腰椎椎弓崩裂临床研究进展

腰椎椎弓崩裂是构成症状性腰背痛的主要原因之一.对经正规保守治疗无效的患者需手术治疗.传统的跨节段固定植骨融合可取到良好的治疗效果,但对青少年患者行直接修复峡部缺损是合乎逻辑的术式,可保留腰椎活动度,减小相邻节段退变的发生,但须严格控制手术适应证.该文就近年来腰椎椎弓崩裂的临床研究及进展作一综述.     

椎弓根钉钩系统加峡部植骨系统治疗单纯腰椎峡部不连5年疗效随访

目的：椎弓根螺钉、椎板钩加峡部植骨术治疗腰椎峡部不连手术5年疗效随访研究。方法2006-2008,我院收治20例单纯腰椎峡部不连患者采用椎弓根螺钉、椎板钩加峡部植骨固定治疗术后5年随访。结果术前及术后5年随访VAS评分有明显统计学意义（P〈0.05）;患者术后5年CT断扫峡部裂植骨均骨性愈合。20例患者均未发生脱钩及临近节段退变（椎间隙高度丢失）;2例诉腰椎活动度较术前轻度受限;6例出现腰椎间盘退变。结论与多节段固定融合术相比,椎弓根螺钉、椎板钩加峡部植骨术治疗腰椎峡部不连是对腰椎正常生理活动范围干扰小、临近节段退变率低的一种可靠、有效的单椎体动态固定术式。     

单节段与双节段椎弓根螺钉固定胸腰椎单椎体骨折的疗效比较

目的研究单节段椎弓根内固定小关节植骨融合治疗轻、中度胸腰椎骨折的可行性和临床疗效。方法选择轻、中度胸腰椎骨折的患者，随机分两组分别行单节段和双节段内固定观察复位及植骨融合情况，矫正丢失、腰痛、腰椎活动情况及融合椎体相邻椎间盘退变等并发症发生情况。结果随访6～42月，所有患者均得到满意复位，平均4.6月达到骨性愈合。单节段椎弓根固定的复位率达96%，远期丢失率为11%，未出现顽固性腰痛、腰椎活动受限等并发症，融合节段相邻椎间盘退变率仅为11.1%，双节段椎弓根螺钉固定组复位率为90%，远期丢失率为17%，出现顽固性腰痛3例、腰椎活动受限2例，融合节段相邻椎间盘退变率41.7%，单节段内固定临床效果明显优于多节段内固定。结论只要适应证选择合适，相邻椎体单节段内固定不但可以达到骨性融合、满意复位、坚强骨性融合，而且较双节段固定可明显降低顽固性腰痛、腰椎活动受限、相邻椎间盘退变等并发症的发生。     

多节段腰椎峡部裂的手术治疗

目的探讨多节段腰椎峡部裂伴腰椎滑脱的临床特点及手术治疗方式。方法回顾自1999年3月~2004年12月收治的多节段腰椎峡部裂10例。全部为L4、L5双节段峡部裂,4例伴L5椎体滑脱,6例伴L4椎体滑脱。3例术前没有发现滑脱邻近节段峡部裂。6例行双节段椎弓根螺钉固定和双椎间融合手术,另4例行双节段椎弓根螺钉固定结合滑脱节段椎间融合及邻近节段峡部与后外侧植骨手术。结果随访10~52个月。按Macnab评分标准,优2例,良6例,可2例。放射学检查显示10例腰椎滑脱复位良好,平均椎间高度由术前8.10mm恢复至术后13.11mm。本组未见内固定松动、断裂,无融合器塌陷,无滑脱复发现象。结论多节段腰椎峡部裂临床少见,术前漏诊率较高。对于手术方式的选择要综合考虑脊柱节段稳定性、椎间盘退变程度或突出情况等,结合椎弓根螺钉内固定的后路椎间融合或后外侧融合手术有较好的治疗效果。     

