多囊卵巢综合征妊娠患者的产科结局

多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）是生育期妇女最常见的生殖内分泌疾病,病因至今未明。高雄激素、胰岛素抵抗（IR）及高胰岛素血症是PCOS的病理生理基础。由于PCOS患者特殊的病理生理特点,妊娠后可能会并发流产、妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）、妊娠高血压疾病等合并症。充分认识PCOS患者的妊娠期并发症及新生儿结局,有针对性地预防和治疗母儿并发症,对保障母婴健康有重要意义。     

重视多囊卵巢综合征孕产期管理

        多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）是以无排卵或稀发排卵、高雄激素和卵巢多囊改变为特征的异质性综合征。其病理生理改变不仅仅局限于生殖系统,导致生殖障碍,还影响代谢、心理等其他方面,对女性各生理阶段的健康都有着严重的威胁。在对疾病认识的初期,患者主诉集中在月经失调和不孕,随后肥胖、胰岛素抵抗（IR）、糖尿病、心血管疾病等代谢异常逐渐引起医生和相关学者的注意。近年来,对PCOS的关注开始从未孕期延伸至妊娠期。2012年,欧洲人类生殖及胚胎学会/美国生殖医学会（ESHRE/ASRM）第3次工作组会议第1次以专家共识的形式提出：PCOS患者妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）、妊娠期高血压疾病、巨大儿、小于胎龄儿（SGA）的发生率均显著升高。强调肥胖和（或）IR可能加重产科并发症和合并症风险,应在妊娠期间给予更密切的随访［1］。     

多囊卵巢综合征胰岛素抵抗的新进展

多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）是青春期及育龄妇女最常见的内分泌和代谢紊乱性疾病,其发病率占育龄妇女的5%～10%。PCOS的基本特征为长期不排卵或稀发排卵、卵巢多囊性增大和高雄激素血症等,此外还表现有胰岛素抵抗（IR）及胰岛β细胞功能失调。PCOS患者妊娠率降低,妊娠期自然流产、妊娠期糖尿病的患病率亦较普通人群高,同时子宫内膜癌发病风险增高。PCOS患者代谢综合征的发病率升高,后者与心血管疾病风险紧密相连,并与IR有密切关系。目前许多学者对PCOS患者的IR做了大量的研究,提示改善PCOS的IR可改善内分泌及生殖功能,而改善生活方式是改善患者IR的有效手段。口服降糖药已成为治疗PCOS的IR的有效方法之一。     

多囊卵巢综合征患者妊娠期胰岛素抵抗及妊娠结局观察分析

目的探讨多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者妊娠期胰岛素抵抗的变化及与妊娠结局的关系。方法选择2007年9月至2009年2月在中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院妇产科确诊为PCOS并妊娠成功的102例孕妇为PCOS组,同期在本院早孕检查、产检及分娩的普通孕产妇701例为对照组,比较两组孕妇的妊娠并发症及妊娠结局。对PCOS组中的38例及对照组中的50例孕妇于24～28周进行75g葡萄糖耐量检查及胰岛素释放试验,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛β细胞分泌功能指数(HOMA-β)、血糖和胰岛素曲线下面积。结果 PCOS组血糖曲线下面积及胰岛素曲线下面积大于对照组(22.22±4.48、19.29±3.19,228.93±130.05、155.62±69.54,P<0.05);PCOS组空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、HOMA-IR、HOMA-β大于对照组,分别为4.61±0.57、4.56±0.39,7.81±4.65、6.35±4.45,1.65±1.08、1.31±0.95,169.47±119.4、126.94±85.81,但差异无统计学意义。PCOS组与对照组妊娠并发症发生率分别为自然流产23.53%、8.27%,妊娠期糖...     

