关于妇产科综合征的理解和应用

综合征(syndrome)来源于希腊语syn("一起"、"共同"之意)和drómos(事件),并起意为"同时发生或同时发生的事件"(concurrence).其实,这也是医学词汇里最古老的名词之一,可以追溯到希腊的波克拉底和盖伦时代,就已被用于描述同时发生的一组症状[1].     

Diagnosis and management of Candida of the nipple and breast

Diagnosis and treatment of ductal and/or nipple candidiasis in breastfeeding women is complicated by the variety of symptoms women experience. The differential diagnosis includes candidiasis of the nipple, candidiasis of the breast, bacterial infection of either nipple or breast, and other less common problems such as Raynaud's syndrome. Diagnosis and treatment are based on history, physical examination, and presenting symptomatology because cultures of breast milk are often inconclusive. Differential diagnoses and treatment options are reviewed.     

Diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and eclampsia

Hypertensive disease occurs in approximately 12-22% of pregnancies, and it is directly responsible for 17.6% of maternal deaths in the United States (1,2). However, there is confusion about the terminology and classification of these disorders. This bulletin will provide guidelines for the diagnosis and management of hypertensive disorders unique to pregnancy (ie, preeclampsia and eclampsia), as well as the various associated complications. Chronic hypertension has been discussed elsewhere (3).     

妇产科学的解剖绘图

这也许是尚无人涉猎的主题,但却是与我们日常的医疗工作密不可分的问题.诊断与治疗离不开解剖学的观念和知识,可是我们却常常忽略表达解剖的绘图以及它的作用和技法.学习、应用解剖绘图是一种科学与艺术结合的体验和实践.     

Comparison of indications of pregnancy termination and prognosis of mothers and neonates in early- and late-onset preeclampsia

Objective: To compare the indications of pregnancy termination and prognosis between early-onset preeclampsia (EOP) and late-onset preeclampsia (LOP). Methods: In total, 100 patients diagnosed early-onset preeclampsia in our hospital from January 1, 2012, to June 30, 2014, were recruited for this retrospective cohort study. At the same time, we randomly chose another 100 late-onset preeclampsia as the contrast group. Criterion distinguishing early versus late was set at week 34 of gestation. Indications for pregnancy termination and prognosis of mothers and neonates were compared between the groups. Results: Significant differences were observed between the groups regarding indications for terminating pregnancy. The EOP indications to terminate the pregnancy were mainly fetal-related, while LOP were mainly maternal-related. Postpartum neonatal morbidity and mortality were significantly higher, mean gestational age onset and delivery were significantly earlier, latent period for delivery and postpartum hospitalization time were significantly longer, admission 24 h proteinuria was significantly higher in EOP than in LOP group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: EOP is a distinct and more severe clinical entity with earlier gestational age onset and delivery. EOP might be a fetal-related disease complicated by severe placental and perinatal injuries; LOP might be a maternal-related derived disease condition.     

两种不同HAART方案对HIV母婴传播及孕妇、新生儿免疫和造血功能影响的对比研究

目的:研究高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(HAART)方案预防HIV母婴传播的安全性和有效性,探讨两种不同HAART方案对妊娠结局,以及孕妇和胎儿造血、免疫功能的影响。方法:将71例HIV感染孕妇按HAART方案分为含齐多夫定组(AZT组)40例、不含AZT组31例。选取40例健康孕妇为对照组。HIV阳性孕妇自妊娠14周开始抗病毒治疗,AZT组的HAART方案为AZT+拉米夫定(3TC)联合克力芝(LPV/r)或依非那仑(EFV)或奈韦拉平(NVP),不含AZT组为替诺福韦(TDF)+3TC联合LPV/r或EFV或NVP。采集抗病毒开始治疗时和分娩前孕妇肘静脉血、脐带血,测定血细胞参数和CD4~+、CD8~+T淋巴细胞。收集并分析孕妇和新生儿的基本信息,婴儿出生后4~6周及4个月进行HIV-1-DNA核酸测定。结果:分娩前,与正常对照组比较,AZT组孕妇的RBC、Hb、HCT、N降低,MCV、MCH、RDW增高(P0.05)。与不含AZT组比较,AZT组的RBC、L降低,MCV、MCH、RDW增高(P0.05)。各组间WBC和PLT比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。3组孕妇的轻度贫血发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);AZT组孕妇的中度贫血发生率高于其他两组(P0.05)。与对照组比较,AZT组新生儿脐带血中RBC、Hb、HCT、N显著降低,MCV、MCH、RDW、L、PLT显著增高(P0.05)。两HAART组相比,AZT组新生儿脐带血中RBC、Hb、HCT显著降低,但MCV、RDW显著增高(P0.05)。各组间WBC无统计学差异(P0.05)。HAART暴露的两组新生儿轻度贫血发生率较对照组高(P0.05);AZT组新生儿轻度、中度贫血较不含AZT组更多见(P0.05)。结论:长疗程HAART治疗后,HIV母婴传播率0.3%,孕期HAART治疗安全、有效。孕期采用长疗程含AZT的HAART方案有助于孕妇的免疫重建;孕期含AZT的HAART暴露导致孕妇及新生儿巨幼红细胞性贫血和中性粒细胞减少,新生儿血小板增多。     

Pharmacokinetics and endometrial and tubal tissue penetration of cefalotin and cefazolin

The pharmacokinetics and concentrations of the two antibiotics cefazolin and cefalotin were studied during gynecologic operations in endometrial and tubal tissue. The patients received 0.05 g/kg of the antibiotics by intravenous injection. Under the given conditions, pharmacokinetic calculation of the plasma elimination gave half-lives of 24.8 min for cefalotin and of 63 min for cefazolin. Fitting of the tissue levels to the Bateman function showed that the two antibiotics diffuse rapidly into both tubal and endometrial tissue and attain peak concentration levels between 10 and 25 min. In both tissues the concentrations of cefazolin were higher than those of cefalotin. Higher tissue concentrations of cefazolin could also be demonstrated in experiments of longer duration.     