青年型腰椎椎弓崩裂的手术治疗进展

随着积极参与体育运动者的增加,在青年人群中,因腰椎弓崩裂引发症状性下腰痛的发病率也逐渐增加．在年青运动员中达到15％～47％.对正规保守治疗无效的青年患者需手术治疗,脊柱跨节段融合、固定是传统的有效手术方式。但有学者认为青年患者由手邻近节段椎间盘完整,特别是今后生活、职业等对腰部活动度要求的预期高,因此主张对这类患者治疗时要有别于传统的跨节段固定融合,尽量保留腰椎的活动度,减小相邻节段退变的发生。本文就近年青年型腰椎椎弓崩裂手术治疗进展综述如下。     

单侧椎弓根螺钉固定在腰椎退行性疾病的研究进展

〓【摘要】〓保守失败的腰椎退行性疾病常需要手术治疗,传统的双侧椎弓根螺钉腰椎融合术可能增加邻近节段退变的发生率。近年研究表明,单侧椎弓根螺钉结合椎体间融合术治疗腰椎退行性疾病可获得与传统双侧椎弓根螺钉固定相似的稳定性与融合率,并可预防固定融合节段的邻近节段退变,但应用单侧椎弓根螺钉固定需要严格掌握手术适应证。     

椎弓根螺钉张力带治疗腰椎峡部裂

目的评价椎弓根螺钉张力带治疗腰椎峡部裂的临床疗效.方法对25例峡部裂患者进行峡部修整、局部植骨、椎弓根螺钉张力带固定.结果2例失访,23例随访2～7年,平均随访3.5年.患者下腰痛等症状完全消失,未出现椎弓根螺钉及钢丝松动、断裂.复查腰椎X线片均提示峡部已骨性融合.结论椎弓根螺钉张力带是一种节段性内固定治疗腰椎峡部裂的方法,简单易行,疗效显著,其适应证较严格.     

经椎弓根单椎体复位固定系统治疗腰椎峡部裂

[目的]评价经椎弓根单椎体复位系统内固定治疗腰椎峡部裂的临床疗效。[方法]应用中华长城钉钩系统节段内固定及植骨治疗腰椎峡部裂17例,12例为单纯腰椎峡部裂患者;5例伴有腰椎Ⅰ°滑脱,3例为合并椎间盘突出的患者。SF系统节段内固定治疗腰椎峡部裂9例,2例伴有腰椎Ⅰ°滑脱。[结果]26例经12个月～5a(平均28个月)随访,按Henderson标准评价,优良率:中华长城钉钩系统节段内固定组为100%,SF系统节段内固定组88.9%,总优良率96.2%。[结论]单椎体复位固定系统节段内固定治疗腰椎峡部裂固定可靠,骨融合率高,是一种有效的方法。     

后路椎体间融合治疗腰椎滑脱症对腰椎生理前凸的影响

目的探讨后路椎弓根螺钉内固定加椎体间BAK融合手术治疗低度(Ⅰ～Ⅱ度)腰椎滑脱症的临床与放射学结果的变化。方法行椎弓根螺钉内固定加椎体间融合器BAK融合者共26例。峡部不连性18例,退变性8例。L4滑脱14例、L5滑脱12例。测量所有患者的术前、术后、最后一次随访的站立位侧位X线片,测量项目包括腰椎曲线指数(irldex of lumbar spinal curvaturc,LCI)、L4、5、L5S1节段前凸角、全腰椎前凸角。结果排除1例未融合数据,术后融合节段的节段前凸角明显改善,且经随访后无明显丢失。术前、术后、随访时全腰椎前凸角与LCI的差别无显著性意义。结论后路椎弓根螺钉内固定加椎体间BAK融合治疗腰椎滑脱症可以有效改善并维持腰椎的正常生理曲线。     

应用短节段与长节段椎弓根钉内固定治疗腰椎滑脱的疗效观察

[目的]探讨应用短节段或长节段椎弓根钉内固定治疗腰椎滑脱的临床疗效。[方法]1996年1月～2009年6月,对146例腰椎滑脱者行腰椎管扩大开窗减压或全椎板切除减压、短节段或长节段椎弓根螺钉复位内固定、横突间或椎体间植骨融合术,年龄22～73岁,平均53岁。椎弓峡部裂型腰椎滑脱112例,退行性腰椎滑脱34例。短节段固定72例,长节段固定74例。[结果]134例患者获得随访,随访时间1.5～14年,平均6.5年,优74例,良41例,中13例,差6例,优良率85.8%。短节段固定有8例13枚螺钉发生断裂,而长节段固定较牢固。[结论]短节段与长节段固定各有优缺点,应该根据患者腰椎滑脱的类型、程度、病程长短、是否合并相邻节段椎间盘退变、不稳等情况综合分析,再选择是用短节段还是用长节段固定。     

