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??Application of vacum-assisted closure in open abdomen with enteroatmospheric fistulae??A report of 45 cases LI Wu-han, ZHAO Yun-zhao, ZHAO Ri-sheng, et al. Research Institute of General Surgery??Clinical School of Medical College of Nanjing University; Department of General Surgery, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command of PLA??Nanjing 210002??China
Corresponding author: ZHAO Yun-zhao, E-mail??yzzhaomd@gmail.com
Abstract Objective To investigate the feasibility and therapeutic efficacy of vacum-assisted closure in open abdomen with enteroatmospheric fistulae. Methods The clinical data of 45 cases of intestinal fistulae and complicated intra-abdominal infection received open abdomen from February 2012 to February 2015 in Department of General Surgery, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command of PLA were analyzed retrospectively. Comparison of the effect of vaccum-assisted closure and polypropylene patch for temporary abdomen closure. Results Application of vaccum-assisted closure in open abdomen with enteroatmospheric fistulae shorten the time from opening abdomen to skin grafting, the length of stay in ICU and hospital significantly, and increased the rate of primary fascial closure. Conclusion Vaccum-assisted closure is an effective treatment for open abdomen with enteroatmospheric fistulae.     

负压辅助临时关腹技术用于腹腔开放合并肠空气瘘临床价值研究（附45例报告）

目的 研究腹腔开放合并肠空气瘘时应用负压辅助关腹（VAC）技术的可行性和对腹腔开放预后的影响。 方法 回顾性分析2012年2月至2015年2月南京军区南京总医院普通外科肠瘘治疗中心收治的45例肠瘘导致严重腹腔感染行腹腔开放治疗病人的临床资料。比较采用负压辅助关腹VAC和聚丙烯补片PPM关腹的治疗效果。结果 腹腔开放合并肠空气瘘时应用VAC技术可以明显缩短从腹腔开放到创面植皮的时间、ICU治疗时间和总住院时间,提高远期筋膜关腹率。结论 VAC技术是腹腔开放合并肠空气瘘的有效处理方式。     

Enterocutaneous fistulas: an overview

Enterocutaneous fistulas remain a difficult management problem. The basis of management centers on the prevention and treatment of sepsis, control of fistula effluent, and fluid and nutritional support. Early surgery should be limited to abscess drainage and proximal defunctioning stoma formation. Definitive procedures for a persistent fistula are indicated in the late postoperative period, with resection of the fistula segment and reanastomosis of healthy bowel. Even more complex are the enteroatmospheric fistulas in the open abdomen. These enteric fistulas require the highest level of multidisciplinary approach for optimal outcomes.     

A novel device for treating enteroatmospheric fistulae in the open abdomen

The formation of an enteroatmospheric fistula in the open abdomen is a severe complication. In comparison to enterocutaneous fistulae the management remains a challenge. Safety of the surrounding bowel or granulation tissue is a major problem. Suturing of the fistula is rarely successful. Otherwise limited resection and a new anastomosis of the intestine is often not possible. A variety of therapeutic procedures exists to separate the fistula from the surrounding wound. Combinations using vacuum therapy seem to be most effective. But none of the therapies used will match every situation. We present a novel -device for managing enteroatmospheric fistulae in combination with vacuum therapy. In most -cases separation of the fistula from the negative pressure on the surrounding wound is achieved. The fistula adapter allows for a safe build-up of granulation tissue with an effective drainage of fistula secretion. The novel device also supports split thickness skin grafting around the fistula.     

The value of vacuum-assisted closure in septic patients treated with laparostomy

The ideal method of temporary abdominal closure (TAC) should allow rapid closure, easy maintenance, and wound repair with minimal tissue damage. The aim of this retrospective study is to compare open abdomen outcomes between patients managed with vacuum-assisted closure (VAC), and patients managed with other methods of TAC, when septic abdomen is present. Two groups of patients with septic open abdomen: 27 treated with VAC versus 31 treated with other techniques of TAC. We studied open abdomen duration, number of dressing changes, re-exploration rate, successful abdominal closure rate, overall mortality, and development of enteroatmospheric fistulas. The VAC device demonstrated its superiority concerning open abdomen duration (P < 0.001), number of dressing changes (P < 0.001), re-exploration rate (P < 0.002), successful abdominal closure rate (P < 0.0001), and development of enteroatmospheric fistulas (P < 0.00001). Compared with other methods of TAC, our experience with the VAC device demonstrated its advantages concerning clinical feasibility. The high rates of direct fascia closure with an acceptable rate of ventral hernias are further benefits of this technique.     