慢性炎症机制与多囊卵巢综合征

多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）是一种临床高度异质、病因复杂的疾病。近年研究发现,PCOS存在慢性炎症的病理生理过程,而且慢性炎症在PCOS远期并发症的发生发展中起重要作用。主要的慢性炎症因子,如C反应蛋白（CRP）、白细胞介素类（IL）、血浆纤溶酶原激活物抑制物1（PAI-1）、单核细胞趋化因子1（MCF-1）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）等在PCOS患者中有不同程度的升高,并且与PCOS患者的胰岛素抵抗、心血管疾病发病风险增高密切相关。     

多囊卵巢综合征妊娠期糖尿病与胰岛素抵抗

多囊卵巢综合征（polyeystic ovary syndrome，PCOS）是一种常见的女性内分泌系统疾病，由于其广泛存在的胰岛素抵抗（insulin resistance，IR）（占40％-50％），是各种糖代谢紊乱疾病的高发人群。近年来发现，PCOS与妊娠期糖尿病（gestational diabetes mellitus，GDM）两者之间存在着密切的关系：PCOS患者妊娠期间GDM的发生率增加，     

二甲双胍在多囊卵巢综合征中的作用

多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)的基本病理生理特征为胰岛素抵抗和高胰岛素血症,二甲双胍为胰岛素增敏剂,可调整PCOS患者月经周期,促进排卵,提高妊娠率,减少流产,并改善脂质代谢,降低患者超促排卵后过度刺激及妊娠期糖尿病的发生.但其长期疗效、个体剂量和可能的不良影响尚待研究.     

二甲双胍在多囊卵巢综合征中的作用

多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)的基本病理生理特征为胰岛素抵抗和高胰岛素血症，二甲双胍为胰岛素增敏剂，可调整PCOS患者月经周期，促进排卵，提高妊娠率，减少流产，并改善脂质代谢，降低患者超促排卵后过度刺激及妊娠期糖尿病的发生。但其长期疗效、个体剂量和可能的不良影响尚待研究。     

血清抗苗勒管激素在妊娠期多囊卵巢综合征患者中的研究进展

多囊卵巢综合征（polycystic ovary syndrome，PCOS）是女性常见的生殖内分泌紊乱性疾病，而血清抗苗勒管激素（anti-Müllerian hormone，AMH）作为评估卵巢储备功能指标，广泛应用于PCOS 的评估、诊断和治疗等方面。随着对AMH 研究的日益深入，AMH 在PCOS 患者妊娠期的研究取得了一定进展。妊娠期AMH 降低，且随着妊娠进展呈现波动变化，并与雄激素存在一定的相关性。AMH 可作为预测PCOS 患者早产的候选因子，为PCOS 患者妊娠期管理提供新思路。此外，高AMH 的宫内环境可能对PCOS 孕妇子代早期健康产生不良影响。PCOS 患者妊娠后面临妊娠期并发症的挑战，AMH 能更好地保护PCOS 孕妇的母胎健康，在产科领域有着广泛的应用前景。综述PCOS 患者妊娠期AMH 变化、AMH 与雄激素的关系、AMH 与早产的相关性以及子代AMH 情况的研究进展。     

肥胖与青少年多囊卵巢综合征

多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）是育龄妇女常见生殖内分泌疾病。近年发现,随着儿童肥胖患病率增加,青少年PCOS发病率也逐年提高。肥胖可通过增加外周循环胰岛素水平影响PCOS发病机制,PCOS患者高雄激素血症也会增加内脏脂肪沉积。肥胖会增加与PCOS相关的代谢和心血管方面的并发症的患病风险,如胰岛素抵抗（IR）、高脂血症、高血压以及临床症状不明显的动脉粥样硬化等。早期识别青春期PCOS,有利于及时纠正、阻断其内分泌紊乱,防止近期及远期并发症发生。     

Pregnancy outcomes and the effect of metformin treatment in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: an overview

