亚甲蓝示踪腹腔镜胆囊管分型的临床价值

目的:评价术中亚甲蓝示踪技术用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)预防胆管损伤的价值。方法:LC术中解剖分离胆囊三角、胆囊管前,将0.9%氯化钠注射液稀释的50%医用亚甲蓝注射液注入胆囊内,使胆囊、胆囊管、肝总管、胆总管染色,术野中胆囊管、肝总管、胆总管三者的解剖关系清晰可见,可预防LC手术过程中损伤胆管。结果:100例慢性结石性胆囊炎患者在LC时应用了亚甲蓝示踪技术,其中82例胆囊、胆囊管、肝总管、胆总管染色清晰可见;15例胆囊、胆囊壶腹部、胆囊管染色,3例仅胆囊、胆囊壶腹部染色。无一例发生胆管损伤。结论:非急性、结石嵌顿性胆囊良性疾病用此法可避免由于胆囊管、肝总管、胆总管三者关系的错误辨别所致胆管损伤的发生。     

Iatrogenic bile duct injury: the scourge of laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background : Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has become the first‐line surgical treatment of calculous gall‐bladder disease and the benefits over open cholecystectomy are well known. In the early years of LC, the higher rate of bile duct injuries compared with open cholecystectomy was believed to be due to the ‘learning curve’ and would dissipate with increased experience. The purpose of the present paper was to review a tertiary referral unit’s experience of bile duct injuries induced by LC. Methods : A retrospective analysis was performed on all patients referred for management of an iatrogenic bile duct injury from 1981 to 2000. For injuries sustained at LC, details of time between LC and recognition of the injury, time from injury to definitive repair, type of injury, use of intraoperative cholangiography (IOC), definitive repair and postoperative outcome were recorded. The type of injury sustained at open cholecystectomy was similarly classified to allow the severity of injury to be compared. Results : There were 131 patients referred for management of an iatrogenic bile duct injury that occurred at open cholecystectomy (n = 62), liver resection (n = 5) and at LC (n = 64). Only 39% of bile duct injuries were recognized at the time of LC. Following conversion to open operation, half the subsequent procedures were considered inappropriate. When the injury was not recognized during LC, 70% of patients developed bile leak/peritonitis, almost half of whom were referred, whereas the rest underwent a variety of operative procedures by the referring surgeon. The remainder developed jaundice or abnormal liver function tests and cholangitis. An IOC was performed in 43% of cases, but failed to identify an injury in two‐thirds of patients. The bile duct injuries that occurred at LC were of greater severity than with open cholecystectomy. Following definitive repair, there was one death (1.6%). Ninety‐two per cent of patients had an uncomplicated recovery and there was one late stricture requiring surgical revision. Conclusions : The early prediction that the rate of injury during LC would decline substantially with increased experience has not been fulfilled. Bile duct injury that occurs at LC is of greater severity than with open cholecystectomy. Bile duct injury is recognized during LC in less than half the cases. Evidence is accruing that the use of cholangiography reduces the risk and severity of injury and, when correctly interpreted, increases the chance of recognition of bile duct injury during the procedure. Prevention is the key but, should an injury occur, referral to a specialist in biliary reconstructive surgery is indicated.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆道损伤的原因及处理

目的 分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ LC ）胆管损伤的原因及处理措施.方法 对自 2004 年1 月至 2011 年 12 月行 LC 患者 3156 例进行分析,发生胆道损伤 6 例,术中发现 4 例,术后胆漏发现 2 例.其中,胆囊床胆漏 1 例,胆总管横断 1 例,肝总管钛夹不全夹闭 1 例,右肝管夹闭并前壁剪开1 例,副右肝管夹闭横断 1 例,电钩损伤右肝管前壁 1 例.胆囊床胆漏及副右肝管夹闭未做处理 2 例;胆管对端吻合并置 T 管支撑引流 2 例;取出生物夹,行 T 管支撑引流 1 例;术后胆瘘 1 例,术后 7 d 再次开腹发现右肝管前壁坏死脱落,行坏死组织清除,T 管支撑引流,大网膜覆盖.结果 胆囊床漏胆及副右肝管夹闭未做处理 2 例术后随访 5 年,未发现肝脏萎缩及胆道狭窄;4 例行 T 管支撑引流者,术后随访 17 ～ 60 个月,平均 34 个月,未出现任何不适,无胆管狭窄及其他并发症.结论 术者对 LC 潜在危险性缺乏足够重视,经验不足或者盲目自信,镜下不能正确判断变异解剖关系,器械使用不当,是发生胆管损伤的根本原因.严格掌握手术适应证,强化操作训练,把握中转开腹的时机,可减少胆管损伤的发生.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤的防治分析（附3例报告）

