垃圾分拣与循环经济——由上海市浦东新区垃圾分拣压缩转运站的建设与运营谈起

针对目前国内大中型垃圾转运站建设热潮，提出在垃圾压缩中转之前，配套建设大件垃圾破碎、生活垃圾分拣、废旧物资回收、废旧物资分类打包等辅助措施，将垃圾分拣与压缩装运这二个互为独立的系统构成一个有机的整体，使传统意义上的垃圾转运站成为实现循环经济理念的垃圾分类工厂。通过提高废旧资源的回收利用率，来提高垃圾转运站的经济效益、环境效益和社会效益，从而充分实现循环经济与可持续科学发展理念。     

生活垃圾压缩打包-堆码卫生填埋新技术探讨

分析了卫生填埋过程中存在的二次污染、土地资源不足及垃圾沉降问题。对原有垃圾压缩技术进行改进,将垃圾转运和填埋环节相结合,引进堆码技术,提出了生活垃圾压缩打包-堆码卫生填埋新技术。该技术使卫生填埋的渗沥液、废气产生量减少,降低了垃圾沉降带来的问题及危害,增加了填埋场空间利用率和使用寿命,从而达到节约管理成本和提高填埋效率的目的。     

汤汪中转站扩容提升改造(环卫综合体)工程

[基本情况] 2020年底至2021年末,由海沃机械(中国)有限公司负责整体规划、设施设计和日常作业指导,配合扬州市广陵区两级政府东南片区改造任务,建设汤汪中转站扩容提升改造工程.转运站整体外观如图1所示.此站建成后可视为环卫综合体,将其他垃圾压缩中转、厨余垃圾预处理中转、可回收垃圾分拣打包、大件垃圾破碎处置等多项功能...     

广州市垃圾压缩站微生物污染状况研究

本项研究对不同选址、不同规模及不同防护设施的垃圾压缩站的空气微生物包括细菌总数、致病菌（金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎双球菌）及条件致病菌（大肠杆菌、溶血性链球菌）污染状况进行了调查，并与传统的垃圾桶收集及清洁对照区作了比较和分析。结果发现所监测的垃圾压缩站内及周围没有检测到致病菌和条件致病菌，个别检测样本中检测出非溶血性链球菌的溶血性细菌；细菌总数和大肠杆菌显著高于对照，在水平稀释和垂直扩散效果上，垃圾压缩站低于传统垃圾吊装点；因素分析微生物污染状况与垃圾压缩站的规模有关，此外与垃圾压缩站周围的自然通风状况存在密切的相关关系；提示在今后垃圾压缩站建设选址时着重注意周围的自然通风状况是非常必要的。同时也揭示了现行压缩站内的消毒措施的效果并没有达到预期。     

巴西圣保罗市固体废弃物回收

据报道，巴西城市固体废弃物回收系统分为五级：大回收（利用）企业；大型回收公司，有车辆设备和回收资源控制能力；私人卡车回收户；大回收站，为政府和大企业支持下的合作社形式，负责进行分拣、压缩打包、出售给使用企业；回收员，巴西有50万回收员（个体或合作社社员）。     

上海市崇明垃圾中转站工程设计

介绍了上海市崇明垃圾中转站的工程设计。这是我国首例采用竖直式压缩中转工艺的中转站。通过分析比较，认为竖直式垃圾压缩工艺在工艺技术上和运行费用上，较其它工艺具有一定优势。     

垃圾压缩过程的离散有限元仿真分析

介绍了利用EDEM对垃圾压缩处理装置压缩垃圾过程的仿真分析。利用离散元素法建立了垃圾压缩过程的有限元力学模型,进行了垃圾压缩过程的离散有限元仿真,得到了较为准确的车厢及压缩头在受力时随时间变化的受力曲线。该方法可以进一步为环卫产品及垃圾站的结构强度分析和疲劳使用寿命计算提供了理论依据。     

城市生活垃圾压缩中转站除臭处理工艺方案综述

本文对城市生活垃圾压缩中转站环境特征作了分折，对较常用的几种除臭处理工艺作了综合性的概述。通过几种处理工艺方案的使用效果、经济指标等等方面的比较，提出了采用有效微生物法与植物提取液催化氯化法相结合的除臭处理工艺的新思路。     

北京市垃圾人均日产量分析与预测

就垃圾人均日产量提出了城市垃圾人均日产量和居民垃圾人均日产量之定义，对影响居民户垃圾人均产量的因素进行了分析，研究和预测，从而得出了北京市城市垃圾产量增加的趋势之结论。     

