Costochondral Graft as Interpositional material for TMJ Ankylosis in Children: A Clinical Study

Abstract

TMJ ankylosis is one of the most disruptive anomaly that affects the masticatory system. The inability to move the mandible has significant functional ramification, such as the inability to eat a normal diet. Additionally, speech is affected, making it difficult for some individuals to communicate and express themselves to others. As there are several biologic and anatomic similarities to the mandibular condyles, autogenous costochondral grafts have been considered to be the most acceptable tissue for temporomandibular joint reconstruction. In addition donor site complications are infrequent and regeneration of the rib usually occurs within a year post operatively in children.

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the function of costochondral grafts to replace the mandibular condyles and to assess the position, growth, overgrowth, function, success, failure and resorption of costochondral grafts.

Materials and Methods

Ten TMJ ankylosis patients were operated in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly. Out of the 10 cases 6 were male patients and 4 female patients in age group of ≤14 years; of which 8 patients were of unilateral TMJ ankylosis and 2 were of bilateral TMJ ankylosis. All ten patients underwent interpositional gap arthroplasty with reconstruction of the condyle by costochondral graft.

Results

All patients with costochondral grafts had improved mandibular symmetry and growth with adequate mouth opening.

Conclusion

This study indicates that using costochondral grafts to reconstruct TMJ ankylosis in children provides a good result.     

颞下颌关节强直治疗方法分析

目的 探讨治疗颞下颌关节强直并有效防止复发的方法.方法 对3例外伤性颞下颌关节强直病例,除将残余关节盘复位缝合外,分别用喙突、残留髁状突及喙突联合钛金属关节头恢复颞下颌关节结构.结果 病例1术后1年复查,张口度为2.5 cm,咬合时下颌偏术侧.病例2术后1年复查,张口度为3.7 cm,咬合关系正常.病例3术后3个月复查,张口度为3.9 cm,前牙轻度开(牙合).结论 恢复关节的"正常"解剖结构,使残余的关节盘复位,保留残留的髁状突,并使其复位固定,有望提高颞下颌关节强直患者手术疗效,减少复发.     

外伤性颞下颌关节强直保留关节盘的手术治疗

目的：应用新的手术方法治疗外伤性颞下颌关节强直，达到恢复颞下颌关节结构，改善面部外形和防止术后复发的目的。方法：外伤性颞下颌关节强直36例，其中男16例，女20例。年龄5～54岁之间，病程1～16年不等，开口度0～1．5cm。手术方法凿开关节窝与髁突之间的骨性融合，凿除前内侧移位的髁突骨折碎片，将残余的关节盘向外牵拉、复位与外侧关节囊缝合，并将髁突与关节窝磨改光滑。结果：术后17例随访l～7年，保留关节盘手术的病例均无复发，术后开口度平均达到3．36cm。一例11岁的女孩术后3年发现，面部畸形基本恢复正常。结论：恢复颞下颌关节正常结构，保留关节盘在防止外伤性颞下颌关节强直手术后复发中起很重要的作用。     

髁突矢状骨折继发颞下颌关节强直31例临床分析

目的:探讨髁突矢状骨折继发创伤性颞下颌关节强直的临床特点。方法:回顾性分析2001～2010年武汉大学口腔医院口腔颌面外科收治的31例、48侧继发于髁突矢状骨折的颞下颌关节强直患者的相关临床资料。结果:31例颞下颌关节强直患者平均外伤年龄15.6岁,其中23例(74.2%)外伤年龄小于16岁。病程3月~20年,平均病程6.5年。42侧强直关节的关节盘发生移位,6侧强直关节的关节盘完全破坏。强直关节标本镜下观察:内侧髁突骨折块发生废用萎缩性改变,外侧骨球区见软骨细胞呈灶性增生成骨,关节盘纤维结构紊乱、玻璃样变性。结论:青少年髁突矢状骨折易发生颞下颌关节强直,关节盘的移位损伤是颞下颌关节强直发生的重要条件。创伤性颞下颌关节强直首先发生在关节外侧,融合骨赘的组织病理学表现为软骨化生、成骨。     