Management of enteroatmospheric fistula with negative pressure wound therapy in open abdomen treatment: a multicentre observational study

The management of enteroatmospheric fistula (EAF) in open abdomen (OA) therapy is challenging and associated with a high mortality rate. The introduction of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in open abdomen management significantly improved the healing process and increased spontaneous fistula closure. Retrospectively, we analysed 16 patients with a total of 31 enteroatmospheric fistulas in open abdomen management who were treated using NPWT in four referral centres between 2004 and 2014. EAFs were diagnosed based on clinical examination and confirmed with imaging studies and classified into low (<200 ml/day), moderate (200–500 ml/day) and high (>500 ml/day) output fistulas. The study group consisted of five women and 11 men with the mean age of 52·6 years [standard deviation (SD) 11·9]. Since open abdomen management was implemented, the mean number of re‐surgeries was 3·7 (SD 2·2). There were 24 EAFs located in the small bowel, while four were located in the colon. In three patients, EAF occurred at the anastomotic site. Thirteen fistulas were classified as low output (41·9%), two as moderate (6·5%) and 16 as high output fistulas (51·6%). The overall closure rate was 61·3%, with a mean time of 46·7 days (SD 43·4). In the remaining patients in whom fistula closure was not achieved (n = 12), a protruding mucosa was present. Analysing the cycle of negative pressure therapy, we surprisingly found that the spontaneous closure rate was 70% (7 of 10 EAFs) using intermittent setting of negative pressure, whereas in the group of patients treated with continuous pressure, 57% of EAFs closed spontaneously (12 of 21 EAFs). The mean number of NPWT dressing was 9 (SD 3·3; range 4–16). In two patients, we observed new fistulas that appeared during NPWT. Three patients died during therapy as a result of multi‐organ failure. NPWT is a safe and efficient method characterised by a high spontaneous closure rate. However, in patients with mucosal protrusion of the EAFs, spontaneous closure appears to be impossible to achieve.     

Staged management of the open abdomen and enteroatmospheric fistulae using split-thickness skin grafts

Background

Management of the open abdomen with polyglactin 910 mesh followed by split-thickness skin grafts allows safe, early closure of abdominal wounds. This technique can be modified to manage enteroatmospheric fistulae. Staged ventral hernia is performed in a less inflamed surgical field.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed of 59 consecutive patients who underwent abdominal skin grafting for open abdominal wounds from 2001 to 2011.

Results

The median length of follow-up was 215 days. Thirty-one percent of patients presented with preexisting enteroatmospheric fistulae, and 41% required polyglactin 910 mesh placement before skin grafting. Partial or complete skin graft failure occurred in 7 patients. Four patients required repeat skin grafting. All patients ultimately achieved abdominal wound closure, and none developed de novo fistulae.

Conclusions

With proper technique, skin grafting of the open abdomen with a planned ventral hernia repair is a safe and effective alternative to delayed primary closure.     

How to isolate a high output enteroatmospheric fistula in the open abdomen with negative pressure therapy: an institution's step by step guide to the VAC donut

There is multiple evidence to suggest that isolation techniques of high output enteroatmospheric fistulas (EAF) in open abdomens can be advantageous in controlling fistula effluent while allowing time for abdominal wall to granulate. The large loss of proteins, electrolytes and fluid, and the distressing nature of the open abdomen for both patients and doctors, make managing these EAFs a clinical challenge. We present our experience with a high output mucosal protruding EAF and the creation of a ‘VAC donut’ allowing a successful diversion of the enteric content whilst promoting granulation of the tissue bed.     

Open Abdomen Management After Massive Bowel Resection for Superior Mesenteric Arterial Occlusion

Purpose Massive bowel resection is often performed for superior mesenteric arterial (SMA) occlusion, resulting in short bowel syndrome. We conducted this study to evaluate the effectiveness of open abdomen management to monitor the blood flow of the remnant bowel and anastomoses. Methods We treated five of seven patients with SMA occlusion by open abdomen management, with or without mesh, using a zipper, which we opened daily to monitor the blood flow around the anastomotic site. Results None of the five patients treated by open abdomen management required re-resection of the remnant bowel and they were all discharged from hospital in a stable condition. Conclusion Open abdomen management proved extremely useful for monitoring blood flow to the anastomotic site and for allowing complete drainage into the abdominal space. Using this method would assist in leaving as much remnant bowel as possible after resection for SMA occlusion.     

The use of negative‐pressure wound therapy to manage enteroatmospheric fistulae in two patients with large abdominal wounds

Enteric fistulae are a relatively common complication of bowel surgery or in surgery where the bowel has been exposed. Fistulae can present a significant threat to patients' well‐being. Changes in surgical techniques and in particular the rise in damage control surgery for emergency patients have led to an increase in open abdominal wounds. The presence of an enteroatmospheric fistula on the surface of a wound can cause a number of distressing symptoms/issues for the patient whilst providing a significant challenge for the clinician. The loss of fluid, proteins and electrolytes will place the patient in danger of becoming hypokalaemic and malnourished. A variety of techniques are available, most refer to a method of isolating the fistula using stoma rings or washers and ostomy paste. The role of negative pressure in the management of wounds with fistula is in its infancy; however, there is evidence to suggest that isolation techniques can be advantageous in managing wounds with fistulae.     