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤的预防和处理。方法回顾我院近6年来腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）致胆管损伤3例，分析损伤的部位、类型、发现时间、手术方法和治疗效果。结果本组3例，2例行修补术及T管引流痊愈出院，1例行肝圆韧带移植修补及T管引流，术后出现胆漏，经充分引流痊愈出院。结论预防损伤和术中早期发现是关键，胆管损伤的处理要根据损伤发现的时间、部位、类型等选择不同的方法。     

Post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy bile leak secondary to an accessory duct of Luschka.

Intraperitoneal bile collection following laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been reported to occur in 0.2-2% of cases and appears to be slightly higher than when the open technique is used. When the injuries of the common bile duct, technical problems with the cystic duct, diathermic injuries to the biliary tree, and iatrogenic interruption of congenital anomalous of the biliary tree are excluded, the iatrogenic transaction of the cholecystohepatic ducts commonly known as the 'Ducts of Luschka' should be considered as the cause of the biliary leak. This article reports a case of bile leakage due to an unrecognized division of a large duct of Luschka within the gall bladder fossa during laparoscopic cholecystectomy and reviews clinical diagnosis, radiological confirmation, and the appropriate treatment for this uncommon complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Treatment of biliary injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: retrospective study of 27 patients

Biliary injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy are rare but serious. Their mortality rate can reach 9%. AIM OF THE STUDY: Describe the management of biliary injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy in our center. PATIENTS: Between January 1995 and June 2005, 27 patients (13 women, 14 men) were treated. The mean age was 53 years old (range, 18-92 years). The biliary injuries were common bile duct sections (n=16, 60%), common bile duct stenoses (n=5, 18.5%), biliary fistulas from the cystic duct (n=4, 15%), and biliary fistulas from an aberrant biliary duct (n=2, 7.5%). RESULTS: Acute cholecystis was present in 40% of cases (n=11). An intraoperative cholangiography was done in 12 patients (44%). The mortality rate was 0%. Of the common bile duct sections, 43% were diagnosed during the cholecystectomy (n=7) or after the cholecystectomy within a mean of 11.2 days (n=9). Common bile duct injuries were treated in 16 cases with hepatojejunostomy and in five cases with an external biliary drain. Fistulas from the cystic duct were diagnosed within a mean 14.8 days. A fistula from an aberrant biliary duct was diagnosed during the cholecystectomy (n=1) or in the second postoperative day (n=1). Fistulas were treated with a clip on the cystic duct (n=2), an external biliary drain (n=1), a biliary endoprosthesis (n=1), and the biliary aberrant duct suture (n=2). CONCLUSION: Common bile duct injuries are a serious complication because their treatment is a hepaticojejunostomy in 75% of cases.     