广州筹建首个地下垃圾压缩站

广州市五羊新城明月二路目前共有2个垃圾压缩站，承担着越秀区东部的生活废物压缩转运工作。由于其中1个垃圾压缩站离居民区较近．建成使用10多a来频频遭到投诉。     

接种固氮菌对堆肥发酵过程的影响

通过城市生活垃圾堆肥发酵过程接种褐色球形固氮茵的试验,探讨了固氮茵的生长、堆肥含氮量及堆肥降解速率的变化,将其与未接种固氮茵的堆肥进行了比较。实验表明：在堆肥第2次发酵时接种固氮茵能够加快堆肥的降解速率,增加堆肥总氮及氨态氮的含量;接种的固氮茵及堆肥中原来存在的固氮茵均能在堆肥中生长繁殖,接种固氮茵的堆肥的固氮茵数较高;接种固氮茵后能够缩短堆肥发酵时间,从而提高堆肥的肥效及品质。     

北京市环卫工人作业环境空气细菌污染调查

本文调查了北京市垃圾转运场、医院内垃圾站、平房居民垃圾站、楼旁居民垃圾站、清洁车辆修配厂等各种环卫工人作业环境的空气细菌污染状况。结果表明环卫工人作业环境的空气细菌污染是严重的(>4000个/m~3)。大多以春季空气细菌数最高,垃圾转运场夏季细菌数最高,医院内垃圾站四季中无明显差异。     

Beginning to address vaccine reluctance and refusal

Those who refuse immunizations are risks to the public health. Others who are vaccine reluctant are also problematic because they may reinforce the uncertainties of others and refuse vaccines in the future. Common to the multiple, complex causes of vaccine reluctance and refusal is the fact that many have little knowledge about microbiology, infectious diseases, or public health. Consequently, it is not surprising that many have questions about vaccines, find making vaccine decisions difficult, and are vulnerable to vaccine misinformation. Therefore, improving the knowledge of consumers about these biologic sciences would seem to be essential to begin addressing vaccine reluctance and refusal. This would be most effective if it were accomplished before they need to begin to make vaccine decisions.     

卫生填埋技术中的压实试验和效果分析

通过对垃圾填埋场的垃圾进行推铺和压实试验，进行不同推铺厚度的垃圾密实度测定，说明ＴＡ－１２０，ＴＳ－１４０两种推土机的一次携铺厚度为０．４ｍ时，压实效果较好，并且碾压３遍较为合理。     

Concentrations of metals in grasses in the vicinity of a municipal refuse incinerator

There is currently much public opposition to the construction of municipal refuse incinerators in the United States owing to health concerns about emitted toxicants. In this study, 19 elements and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in grasses sampled upwind and downwind from a municipal refuse incinerator which had no emission control devices. Concentrations of Cd, Mo, Hg, Zn, Fe, and Pb were generally highest immediately adjacent to the incinerator. Foliar concentration of the metals, Cd, Mo, Zn, Fe, and Pb was inversely related to the logarithm of the distance downwind from the incinerator. Foliar concentration of Hg decreased linearly with distance downwind. Polychlorinated biphenyls were not detectable in any of the grass samples possibly due to their thermal destruction during incineration or greater dispersion because of their higher vapor pressure. The metal concentration in plants in the vicinity of such incinerators will be affected by the composition of the refuse, incinerator design and stack height, combustion operating conditions, emission control devices, the nature of the plant surface, the water solubility of deposited metal-containing particulates, prevailing weather conditions and root uptake of such metals by plants.     

Religion and conscientious objection: A survey of pharmacists’ willingness to dispense medications

Some US states allow pharmacists to refuse to dispense medications to which they have moral objections, and federal rules for all health care providers are in development. This study examines whether demographics such as age, religion, gender influence 668 Nevada pharmacists’ willingness to dispense or transfer five potentially controversial medications to patients 18 years and older: emergency contraception, medical abortifacients, erectile dysfunction medications, oral contraceptives, and infertility medications. Almost 6% of pharmacists indicated that they would refuse to dispense and refuse to transfer at least one of these medications. Religious affiliation significantly predicted pharmacists’ willingness to dispense emergency contraception and medical abortifacients, while age significantly predicted pharmacists’ willingness to distribute infertility medications. Evangelical Protestants, Catholics and other-religious pharmacists were significantly more likely to refuse to dispense at least one medication in comparison to non-religious pharmacists in multinomial logistic regression analyses. Awareness of the influence of religion in the provision of pharmacy services should inform health care policies that appropriately balance the rights of patients, physicians, and pharmacists alike. The results from Nevada pharmacists may suggest similar tendencies among other health care workers, who may be given latitude to consider morality and value systems when making clinical decisions about care.     