Enterocutaneous Fistulas and a Hostile Abdomen: Reoperative Surgical Approaches

Damage-control surgery and open-abdomen is an acceptable—and often lifesaving—approach to the treatment of patients with severe trauma, abdominal compartment syndrome, necrotizing soft tissue catastrophes, and other abdominal disasters, when closing the abdomen is not possible, ill advised, or will have serious sequelae. However, common consequences of open-abdomen management include large abdominal wall defects, enterocutaneous fistulas (ECFs), and enteroatmospheric fistulas (EAFs). Furthermore, in such patients, a frozen and hostile abdomen (alone or combined with ECFs) is not uncommon. Adding biologic mesh to our surgical armamentarium has revolutionized hernia surgery.     

Laparoscopic adhesiolysis in acute small bowel obstruction: a preliminary experience.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate laparoscopy as another tool for management of cases of adhesive acute small bowel obstruction. METHODS: Fourteen patients suffering from suspected adhesive small bowel obstruction were explored laparoscopically over a period of 24 months. The Veress needle was inserted either in a virgin part of the abdomen away from previous scars or under direct vision using an open technique. Careful inspection of the entire abdomen was done, and the small bowel was "run" in a retrograde fashion starting at the cecum. The point of obstruction was localized and adhesiolysis was performed, thus resolving the problem. RESULTS: Laparoscopic exploration was able to determine the site and cause of obstruction precisely in all 14 cases, with resolution of the problem laparoscopically in 12 patients (85.7%). Two cases were converted to open surgery (14.3%). There were no mortalities and low morbidity (7.1%). The mean hospital stay was 3.7 days. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic surgery can be an advantageous alternative to open surgery in acute small bowel obstruction, thus providing a new technique for its diagnosis and treatment with all the advantages of minimally invasive surgery.     

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目的探讨在负压辅助下,网片调节的筋膜牵引技术在促进腹腔开放术后晚期筋膜关闭中的应用。方法回顾性研究2006年1月至2011年11月南京军区南京总医院普通外科研究所收治40例因腹腔开放行筋膜牵引治疗病人的临床资料。其中18岁以下,腹腔开放前存在腹壁疝、腹腔开放治疗时间<5d的病人排除在研究之外。结果病人平均年龄(45±10)岁。其中弥漫性腹膜炎病人16例(40%),严重创伤12例(30%),重症胰腺炎8例(20%),腹腔大出血4例(10%)。腹腔开放治疗时间平均为(31.0±6.8)d,负压封闭治疗时间平均为(29.0±6.3)d,负压辅助网片牵引治疗平均时间为(26.0±6.8)d。平均腹壁筋膜关闭率为60%。2例(5%)发生肠空气瘘,肠瘘是导致腹壁筋膜关闭失败的独立危险因素。结论负压网片筋膜牵引技术提高了腹腔开放术后的晚期筋膜关闭率,相关并发症较少。     

Operative Management of Enteroatmospheric Fistula in Björck 4 Open Abdomen Patients by the Help of Laparoscopic Lateral Approach

As the open abdomen (OA) management increases, the number of fistula formation has also been increasing during the last two decades. These fistulas in OA have been defined as enteroatmospheric fistula (EAF). EAF occurring in a frozen OA is classified as Björck 4 OA. Management of Björck 4 OA patient is not easy and mortality of these patients is very high in spite of the presence of modern treatment modalities. There are a few surgical approaches for treatment of Björck 4 OA patients. One of them is excising the hostile segment by lateral abdominal approach from the healthy side or entering from lateral border of OA wound after enough time intervals for subsiding of the edematous intestine in acute inflammatory reaction in the hostile environment. In this case, we present a newly developed surgical technique, called laparoscopic lateral approach which was applied to Björck 4 OA patient for excising hostile intestinal segment and management of the abdominal wall defect.     