Laparoscopic management of bile duct and bowel injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Accidental injuries to the bile duct and bowel are significant risks of laparoscopic surgery and sometimes require conversion to open surgery. Although some of the injuries related to laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be managed by endoscopic techniques, laparoscopic surgery is not yet sufficiently perfected. We investigated the efficacy of laparoscopic management combined with endoscopic tube or stent insertion in cases of bile duct and bowel injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was attempted on 1,190 consecutive patients between April 1992 and June 1999. The first 70 patients underwent only preoperative intravenous infusion cholangiography (IVC), and the remaining 1,120 patients were subjected to both preoperative IVC and intraoperative cholangiography. We experienced 16 cases of bile duct injury (1.4%). Five patients with circumferential injuries of the bile duct were converted to open surgery for biliary reconstruction. The other 11 patients with partial laceration injuries of the bile duct and biliary leakage from the cystic duct underwent a laparoscopic simple closure technique. In 10 of these patients, an endoscopic tube or stent was inserted on the day after surgery to facilitate biliary decompression and drainage. Bowel injuries occurred in seven patients (0.6%). Three intestinal injuries were due to careless technique, and two duodenal injuries and two intestinal injuries were related to dense adhesions. All of these injuries were successfully repaired using laparoscopic techniques, autosuturing devices, or extracorporeal suturing via the umbilical incision. No postoperative complications were identified. We concluded that the biliary injury site could be closed with a laparoscopic technique so long as the biliary injury was not circumferential. Bowel injuries also could be repaired laparoscopically.     

Bile leak from duct of Luschka after liver transplantation

BACKGROUND: We report a case of bile leak from an accessory duct of Luschka during cholecystectomy during liver transplantation. METHODS: Radiological findings suggested that the collection was septated. An intra-operative cholangiogram was obtained by cannulation of the accessory hepatic duct. RESULTS: An infected biloma with Clostridium perfringens was drained surgically. The bile leak that emanated from the gall bladder fossa was found to communicate with an accessory right hepatic duct draining a segmental duct in the right liver lobe. The bile leak resolved completely after direct suture of the accessory duct. CONCLUSIONS: Excessive use of electrocautery to the liver bed during donor cholecystectomy may injure subcapsular ducts in the gallbladder fossa. In liver transplantation, dissection should be kept close to the serosal lining of the gall bladder, preserving the areolar tissue in the gall bladder bed, to avoid injury to the duct of Luschka.     

Comparison of major bile duct injuries following laparoscopic cholecystectomy and open cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND: The mechanism and extent of major bile duct injuries following laparoscopic cholecystectomy differ from those of open cholecystectomy. METHODS: To identify differences in the demographic profile, timing of injury detection, management strategies and outcome, we undertook a retrospective review and analysis of our experience with 55 major bile duct injuries following both laparoscopic and open cholecystectomies over a period of 9 years. RESULTS: Thirty-one major bile duct injuries resulted from laparoscopic cholecystectomy (56%) and 24 of them were sustained after open cholecystectomy (44%). The median time of presentation was 7 days after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and 14 days following open cholecystectomy (P < 0.001). Twenty-eight (51%) patients had injuries recognized intraoperatively in both groups, of whom 18 patients underwent an attempt at primary repair before referral. All patients required subsequent surgical intervention. There were no differences in the clinical presentations between the two groups. However, serum alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels were significantly higher following open cholecystectomy (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the level of injury between the two groups. All patients underwent surgical repair in the form of a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (including two revision hepaticojejunostomies in each group). Surgical outcome did not differ between the groups; however, better results were seen with Bismuth grades 1 and 2 strictures compared with Bismuth grades 3 and 4 strictures for both groups (P < 0.002). CONCLUSION: Major bile duct injuries following laparoscopic cholecystectomy present earlier and with lower levels of serum alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. There does not appear to be a significant difference between the Bismuth-Strasberg grading of the strictures and the type of surgery carried out.     

Bile duct injuries at laparoscopic cholecystectomy: early repair results

STUDY AIM: To compare the early repair results in bile duct injuries at laparoscopic cholecystectomy to a later repair and so the early reconstruction by an end-to-end anastomosis to a Roux-en-Y bypass. PATIENTS AND METHOD: From 1990 to 2003, twelve patients were treated for bile duct injury, not diagnosed at the time of cholecystectomy and had an early repair within 30 days after the cholecystectomy. They had either a duct to duct anastomosis or a Roux-en-Y bypass at the time of the reconstruction. RESULTS: The level of the injury was Bismuth II (N=7), III (N=1), IV (N=2) and V (N=1) referral to Bismuth classification and one isolated right sectoral duct injury. Four patients had an duct to duct anastomosis and eight an hepaticojejunostomy at a median of 15.3 days after cholecystectomy. With one patient lost to follow up, the overall success rate in this series was 81.8% after reconstruction with a mean 40 months follow up. The reconstruction by an end to end anastomosis was successful in 100% of patients (with a mean 31.2 months follow up) and in 71.4% of patients after a Roux-en-Y biliary reconstruction (with a mean 45 months follow up). CONCLUSION: Good results may be performed, by an early repair in bile duct injuries at laparoscopic cholecystectomy, either by an duct to duct anastomosis or a Roux-en-Y bypass.     