This article is a review of the literature assessing pregnancy outcomes and the effect of metformin treatment among women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). A review of research published in English was undertaken using PubMed and MEDLINE databases. The weight of the available evidence suggests that pregnant women with PCOS are at an increased risk of developing gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, preterm birth and early pregnancy loss. Obesity is a contributory factor for the increased risk of gestational diabetes in this group of women and is estimated to affect 5-40% of pregnant women with PCOS. The prevalence of other obstetric complications is estimated at 10-30% for gestational hypertension, 8-15% for pre-eclampsia and 6-15% for preterm birth. The association between PCOS and early pregnancy loss may not be direct, wherein the presence of PCOS-associated hyperinsulinemia, leading to hyperandrogenemia, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of early pregnancy loss. Apart from the role of metformin in improving the metabolic consequences accompanying PCOS, it has been shown to improve pregnancy rates in women with PCOS who are resistant to clomiphene citrate. In conclusion, pregnancy in women with PCOS is associated with adverse obstetric outcomes (multiple adverse obstetric risk). Whether metformin should be administered throughout pregnancy still remains controversial. Further prospective studies that foster a larger number of participants and adjust for all potentially confounding factors are needed.     

Pregnancy considerations in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are subfecund, and while anovulatory infertility is most likely the primary cause, other factors may contribute. Recent data suggest that women with PCOS are at increased risk for preterm labor, preeclampsia, and gestational diabetes, though the evidence for increased miscarriage rates is less certain. There is no evidence-based schema for achieving pregnancy in women with PCOS, though lifestyle modification, clomiphene citrate, and metformin are the current front line therapies. There are few data to support treatment during pregnancy with metformin in women with PCOS to prevent pregnancy loss or pregnancy complications.     

多囊卵巢综合征伴肥胖者助孕前处理

多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）是育龄期女性常见的内分泌紊乱综合征,通常表现为持续性无排卵、高雄激素血症、胰岛素抵抗等。内分泌紊乱状态使PCOS患者容易伴肥胖,肥胖又可与PCOS内分泌紊乱发生相互作用,共同增加患者不孕不育的风险,影响助孕结局,并增加妊娠合并症及远期并发症的风险。故对此类患者行助孕前需要详细评估身心健康状态,调整生活方式,必要时辅以药物甚至手术,以达到改善助孕结局、降低妊娠合并症及远期并发症风险的目的。     

Using gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist before frozen embryo transfer may improve ongoing pregnancy rates in hyperandrogenic polycystic ovary syndrome women

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), affecting more than 5–10% of woman at reproductive childbearing age, is characterized by anovulation and hyperandrogenism. Frozen-thawed embryo transfer (ET) has been widely used for PCOS women to minimize the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. However, the hyperandrogenic status of PCOS women deteriorates endometrial function, which has subsequently increased miscarriage rates in PCOS women. Therefore, we conducted this retrospective study to compare the pregnancy outcomes of hyperandrogenic PCOS women with (n?=?29) and without (n?=?31, controls) pretreatment of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist before frozen-thawed ET. We found that pretreatment with GnRH agonist before frozen-thawed ETs could not significantly improve the clinical pregnancy rate in these hyperandrogenic PCOS women. However, the ongoing pregnancy rate was significantly increased in women with GnRH agonist pretreatment (odds ratio: 3.98, 95% confidence interval: 1.12–14.20, p?=?0.033). We concluded that androgen deprivation status due to pretreatment with GnRH agonist might improve the ongoing pregnancy rate in hyperandrogenic PCOS women. Additional large, well-designed prospective studies are worthwhile and necessary.     

The impact of insulin resistance on the outcome of laparoscopic ovarian electrocautery in infertile women with the polycystic ovary syndrome.

In this study we assessed how insulin resistance affects pregnancy rates in infertile women with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) treated with laparoscopic ovarian electrocautery. Sixty-four PCOS women were included in the study in a consecutive fashion. Following the CIGMA (continuous infusion of glucose with model assessment) test, 28 women were classified as insulin resistant and 36 women as non-insulin resistant. After the ovarian electrocautery patients were observed for 12-18 months. If pregnancy did not ensue, they were referred for one or more cycles of in vitro fertilization (IVF). Following ovarian electrocautery the non-insulin-resistant women more frequently achieved a regular menstrual cycle and ovulation than the insulin-resistant PCOS women. Consequently 18 (50%) of the non-insulin-resistant PCOS women achieved a pregnancy versus only five (18%) of women in the insulin-resistant PCOS group. Following treatment with both ovarian electrocautery and IVF, 27 (75%) of the non-insulin resistant PCOS women achieved a successful pregnancy, while 13 (46%) of the insulin-resistant PCOS group achieved this. In conclusion, insulin resistance may be an important marker of a poor outcome of treatment in PCOS infertility. Further studies are needed to evaluate the possible effect of treatment alternatives to alleviate the unfavorable influences of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia on ovulation induction in PCOS women.     