治疗颞颌关节强直后SAS的新方法及手术效果的评价

目的：用L值评估正颌外科技术矫治的12例颞颌关节强直所致SAS的效果。方法：手术采用患侧关节成形,下颌升支、体部的“L”型半层截骨及健侧矢状截骨术,将患侧下颌升支加高固定,下颌前部整体前移。上 颌骨Lefort I型截骨,向健侧旋转,纠正偏移,并行颏成形术。比较分析术前、术后的L值。结果：12例颞颌关节强直所致OSAS患者术后张口度达2．5－3．5cm,连续血氧饱和度最低值由术前的58％提高至术后的95％以上,术后L值较术前L值有较大的提高,术后AKI指数较术前AHI指数大幅下降,OSAS得以治愈。结论：颞颌关节强直所致OSAS患者通过正颌外科手术可以在关节成形的同时,解决患者下颌后缩的缺陷,解除上气道狭窄,从而缓解或纠正患者的低氧血症。     

A Retrospective Study of Temporalis Muscle and Fascia Flap in Treatment of TMJ Ankylosis

Background  

This study sought to determine the efficacy of interpositional arthroplasty with temporalis muscle and fascia flap in the treatment of unilateral temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis in adults.     

Fate of Free Fat Dermis Graft in TMJ Interpositional Gap Arthroplasty: A Long Term MRI Study

Introduction

Free fat dermis graft is a good interpositional material for TMJ gap arthroplasty. Analysing the fate of the graft by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images helps in excellent visualization of both bony and soft tissue anatomy of the operated TMJ joint as well as in assessing the changes in dermis graft which was previously placed.

Purpose of this Study

To investigate the radiological fate of the dermis-fat graft within the TMJ using MRI.

Materials and Methods

Five joints of five patients who had dermis-fat grafts placed in their TMJ following gap arthroplasty were recruited for this study. Each patient had undergone TMJ gap arthroplasty with immediate dermis-fat graft placement. All the patients are then subjected to MRI.

Results

Fat graft was identified in close proximity to the mandibular condyle in all cases, with only three joints demonstrating fat covering the entire articular surface of the mandibular condyle. In the remaining joints the interpositional material found in the MRI defined joint space with mainly grey appearance, suggesting tissue change to other than fat, i.e. scar or granulation tissue.

Conclusion

When free fat dermis graft is placed as interpositional material the graft occupied the entire TM joint and prevented it from recurrent ankylosis. The graft placed aids in normal functioning of the temperomandibular joint without any complications.     

纯钛金属片为间置物防止颞颌关节强直术后复发

目的 通过植入纯钛金属片为间置物,观察是否能减少颞下颌关节真性强直术后的复发。方法 作者在1995－2000年的5年中对46例颞下颌关节真性强直患者在进行关节重建手术同时均以纯钛金属片做为间置物植入,并在手术后1年随访,测量并记录张口度。结果 46例患者中只有2例复发,术后复发为4％,复发率较低。结论 该方法可以有效地防止颞颌关节真性强直重建术后复发,操作简便而且技术容易掌握。     

翼外肌在髁突矢状骨折愈合过程中对髁突形态改建的影响

目的：本实验的目的是检查翼外肌在髁突矢状骨折愈合过程中,对髁突形态改建的影响。方法：20只1岁龄成年绵羊,随机分为两组,每组10只动物,所有绵羊都用超声骨刀造成髁突矢状骨折,剪断关节盘前后附着并将其推向内侧,其中组1动物切断翼外肌,组2动物保留翼外肌功能。每组动物分别在术后4周（各2只）、12周（各4只）、24周（各4只）处死。处死后行CT检查,CT三维重建观察髁突形态,并解剖颞颌关节（TMJ）以观察髁突形态。结果：组2即保留翼外肌功能组,较组1髁突有更多新骨形成,髁突形态改变更严重。结论：翼外肌在髁突矢状骨折愈合过程中对髁突形态改建的影响起非常重要的作用。     

Ramus Condyle Unit Reconstruction Using Vertical Ramus Osteotomy in Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis

Introduction

Treatment of bony Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Ankylosis includes release of the ankylosis and creation of a gap with or without insertion of interposing material and complete reconstruction of the joint using e.g. costochondral, autogenous coronoid/ankylosed mass, sternoclavicular, clavicular bone grafts etc. As these are non-pedicled grafts, there is eventual resorption with subsequent decrease in height of the ramus, facial asymmetry, deviated mouth opening and reankylosis. The authors have applied the method of vertical ramus osteotomy (VRO) on the posterior border of the mandibular ramus for reconstruction of the ramus condyle unit (RCU) as a pedicled graft along with Myofascial Temporalis Interposition for the correction of TMJ Ankylosis.