Effect of job rotation on need for recovery, musculoskeletal complaints, and sick leave due to musculoskeletal complaints: a prospective study among refuse collectors

BACKGROUND: Job rotation might be an effective preventive measure to reduce the prevalence of musculoskeletal complaints, although its effect has not been yet established. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of job rotation in refuse collecting on need for recovery, prevalence of musculoskeletal complaints, and sick leave due to musculoskeletal complaints. METHODS: A 1-year prospective study among refuse collectors was performed, using standardized questionnaires. Job rotation was performed between collecting two-wheeled containers and driving a refuse truck. The experimental groups of rotating refuse collectors at t(0) and t(1) (group R-R) and non-rotating refuse collectors at t(0) and rotating refuse collectors at t(1) (group NR-R) were compared with a reference group of non-rotating refuse collectors at t(0) and t(1) (group NR-NR). RESULTS: The adjusted need for recovery of group R-R was marginally significantly lower than need for recovery of the reference group. Groups R-R and NR-R had a more than two times higher risk for complaints of the low back than the reference group. No other significant results were found. CONCLUSIONS: Job rotation seemed to coincide with a reduced need for recovery and was associated with an increased risk of low back complaints. No effects were found on sick leave due to musculoskeletal complaints. The results might be influenced by the healthy worker selection effect in the reference group and its inverse in the rotating groups.     

Tobacco industry sponsorship of community-based public health initiatives: why AIDS and domestic violence organizations accept or refuse funds.

The objective of this study was to understand the reasons community-based public health organizations in the United States accept or refuse tobacco industry sponsorship. A formative pilot study involving 13 interviews with representatives of AIDS and Domestic Violence organizations in California or the Northeast was used. Semistructured interviews were conducted with leaders and fund-raisers working at AIDS and domestic violence organizations that either accepted grants from the tobacco industry or explicitly refused tobacco corporate support. Respondents that accepted grants did so because they believed that the tangible benefits of additional capacity to serve their constituents outweighed the minimal effect they believed refusing funds could have on tobacco control and prevention. Organizations that refused sponsorship either saw tobacco prevention as part of their mission of promoting overall health or social justice, or expressed concern about public association with the tobacco industry. Public health responses to this phenomenon are most effective when they are informed by the realities facing nonprofit leaders as they grapple with the question of whether to accept industry funds. Further research is needed to determine whether accepting sponsorship results in a change in public opinion about tobacco control. Possible interventions include creating positive publicity for organizations that refuse tobacco industry philanthropy.     

垃圾转运站的地位及作用

阐述了垃圾转运站在城市生活垃圾综合处理系统中的地位及作用，并以实际情况为例，简述了垃圾收运距离对设备转运站的经济性的影响。     

Recruiting patients for postgraduate medical training in a community family planning clinic: how do patients want to be asked?

OBJECTIVES: To look at patients' views about the way in which they are recruited to assist with postgraduate medical training (i.e. Who is the best person to ask patients to participate? When is the best time for patients to be asked?) and to compare these with clinical practice. METHODS: Questionnaire surveys of 103 female family planning clinic (FPC) patients and 40 Diploma of the Faculty of Family Planning (DFFP) instructing doctors. Patients were recruited from the waiting room of a community FPC, and DFFP instructing doctors from the North West of England were recruited at an updating meeting. RESULTS: Patients preferred to be recruited by non-medical staff (i.e. receptionist and nurses). Few patients wanted to be asked by the training doctor. Only 9% would find it difficult to refuse a receptionist, 47% would find it difficult to refuse the instructing doctor and 65% would find it difficult to refuse the training doctor. In practice, the commonest person to recruit patients is the instructing doctor. Patients wanted to be given some time to consider the request; this was not always given. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Patients may feel coerced into seeing training doctors because they find it difficult to refuse requests, particularly when they are being recruited by doctors. Non-medical staff may be more appropriate for the initial recruitment of patients. Patients need time to consider their involvement. The provision of written information may be useful. Further research is indicated to empower patients' decision-making and reduce the likelihood of coercion.