钉棒系统固定结合峡部植骨融合治疗青少年腰椎峡部裂远期疗效

目的：探讨腰椎后路椎弓根钉固定结合峡部植骨融合治疗青年腰椎峡部裂远期疗效。

方法：回顾性分析自2006年1月至2014年7月收治16例采用腰椎后路椎弓根钉固定结合峡部植骨融合术治疗的单纯腰椎峡部裂不伴有腰椎滑脱的青年患者,其中男11例,女5例;年龄18~21岁,平均19.3岁;病程12~26个月,平均22个月。所有患者存在活动后腰部疼痛,严重者下床活动困难,术前CT证实L₅峡部裂12例,L₄峡部裂4例,并在术后影像学证实植骨融合后取出内固定。采用腰痛视觉模拟评分法对术前、术后各时间点进行评分,采用腰椎CT检查评估腰椎峡部融合情况,采用腰椎MRI检查评估固定节段及邻近节段腰椎间盘退变情况。

结果：本组16例患者,13例26侧获得完整随访,平均96个月;手术时间80~105 min,平均95 min;术中出血量150~300 ml,平均225 ml。所有患者手术顺利完成,无手术相关并发症发生;患者术后各时间点VAS评分较术前改善（P<0.01）。术后腰椎CT检查均获骨性融合,融合时间6~14个月,平均12个月;腰椎MRI检查无邻近节段退变及固定节段间盘变性、突出等改变,术后远期无症状复发及再发峡部裂。

结论：采用腰椎后路椎弓根钉固定结合峡部植骨融合治疗青年腰椎峡部裂,该术式安全、有效,融合率高,减少对正常生理活动范围的干扰,长期疗效满意。     

游离椎弓根峡部嵌入植骨术治疗合并椎间盘突出的腰椎弓峡部裂

目的：介绍一种治疗合并有椎间盘突出的腰椎椎弓峡部裂的手术方法。方法：先将患椎的后半部分游离取下并修整,待椎间盘切除、植骨床修整后,取髂骨块嵌入,再将后半部分回植,用螺丝钉贯穿固定,同时行横突椎板植骨。结果：本组治疗１３例,其中１１例随访１年以上,临床症状消失,峡部裂均融合,患椎滑脱无继续加重。结论：该术式操作简单,确实可靠,疗效理想。     

360°植骨融合钉棒固定治疗腰椎滑脱症

目的探讨360°植骨融合加单枚Cage及四钉两棒固定手术治疗腰椎滑脱症的临床疗效。方法采用后路椎弓根提拉螺钉复位滑脱椎体,单节段椎板减压,摘除椎间盘、刮除椎体终板,撑开恢复椎间高度,将碎骨粒加压夯实置入椎间隙内并放置单枚插入型Cage,双侧横突间植骨方法治疗39例腰椎滑脱症患者。结果术后3～24个月随访,平均15个月。手术完全复位33例,不完全复位3例,4例原位融合,椎间高度未丢失,Cage无松动、钉棒无断钉,平均出血量410mL。结论 360°植骨融合加单枚Cage及钉棒固定手术治疗腰椎滑脱症,复位效果满意,出血量少,经济,并发症少。     

