P<0.05),并能在软琼脂平板中生长、形成球形的细胞集落.侧群细胞表达乳腺癌耐药蛋白. 结论 人卵巢浆液腺癌细胞株中存在排斥Hoechst 33342染色、对维拉帕米敏感的侧群细胞,是维持细胞株的主要因素,其表型与乳腺癌耐药蛋白相关.OVCAR3可用于卵巢癌肿瘤干细胞的研究.     

siRNA沉默p75神经营养因子受体逆转胶质瘤恶性表型

目的 利用小干扰RNA(siRNA)技术沉默与胶质瘤细胞凋亡和侵袭密切相关的p75神经营养因子受体(p75NTR)基因,观察其逆转胶质瘤恶性表型的治疗效果.方法 设计靶向p75NTR基因的siRNA片段,脂质体转染人U251胶质瘤细胞系,逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和免疫细胞化学方法 检测p75NTR的mRNA和蛋白表达;Transwell细胞侵袭实验检测U251细胞的侵袭力;软琼脂集落形成实验检测细胞集落形成能力;建立裸鼠颅内U251胶质瘤荷瘤模型,原位重复注射siRNA-p75NTR/脂质体复合物3次,MRI检测颅内瘤体积,免疫细胞化学SP法检测p75NTR、神经生长因子(NGF)和细胞周期蛋白(cyclin)D2表达,用TUNEL法做移植瘤细胞原位细胞凋亡检测.结果 转染siRNA基因片段的U251细胞p75NTR mRNA和蛋白质表达水平显著下降(P<0.05),细胞侵袭能力及软琼脂集落形成能力均显著降低(P<0.05);体内实验显示p75NTR的表达程度与NGF的表达呈正相关,与cyclin D2表达及原位细胞凋亡数量呈负相关,MRI示瘤体积增长缓慢,边界轮廓清晰,动物生存期明显延长(P<0.05).结论 靶向p75NTR的siRNA技术可有效降低胶质瘤细胞的侵袭及增殖能力,诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡.     

siRNA沉默p75神经营养因子受体逆转胶质瘤恶性表型

目的 利用小干扰RNA(siRNA)技术沉默与胶质瘤细胞凋亡和侵袭密切相关的p75神经营养因子受体(p75NTR)基因,观察其逆转胶质瘤恶性表型的治疗效果.方法 设计靶向p75NTR基因的siRNA片段,脂质体转染人U251胶质瘤细胞系,逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和免疫细胞化学方法 检测p75NTR的mRNA和蛋白表达;Transwell细胞侵袭实验检测U251细胞的侵袭力;软琼脂集落形成实验检测细胞集落形成能力;建立裸鼠颅内U251胶质瘤荷瘤模型,原位重复注射siRNA-p75NTR/脂质体复合物3次,MRI检测颅内瘤体积,免疫细胞化学SP法检测p75NTR、神经生长因子(NGF)和细胞周期蛋白(cyclin)D2表达,用TUNEL法做移植瘤细胞原位细胞凋亡检测.结果 转染siRNA基因片段的U251细胞p75NTR mRNA和蛋白质表达水平显著下降(P<0.05),细胞侵袭能力及软琼脂集落形成能力均显著降低(P<0.05);体内实验显示p75NTR的表达程度与NGF的表达呈正相关,与cyclin D2表达及原位细胞凋亡数量呈负相关,MRI示瘤体积增长缓慢,边界轮廓清晰,动物生存期明显延长(P<0.05).结论 靶向p75NTR的siRNA技术可有效降低胶质瘤细胞的侵袭及增殖能力,诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡.     

siRNA沉默p75神经营养因子受体逆转胶质瘤恶性表型

目的 利用小干扰RNA(siRNA)技术沉默与胶质瘤细胞凋亡和侵袭密切相关的p75神经营养因子受体(p75NTR)基因,观察其逆转胶质瘤恶性表型的治疗效果.方法 设计靶向p75NTR基因的siRNA片段,脂质体转染人U251胶质瘤细胞系,逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和免疫细胞化学方法 检测p75NTR的mRNA和蛋白表达;Transwell细胞侵袭实验检测U251细胞的侵袭力;软琼脂集落形成实验检测细胞集落形成能力;建立裸鼠颅内U251胶质瘤荷瘤模型,原位重复注射siRNA-p75NTR/脂质体复合物3次,MRI检测颅内瘤体积,免疫细胞化学SP法检测p75NTR、神经生长因子(NGF)和细胞周期蛋白(cyclin)D2表达,用TUNEL法做移植瘤细胞原位细胞凋亡检测.结果 转染siRNA基因片段的U251细胞p75NTR mRNA和蛋白质表达水平显著下降(P<0.05),细胞侵袭能力及软琼脂集落形成能力均显著降低(P<0.05);体内实验显示p75NTR的表达程度与NGF的表达呈正相关,与cyclin D2表达及原位细胞凋亡数量呈负相关,MRI示瘤体积增长缓慢,边界轮廓清晰,动物生存期明显延长(P<0.05).结论 靶向p75NTR的siRNA技术可有效降低胶质瘤细胞的侵袭及增殖能力,诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡.     

Sirtuin 6对肝癌细胞增殖的影响

目的:探究sirtuin 6(SIRT6)对肝癌细胞增殖的影响。方法:RT-q PCR检测200例肝癌病人及50例健康人外周血中的SIRT6的mRNA表达水平,并将肝癌病人外周血SIRT6的mRNA表达水平与多个临床病理参数相结合进行统计学分析。Western blotting检测SIRT6在原代肝细胞、永生化肝细胞及肝癌细胞系中的蛋白表达水平。在肝癌细胞中利用shRNA干扰SIRT6基因的表达,并通过Western blotting验证沉默效率;MTS实验检测SIRT6基因沉默对肝癌细胞活力的影响。Ed U标记实验检测SIRT6基因沉默对肝癌细胞DNA合成的影响;平板集落实验检测SIRT6基因沉默对肝癌细胞集落形成能力的影响;软琼脂集落形成实验检测SIRT6基因沉默对肝癌细胞锚定非依赖生长能力的影响。结果:SIRT6在肝癌病人的外周血中表达明显增高,且SIRT6的表达量增高与肿瘤的大小、肿瘤的分级以及肿瘤的血管侵袭相关。进一步验证发现SIRT6在肝癌细胞系中表达水平较原代肝细胞PHH及永生化肝细胞MIHA增高。在2个肝癌细胞系中沉默SIRT6可以抑制肝癌细胞的活力及DNA合成能力,也可抑制肝癌细胞集落形成能力及锚定非依赖生长能力。结论:SIRT6促进肝癌细胞的增殖及恶性转化。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.