Neurological and psychomotor development of foetuses and children with congenital heart disease--causes and prevalence of disorders and long-term prognosis

Children with severe congenital heart defects (CHD) requiring open heart surgery in the first year of life are at high risk for developing neurological and psychomotor abnormalities. Depending on the type and severity of the CHD, between 15 and over 50% of these children have deficits, which are usually confined to distinct domains of development, although formal intelligence tends to be normal. Children with mild CHD, who comprise the majority of congenital heart defects, have a far better developmental prognosis than those with complex CHD. This review concentrates on the impact of severe CHD on the developing brain of the foetus and infant. It also provides a summary of recent clinical and neuroimaging studies, and an overview of the long-term neurological prognosis. Advanced neuroimaging modalities indicate that, related to altered cerebral blood flow and oxygenation, foetuses with severe CHD show delayed third trimester brain maturation and increased vulnerability for hypoxic injury. Morphological and neurological abnormalities are present before surgery, commonly affecting the white matter. In the long-term, impaired neurological and developmental outcomes are related to the combination of prenatal, perinatal and additional perioperative risk factors. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches aim to optimise the intra- and perinatal management of foetuses and newborns with congenital heart defects. Identification and avoidance of risk factors, early neurodevelopmental assessment and therapy may optimise the long-term outcome in this high-risk population.     

Reproductive and menstrual factors and risk of peritoneal and ovarian endometriosis

OBJECTIVE: Between 1987 and 1989 data were collected to evaluate risk factors for pelvic endometriosis. DESIGN: A case-control study was conducted on 241 cases with laparoscopically or laparotomically confirmed peritoneal or ovarian endometriosis consecutively admitted to three teaching hospitals in Northern Italy. The control group consisted of 437 women admitted to hospitals for acute conditions covering similar catchment areas. RESULTS: Compared with nulliparous women, the risk of endometriosis decreased with increasing number of births: the point estimates were 0.4 and 0.3, respectively, for those with one and two or more births (X2(1) trend = 50.3, P less than 0.001). No relation emerged with age at first birth and spontaneous miscarriages. Relative to women whose menarche occurred at age 11 or younger, the risk of endometriosis was slightly lower in those who experienced later menarche, but the trend in risk was not significant. Women with irregular menstrual cycles showed a lower frequency of the disease (relative risk, 0.3; 95% confidence interval, 0.2 to 0.5). The role of various factors was largely similar for different disease locations (ovary, peritoneum, and both) and indication for diagnostic surgery (sterility, pelvic pain, and other reasons). CONCLUSIONS: This study found that parity and irregular/long menses lower the risk of endometriosis. These findings were similar in different subgroups of disease location and indication for surgery, giving strong evidence of the consistency of the general results.     

Vitamin and homocysteine status of mothers and infants and the risk of nonsyndromic orofacial clefts

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to investigate the involvement of maternal and infant B vitamins and homocysteine as risk factors for orofacial clefting. STUDY DESIGN: Venous blood samples were taken from 96 infants with nonsyndromic orofacial clefts and 88 infants without a congenital malformation and from their mothers at approximately 14 months after the index pregnancy. Red blood cell and serum folate, serum vitamin B(12), whole blood vitamin B(6) as pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP), and plasma homocysteine concentrations were measured. RESULTS: A vitamin B(12) concentration of 185 pmol/L or less and a PLP concentration of 44 nmol/L or less in mothers increased the risk of having a child with an orofacial cleft (odds ratio [OR]=3.1; 95% CI: 1.3-7.4, OR=2.9; 95% CI: 1.2-7.1, respectively). Infants with orofacial clefts had a 15% lower serum folate concentration compared with controls (P=.06). CONCLUSION: A low vitamin B(12) and PLP concentration in mothers increased the risk of orofacial clefts in the offspring. A possible role of the infant's folate status is suggested.     

Effect of small doses of aspirin and acetaminophen on total menstrual loss and pain of cramps and headache

90 women participated in a 4-month study. During the first 2 periods, they took no pain relievers whatsoever; during their last 2 periods they took 2 X 325 mg aspirin, acetaminophen or an identically packaged placebo every 4 h to total 8 tablets during the first 24 h of their periods beginning with spotting. For statistical analysis, periods 1 and 2 were combined and averaged, then compared with periods 3 and 4 combined and averaged. Total menstrual loss in grams, number of days of flow, and pain of cramps and headaches were analyzed by MANOVA for each of the three treatment groups. An ANOVA for each of these variables as well as for daily menstrual loss for the first 3 menstrual days was also performed. The MANOVA for all variables by the three treatment groups failed to show any significant differences. Similarly, ANOVAs for the individual variables failed to indicate significant differences except for the variable pain of cramps (p = 0.0072). The Duncan's Multiple Range Test for pain of cramps showed that the average pain for the placebo group was higher than for either the aspirin or the acetaminophen group, although the means for these two groups were not significantly different. These results indicate that neither aspirin nor acetaminophen in the doses given alter either total menstrual loss or the pattern of loss during the first 3 menstrual days. However, both preparations were found to be more effective than placebo in reducing pain of cramps.