Investigation of bile ducts before laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

BACKGROUND: Since the advent of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, there has been controversy about the investigation of the bile ducts and the management of common bile duct stones. Routine peroperative cholangiography (POC) in all cases has been recommended. We have adopted a policy of not performing routine POC, and the results of 700 cases are reported. METHODS: Since 1990, all patients have undergone preoperative ultrasound scan. We have performed selective preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) because of a clinical history of jaundice and/or pancreatitis, abnormal liver function tests and ultrasound evidence of dilated bile ducts (N=78, 11.1%). The remaining 622 patients did not have a routine POC, but selective peroperative cholangiogram (POC) was performed only in 42 patients (6%) because of unsuccessful ERCP or mild alteration in the criteria for the presence of bile duct stones. The remaining 580 patients did not undergo POC. Careful dissection of Calot's triangle was performed in all cases to reduce the risk of bile duct injuries. RESULTS: The overall operative complications, postoperative morbidity and mortality was 1.71%, 2.14% and 0.43%, respectively. Bile duct injuries occurred in two patients (0.26%) and both were recognized during the operation and repaired. There was a single incidence of retained stone in this series of 700 cases (0.14%), which required postoperative ERCP. CONCLUSIONS: This policy of selective preoperative ERCP, and not routine peroperative cholangiogram, is cost effective and not associated with significant incidence of retained stones or bile duct injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

腹腔镜治疗Mirizzi综合征35例临床分析

目的探讨Mirizzi综合征的诊断方法选择及腹腔镜治疗的可行性。方法回顾同济大学附属上海市同济医院2010年1月至2015年12月收治的共35例Mirizzi综合征的临床资料,对其诊断方法、手术方式以及治疗结果进行分析。结果实施腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)4 352例,其中确诊为Mirizzi综合征共35例,占0.8%。术前诊断率为60.0%。根据Csendes’s分型:Ⅰ型21例,LC共17例,腹腔镜胆囊大部切除术(laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy,LSC)+胆总管切开术+T管支撑引流术4例;Ⅱ型10例,LSC+瘘口直接修补术+胆总管切开术+T管支撑引流术4例,LSC+胆囊壁组织修补瘘口术+胆总管切开术+T管支撑引流术3例,中转开腹行胆囊大部切除术+胆总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术3例;Ⅲ型4例,LSC+胆囊壁组织修补瘘口术+胆总管切开术+T管支撑引流术1例,中转开腹行胆囊大部切除术+部分胆管切除术+胆管端端吻合术+胆总管切开术+T管支撑引流术1例,中转开腹行胆囊大部切除术+胆总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术2例。结论 Mirizzi综合征术前诊断困难,磁共振胆胰管成像(MRCP)能够作为提高诊断准确率的一种无创手段;腹腔镜可以安全处理大部分Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型及小部分Ⅲ型Mirizzi综合征,对大部分Ⅲ型Mirizzi综合征腹腔镜处理困难,应及时开腹处理。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆道损伤的原因及防治体会

目的：探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ laparoscopic cholecystectomy ,LC）中胆道损伤的原因及防治措施。方法回顾性分析2004年1月-2013年11月LC胆道损伤16例临床资料（其中送桥中心医院9例,苏北人民医院7例）。10例术中发现,行胆总管修补＋T管引流4例,胆总管端端吻合＋T管引流1例,胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合1例,胆囊床渗漏处缝合4例;6例术后发现,腹腔引流3例,二次手术胆道损伤修补＋T管引流2例,B超引导下胆囊床包裹性积液穿刺引流1例。结果住院时间12-23 d,平均16．3 d。所有病例均治愈。胆总管修补＋T管引流6例的T管放置3个月后拔除,胆总管端端吻合＋T管引流1例的T管放置6个月后拔除。全组术后随访3个月-8年,均未发现遗留有影响生活质量和功能异常的并发症。结论通过分析LC中胆道损伤的原因并在临床中予以重视,严格掌握LC的手术适应证,术中仔细辨清肝总管、胆总管与胆囊管的关系,确有困难时及时中转开腹手术,是预防LC中胆道损伤的关键。     