Operative management of small bowel fistulae associated with open abdomen

BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal fistulae associated with open abdomen are serious complications following trauma or other major abdominal surgery. Management is extremely difficult and the mortality is still high in spite of modern medical advances. Patients who survive initial physiological and metabolic derangements require operative closure of the fistula, which is technically demanding and poorly described in the literature. METHODS: A retrospective study of patients with small bowel fistulae associated with open abdomen was performed. Only patients who were stabilized sufficiently to undergo surgical closure of the fistula were enrolled in the study. The operative techniques comprised three important steps: exploratory laparotomy and resection of small bowel fistulae with end-to-end anastomosis; bridging the abdominal wall defect with a sheet of polyglycolic acid mesh; and covering the mesh with bilateral bipedicle anterior abdominal skin flaps. RESULTS: Eight patients were included in the study. The number of operations before surgical closure of the fistula ranged from one to six (mean, 3.6). The time from first operation to surgery for fistula closure ranged from 2.5 to 7.5 months (mean, 4.4 months). Three patients had recurrent fistula, and one died (mortality, 12.5%). Hospital stay ranged from 101 to 311 days (mean, 187 days). CONCLUSION: We present a method of closure of small bowel fistulae associated with open abdomen and hope that this will provide surgeons encountering such complications with a good alternative for surgical management.     

Laparostomy management using the ABThera™ open abdomen negative pressure therapy system in a grade IV open abdomen secondary to acute pancreatitis

Wound control in laparostomy for the treatment of intra‐abdominal hypertension remains challenging and numerous techniques have been described. We report the first UK experience with a new commercially available device specifically designed to facilitate management of the open abdomen. A 44‐year‐old gentleman presented with a 3‐day history of constant severe epigastric pain and associated vomiting. Amylase was markedly elevated and he was admitted for supportive management of pancreatitis, with subsequent transfer to intensive care due to severe systemic inflammatory syndrome. The patient decompensated, developing intra‐abdominal hypertension with renal and respiratory failure. This was successfully managed by performing a laparostomy and using an ABThera? Open Abdomen Negative Pressure Therapy System (KCI, San Antonio, TX). We describe its use to facilitate wound control, including enteroatmospheric fistula, allowing granulation and eventual restoration of gastrointestinal continuity 383‐days after admission. We found the ABThera? System proved to be a useful treatment adjunct, protecting intra‐abdominal contents while removing large volumes of exudate and infected material from within the abdominal cavity. Complex cases such as this remain infrequent and this article provides a summary of our experience, including a review of indications for laparostomy and the underlying basic science in this difficult area.     

Superior mesenteric artery angioplasty and stenting via a retrograde approach in a patient with bowel ischemia--a case report

Acute mesenteric ischemia continues to be a highly morbid diagnosis with a high mortality rate. Percutaneous management of mesenteric ischemia is being more widely applied. Its utility is limited, though, for patients who present with an acute abdomen from ischemic bowel. The authors report a novel combination of open and endovascular techniques via a retrograde superior mesenteric artery (SMA) approach to treat acute mesenteric ischemia in the setting of an acute abdomen.     

Laparoscopic management of a small bowel obstruction of unknown cause

With the expanding indications for minimally invasive surgery, the management of small bowel obstruction is evolving. The laparoscope shortens hospital stay, hastens recovery, and reduces morbidity, such as wound infection and incisional hernia associated with open surgery. However, many surgeons are reluctant to attempt laparoscopy in patients with significantly distended small bowel and a history of multiple previous abdominal operations. We present the management of a patient with a virgin abdomen who presented with a small bowel obstruction most likely secondary to Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome who was successfully managed with laparoscopic lysis of adhesions.     

Use of topical negative pressure in assisted abdominal closure does not lead to high incidence of enteric fistulae

Aim Reports suggested an increase in enterocutaneous fistulae with topical negative pressure (TNP) use in the open abdomen. The purpose of this study was to establish if our experience raises similar concerns. Method This is a 5‐year prospective analysis, from January 2004 to December 2008, of 42 patients who developed deep wound dehiscence or their abdomen was left open at laparotomy requiring ‘TNP’ to assist in their management. The decision to use TNP was taken if it was felt unwise or not feasible to close the abdomen. Results There were 22 men; the median age was 68 (range 21–88) years. Twenty of 42 patients had peritonitis, 5/42 had oedematous bowel, 5/42 ischaemic gut, one had a large abdominal wall defect following debridement due to methicillin–resistant staphyloccus (MRSA) infection, 11/42 developed deep wound dehiscence. In 30/42, VAC® abdominal dressing system and TNP were applied. In 12/42, VAC® GranuFoam® and TNP were used, of these five patients required a mesh to control the oedematous bowel. Four of 42 patients died. A total of 34 patients had anastomotic lines, 2/42 developed enteric fistulae, and both survived. Conclusion This study does not support the reports suggesting a higher fistulae rate with TNP. In our opinion, its use in the open abdomen is safe.     

Pressure at the Bowel Surface during Topical Negative Pressure Therapy of the Open Abdomen: An Experimental Study in a Porcine Model

Background  

Topical negative pressure (TNP) therapy is increasingly used in open abdomen management. It is not known to what extent this pressure propagates through the dressing to the bowel surface, potentially increasing the risk of bowel fistula formation. The present study in a porcine model was designed to evaluate pressure propagation.