经Wiltse入路峡部植骨跨运动节段内固定治疗腰椎峡部裂

目的分析经Wiltse入路峡部植骨跨运动节段内固定治疗腰椎峡部裂的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2014年10月-2016年10月采用经Wiltse入路峡部植骨跨运动节段内固定治疗的48例腰椎峡部裂患者临床资料。患者均为单节段双侧峡部裂。根据术前腰椎峡部裂CT表现分为3型,其中Ⅰ型(线型)15例,Ⅱ型(中间型)24例,Ⅲ型(硬化型)9例。根据术后影像学资料判断峡部裂愈合情况,并记录愈合时间及固定节段活动度。采用疼痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分评估腰部及髂骨取骨部位疼痛程度,采用日本骨科学会(JOA)评分评估腰椎功能。结果所有手术顺利完成。手术时间90~180 min,平均107 min;术中出血量50~160 mL,平均90 mL。随访6~36(15.3±3.8)个月,48例患者共96侧峡部裂,术后1年愈合率为86.5%,术后2年愈合率为94.8%,其中5侧未愈合,双侧未愈合2例,单侧未愈合1例,均为Ⅲ型患者。腰痛VAS评分由术前(6.9±2.7)分降至末次随访时(1.5±0.3)分,取髂骨部位疼痛VAS评分由术后1个月(3.7±1.3)分降至末次随访时(0.9±0.4)分,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。腰椎JOA评分由术前(20.3±3.2)分恢复到末次随访时(26.9±1.0)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后1年22例患者取出内固定,取出后运动节段活动度为4°~10°(5.6°±2.3°)。切口延迟愈合1例,无脑脊液漏、神经损伤、感染等其他并发症发生。结论经Wiltse入路峡部植骨跨运动节段内固定治疗腰椎峡部裂,术中出血量小,愈合率高,是峡部裂修复手术中可尽量保留峡部血运的一种术式,值得临床推广。     

腰椎两种不同椎间融合方式终板损伤的病例对照研究

目的:总结并比较肌间隙入路通道下经椎间孔椎间融合联合椎弓根螺钉固定方式与斜外侧椎间融合联合椎弓根螺钉固定方式治疗腰椎病变终板损伤的特点与临床结果。方法:回顾性分析2016年1月至2019年6月收治的213例腰椎病变患者,男73例,女140例;年龄24~81(54.9±10.5)岁;病程6~180(40.30±28.71)个月;腰椎间盘退行性病变35例,巨大型腰椎间盘突出症22例,椎间盘源性腰痛15例,炎症转归期原发性腰椎间隙炎9例,腰椎管狭窄症52例,腰椎退行性滑脱47例,腰椎椎弓峡部裂伴或不伴椎体滑脱33例;单节段191例(L_2,3 5例、L_3,4 24例、L_4,5 162例),双节段22例(L_2,3和L_3,4 3例、L_3,4和L_4,5 19例)。采用后方肌间隙入路通道下双侧椎弓根螺钉固定并椎间融合术110例(后路融合组),斜外侧椎间融合联合后方肌间隙入路通道下双侧椎弓根螺钉固定术103例(斜外侧融合组)。观察两组患者终板损伤的发生特点,并比较两组患者的临床和影像结果及并发症情况。结果:后路融合组发生终板损伤8例9个节段,发生率7.27%(8/110),男1例,女7例,年龄(63.22±3.51)岁;8例中术前存在骨量减少或骨质疏松7例;使用香蕉型融合器5例,解剖型融合器3例;发生于椎体上终板3个节段,椎体下终板6个节段。斜外侧融合组发生终板损伤21例24个节段,发生率20.39%(21/103),男4例,女17例,年龄(62.50±5.02)岁;21例中术前存在骨量减少或骨质疏松16例;使用融合器偏大(指融合器高度)5例,终板解剖形态异常4例,髂嵴过高3例;发生于椎体上终板20个节段,椎体下终板4个节段;21例终板损伤中合并椎体骨折2例。后路融合组终板损伤发生率低于斜外侧融合组。两组患者均未发生切口感染,随访时间12~48个月,中位数12个月。随访中后路融合组出现融合器沉降22例,斜外侧融合组43例,两组各发生1例融合器移位,均无内固定松动、移位或断裂。斜外侧融合组并发症发生率33.98%(35/103),高于后路融合组23.64%(26/110),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.039)。两组患者术后椎间隙高度均获得良好的恢复,但在随访时出现不同程度的丢失。融合率后路融合组为94.5%(104/110),斜外侧融合组为96.1%(99/103),两组差异无统计学意义(P=0.083)。末次随访时两组患者临床症状均得到明显改善。结论:两种方法治疗单或双节段腰椎病变均能获得良好的临床效果。两种融合方式终板损伤的特点不完全相同。虽然两种固定融合方式的终板损伤没有影响最终的临床结果,但仍需要加以重视,做好终板损伤的预防和有效处理,尤其是对于斜外侧椎间融合方式。     