Materials and methods

Ten patients of TMJ Ankylosis were included in this study. All ten patients were treated using VRO for the RCU reconstruction with posterior border of mandibular ramus after Gap Arthroplasty. Temporalis myofascial flap was used as an interpositional material in all patients. Patients were followed from 20 to 30 months (mean 24 months).

Results

As a result of successful procedure the post-operative maximal mouth opening of 32–45 mm (mean 37 mm) was achieved. No patient experienced pain and infection at surgical site. None of the patients had graft rejection and reankylosis at follow-up.

Conclusion

The results showed that VRO on the posterior border of the mandibular ramus seems to be an alternative and promising method for RCU reconstruction in patients with TMJ Ankylosis.     

Abdominal Dermis-Fat Graft Versus Conventional Temporalis Myofascial Flap Interposition in Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis: A Prospective Clinical Comparative Study

IntroductionTemporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis is an extremely disabling condition with almost complete inability to open the jaws causing difficulty in chewing, speech, poor oral hygiene and cosmetic disfigurement. Temporalis myofascial flap still remains the most common interpositional material used; however, patients usually complain of pain during movement, unesthetic bulging in the temporal region and trismus due to scar contracture. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of abdominal dermis-fat graft and compare it with temporalis myofascial flap as to see which of the two grafts offers more advantages and provides better postoperative results following TMJ ankylosis surgery. Materials and MethodsA total of 30 diagnosed cases of TMJ ankylosis were randomly divided into two groups of 15 patients each. All the patients underwent TMJ ankylosis release under general anesthesia followed by abdominal dermis-fat interposition in Group A and temporalis muscle in Group B. The patients were assessed for pre-operative and postoperative mouth opening (immediate and 6 month postoperative), pain during physiotherapy, donor and surgical site complications and recurrence of ankylosis.ResultsThe mean maximum inter-incisal opening in dermis-fat group was significantly higher than temporalis group both at immediate and 6 month postoperative periods (p = 0.041, 0.001). Physiotherapy was less painful in dermis-fat group than in temporalis group, and the differences in VAS scores among the 2 groups showed high statistical significance (p < 0.001). Hypertrophic scar developed at the donor site in 2 patients in dermis-fat group; however, it was located below the beltline and hardly noticeable. A total of 9 patients (4 in Group A and 5 in Group B) developed temporary facial nerve weakness, and no case of re-ankylosis was noted in either group.ConclusionDermis-fat graft in temporomandibular joint ankylosis showed better results than conventional temporalis myofascial flap in terms of postoperative mouth opening, physiotherapy and jaw function with esthetically acceptable results.     

Treatment of Long Standing Bilateral Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis with Condylar Prosthesis

Introduction

TMJ ankylosis is a condition which results in partial to complete inability to open the mouth due to fusion of head of condyle and glenoid fossa.

Case Report

A 28 year old man reported to our department with a complaint of inability to open mouth since 13 years. On basis of clinical examination, radiographs and CT scans, he was diagnosed with complete bilateral bony TMJ ankylosis. The treatment plan included bilateral condylectomy with coronoidectomy through a combination of endaural and rhytidectomy incision and interpositional grafting with temporalis myofascial flap. Reconstruction of the TMJ was done with specially designed stainless steel partial condylar prosthesis. Extended genioplasty was done to advance the chin. Post-operative early physiotherapy was initiated with a custom made oral physiotherapy device. Complete oral rehabilitation was done with fixed partial dentures, and patient is on regular follow up.

Results

Patient had mouth opening of 29 mm and also had a satisfactory esthetic appearence.     

真性颞下颌关节强直的外科治疗进展

真性颞下颌关节强直是由于一侧或两侧颞下颌关节内发生病变,最后造成颞下颌关节内的纤维性或骨性粘连的一种疾病。真性颞下颌关节强直主要病因是损伤和炎症。临床的主要表现是开口困难、患侧下颌骨发育不足、牙合关系紊乱、髁突活动减弱或消失,有些幼年发病的患者因为严重的下颌骨发育不足而易继发阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructivesleep apnea syndrome,OSAS)。外科手术是治疗真性颞下颌关节强直的唯一方法,部分成年患者如存在小颌、OSAS,可同期进行正颌外科手术,既改善患者的开口度,恢复咀嚼功能,同时改善颌面畸形,对合并OSAS的…