Laparoscopic ovarian drilling in clomiphene citrate-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To analyze the efficacy of laparoscopic ovarian drilling using monopolar diathermy in women with anovulatory infertility with clomiphene-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and to determine factors influencing pregnancy rate and pregnancy outcomes. DESIGN: Prospective study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). SETTING: Infertility clinic in a tertiary referral teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Seventy women with clomiphene-resistant PCOS. INTERVENTION: Laparoscopic ovarian drilling, with follow-up for 4.5 years. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Follow-up data, which were available for 66 patients, showed a spontaneous ovulation rate of 81.8%, cumulative ovulation rate of 93.9%, and pregnancy rate of 54.5%. Successful pregnancies were commonly complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Pregnancy rates (23.5%) were low in women with tuboperitoneal disease and those whose partners had subfertile male factors. Statistical evaluation using a proportion test (Z test) and multivariable logistical regression analysis showed that elevated luteinizing hormone levels (>10 IU/L), short duration of infertility (<3 yrs), and absence of preexisting tubal disease were associated with better outcomes. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic ovarian drilling is an effective surgical procedure in women with clomiphene-resistant PCOS.     

Correction of hyperinsulinemia in oligoovulatory women with clomiphene-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome: a review of therapeutic rationale and reproductive outcomes

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) describes a convergence of chronic multisystem endocrine derangements, including irregular menses, hirsutism, obesity, hyperlipidemia, androgenization, large and cystic-appearing ovaries, insulin resistance and subfertility. Few PCOS patients exhibit all of these features, and often only one sign or symptom is evident. The sequelae of PCOS reach beyond reproductive health, as women affected with PCOS have increased relative risks for myocardial infarction, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, thromboembolic disease and diabetes. Although the adverse health consequences associated with PCOS are substantial, unfortunately most women are not aware of these risks. Indeed, in infertility practice such concerns are secondary as most patients are referred for treatment specifically to achieve a pregnancy. Impairments in insulin metabolism appear central to the physiologic cascade of PCOS, yet clomiphene therapy fails to remedy this defect. Several investigators have described satisfactory reproductive outcomes for PCOS patients treated with oral insulin-lowering agents. In this report, we outline a diagnostic and therapeutic approach for women with PCOS refractory to clomiphene with attention to the underlying insulin imbalance associated with impaired fertility.     

Risk of preterm delivery in non-diabetic women with polycystic ovarian syndrome

Objective:To examine the risk and etiology of preterm delivery in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Study Design:Retrospective cohort study comparing preterm delivery rate among non-diabetic PCOS and non-PCOS women with singleton pregnancy. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors of preterm delivery among PCOS women.Result:Among 908 PCOS women with singleton pregnancy, 12.9% delivered preterm compared with 7.4% among non-PCOS women (P<0.01). Causes of preterm delivery among PCOS women included preterm labor (41%), cervical insufficiency (11%), hypertensive complications (20%), preterm premature rupture of membranes (15%), fetal-placental concerns (9%) and intrauterine fetal demise (5%). Maternal age, race/ethnicity and nulliparity were significant predictors of preterm delivery in PCOS, whereas body mass index and fertility medications were not.Conclusion:A higher proportion of PCOS women delivered preterm (12.9%) compared with non-PCOS women, with the majority of cases due to spontaneous preterm birth. Future studies should explore etiologies and strategies to improve pregnancy outcomes in PCOS.