Direct repair for treatment of symptomatic spondylolysis and low-grade isthmic spondylolisthesis in young patients: no benefit in comparison to segmental fusion after a mean follow-up of 14.8 years

The aim of the present study was to assess the long-term clinical, functional, and radiographic outcome of direct repair of spondylolysis using cerclage wire fixation according to Scott in young patients with symptomatic spondylolysis or low-grade isthmic spondylolisthesis as compared to the outcome after uninstrumented posterolateral in situ fusion. Twenty-five out of 28 patients of the direct repair group (89%) and 23 out of 28 of the fusion group (82%) were available for follow-up examination. The assessment by independent observers included a structured interview (Oswestry questionnaire [ODI], visual analogue scale, SRS questionnaire), a clinical examination, functional testing, plain radiography, and MRI. The groups were comparable as to the mean age at operation (18.2 vs. 16.2 years.), the follow-up time (14.8 vs. 15.0 years), and the amount of preoperative slip (7.2 vs. 13.1%). The mean ODI and SRS total scores were significantly better in the fusion group (4.3 [0–16] and 96 [57–117]) as compared to the direct repair group (11.4[0–52] and 87[53–107]; P=0.02 and P=0.011, respectively). In functional testing, both groups reached normal values for abdominal and back muscle strength. The lumbar spine flexion and extension ROM was decreased in both groups showing no statistical difference between the groups. Significant progressive narrowing of the olisthetic disc was detected on the plain radiographs after direct repair. On the flexion-extension radiographs, in the direct repair group, the mobility in the lytic/olisthetic segment was decreased in comparison to normal values from the literature. The mobility at the level above the operated segment was decreased in the direct repair group as compared to the fusion group (P=0.057). On T2-weighted MR images in the direct repair group, the signal intensity of the disc below the affected vertebra was decreased in 17/23 (74%) patients. There was no difference between the groups in the nucleus signal intensity of the adjacent disc above the operated segment. No association between the disc degeneration on MRI and the outcome of the patients could be established. In the direct repair group the following complications were seen: transient nerve root irritation (2), superficial infection (1), UTI (1); in the fusion group the complications were: subcutaneous seroma (2) and UTI (1). There were six re-operations, cerclage removal(4), conversion into segmental fusion(2) in the direct repair group, and one re-operation, instrumented respondylodesis, in the fusion group. In conclusion, the results of direct repair of the spondylolysis using cerclage wire fixation according to Scott were very satisfactory in 76% of the patients after a mean follow-up of 14.8 years. After direct repair, the ODI deteriorated with time leading to a clinically moderate but statistically significant difference in favour of segmental fusion. Lumbar spine mobility was decreased after direct repair. Secondary segmental instability above the spinal fusion was not detected. The procedure does not seem to be capable of preventing the olisthetic disc from degeneration. The theoretical benefits of direct repair could not be proven.     

经后路360°融合内固定治疗严重腰痛的腰椎间盘突出症

目的总结经后路360°融合内固定治疗合并严重腰痛的腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。方法自2005年7月至2008年12月,采用经后路、自体髂骨360°植骨融合及椎弓根钉棒系统内固定术治疗合并严重腰痛的腰椎间盘突出症71例,男38例,女33例;年龄21～59岁,平均38．5岁。随访时间3～18个月,平均9个月,采用临床疗效评分系统进行综合评定,0～1分为优,2～4分为良,5～6分为可,7～9分为差。结果术后切口无不愈合或延迟愈合,无感染。1例患者失访,临床融合率98．6%;临床疗效：优45例,良23例,可2例,优良率97．1％。术后4例患者有腰部僵硬或不适,有明显下肢痛6例（8．6％）,其中5例患者经非手术治疗,于术后1～8周疼痛逐渐消失,另1例患者下肢痛症状顽固且无缓解趋势,行CT检查证实为邻近节段间盘突出,再次手术行椎板间开窗摘除髓核,术后症状消失。结论经后路360°融合内固定最常见的并发症是术后下肢痛,但由于其具有固定坚强、融合确切、症状缓解好和相对经济等优点,故只要严格掌握适应证和手术方法,将是治疗合并有严重腰痛的腰椎间盘突出症的一种较理想的手术方法。     

Direct repair of defect in lumbar spondylolysis and mild isthmic spondylolisthesis by bone grafting, with or without facet joint fusion

Forty-six patients with lumbar spondylolysis and mild isthmic spondylolisthesis were managed with direct repair of the defect with or without facet joint fusion in the affected segment. There were 24 males and 22 females, ranging in age from 15 to 56 years (average, 38.2 years). These patients had experienced clinical symptoms due to spondylolysis for between 4 months and 20 years (average, 5.3 years). Of 46 patients, 28 had no spondylolisthesis, 11 had Meyerding grade I vertebral slippage and 7 had grade II. Direct repair of 98 defects was performed on these patients. Twenty-six patients, in whom the disc adjacent to the defect was determined as degenerative by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), simultaneously underwent facet joint fusion; 17 in one segment and 9 in two segments. The average period of follow-up was 50 months (24-92 months). Ninety-four defects achieved bony healing. As a result, 28 patients were graded as having an excellent outcome, 15 good, and 3 fair. Bone grafting in the defects achieves union between the loose lamina and the anterior element of lumbar vertebrae, and reconstructs the anatomic structure and physiologic functions of the lumbar vertebrae. There was no significant difference in outcome between the spondylolytic/spondylolisthetic patients with non-degenerative disc, who were treated with direct repair of defect only, and those with degenerative disc, who additionally underwent a fusion procedure (P > 0.05). The present series demonstrates a satisfactory result and a high rate of bony healing of the pars defect by this operative procedure in patients with lumbar spondylolysis and mild isthmic spondylolisthesis. Preoperative assessment of the disc degeneration with MRI is of great assistance in making the protocol choice of whether to opt for fusion.     

Kinematic evaluation of the adjacent segments after lumbar instrumented surgery: a comparison between rigid fusion and dynamic non-fusion stabilization

The aim of the current study was to evaluate changes in lumbar kinematics after lumbar monosegmental instrumented surgery with rigid fusion and dynamic non-fusion stabilization. A total of 77 lumbar spinal stenosis patients with L4 degenerative spondylolisthesis underwent L4–5 monosegmental posterior instrumented surgery. Of these, 36 patients were treated with rigid fusion (transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion) and 41 with dynamic stabilization [segmental spinal correction system (SSCS)]. Lumbar kinematics was evaluated with functional radiographs preoperatively and at final follow-up postoperatively. We defined the contribution of each segmental mobility to the total lumbar mobility as the percent segmental mobility [(sagittal angular motion of each segment in degrees)/(total sagittal angular motion in degrees) × 100]. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed on all patients preoperatively and at final follow-up postoperatively. The discs were classified into five grades based on the previously reported system. We defined the progress of disc degeneration as (grade at final follow-up) − (grade at preoperatively). No significant kinematical differences were shown at any of the lumbar segments preoperatively; however, significant differences were observed at the L2–3, L4–5, and L5–S1 segments postoperatively between the groups. At final follow-up, all of the lumbar segments with rigid fusion demonstrated significantly greater disc degeneration than those with dynamic stabilization. Our results suggest that the SSCS preserved 14% of the kinematical operations at the instrumented segment. The SSCS may prevent excessive effects on adjacent segmental kinematics and may prevent the incidence of adjacent segment disorder.     

内固定加植骨融合治疗腰椎间盘突出合并腰椎失稳

目的：探讨腰椎间盘突出症合并腰椎不稳的手术疗效。方法：自2000年6月至2006年6月,采用后路减压、椎间盘摘除、植骨融合、椎弓根系统内固定手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症合并腰椎不稳46例,男33例,女13例;年龄37～68岁,平均48岁。病程4个月～20年,平均3.5年。单节段21例,双节段22例,3节段3例。结果：46例均获得随访,时间12～45个月,平均25个月。植骨全部愈合,临床症状明显改善,按疗效评定标准：优32例,良8例,可6例,优良率86.9%。结论：对明确诊断存在腰椎不稳合并腰椎间盘突出症的患者,施行髓核摘除、内固定加植骨融合、重建脊柱的稳定性,能获得满意的临床疗效。