胆囊切除术胆管损伤的诊治体会:附20例报告

目的 探讨胆囊切除术有关胆道损伤的诊断、手术时机和手术方式的选择.方法 回顾性分析20例胆道损伤患者的临床诊治资料,其中施行胆管修补、T管引流术9例、Roux-en-Y胆肠吻合术11例.结果 术中发现胆管小裂口损伤,选择经创口整形直接放置T管支撑引流术效果良好;术中发现胆管横断伤,宜首选端对端吻合并置T管支撑引流.为防...     

Long-term results and risk factors influencing outcome of major bile duct injuries following cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND: Major bile duct injuries usually need operative repair and remain a challenge even for surgeons who specialize in hepatobiliary surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate management and short- and long-term outcomes of patients with major complications after cholecystectomy. METHODS: Data were analysed for 54 patients who underwent operation for major bile duct injuries after cholecystectomy between January 1990 and January 2002. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors for the development of biliary complications. RESULTS: Complete follow-up data were available for all 54 patients (median duration 61.9 (range 2.6-154.3) months). All underwent Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. Three patients (6 per cent) died from biliary tract complications during follow-up. Long-term biliary complications occurred in ten patients (19 per cent). Nine patients developed biliary stricture of whom five developed secondary biliary cirrhosis. A successful long-term result was achieved in 50 (93 per cent) of 54 patients, including those who required subsequent procedures. Biliary reconstruction in the presence of peritonitis (P = 0.002), combined vascular and bile duct injuries (P = 0.029), and injury at or above the level of the biliary bifurcation (P = 0.012) were significant independent predictors of poor outcome. CONCLUSION: Successful repair of bile duct injuries after cholecystectomy can be achieved in specialized hepatobiliary units.     

Antibiotic prophylaxis for high risk patients undergoing cholecystectomy

An open, randomised clinical trial was performed on 435 high risk patients who underwent open cholecystectomy between 1 = January 1993. and 31. December 1995. The patients were divided into three groups. Group 1 (AMOX/CLAV, N = 179) was treated with 1.2 g i.v. amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, the patients in Group 2 (COMPARATOR, N = 164) were given other antibiotics commonly used for prophylaxis in biliary surgery (cefamandole, cefuroxime, cefotaxim). Group 3 (CONTROL, N = 92) contained patients without any risk factors for infectious complication. In this group we did not use antibiotic prophylaxis. The results were analysed with Student t, and x2 methods. The wound infection rate in Group 1 was 2.76% versus 5.48% in Group 2. The difference was significant if the patients were older than 65 years or the preoperative hospitalisation was longer than 5 days. The concentration of amoxycillin/calavulanic acid was measured in the serum, in the wall of the gall bladder, in the bile obtained both from the gall bladder and the major bile duct. The observed levels were higher than the therapeutic concentration in the serum and in the bile gained from the major bile duct, whereas lower in the gall bladder wall, and in the bile gained from the gall bladder. Systemic antibiotic prophylaxis is required for open cholecystectomy in high risk patients.     

Gall bladder injuries as part of the spectrum of civilian abdominal trauma in South Africa

BACKGROUND: Trauma to the gall bladder is rare, but when missed or improperly managed it may be associated with significant morbidity. The aim of the present study was to review the management and outcomes of gall bladder trauma in a trauma centre. METHODS: Forty-three patients with gall bladder injury due to abdominal trauma were reviewed over a 3-year period. Surgical management, associated injuries, morbidity and mortality rates were determined. RESULTS: Among 1242 patients undergoing laparotomy for acute trauma, 43 patients (3.46%) with gall bladder injuries were identified. Forty patients sustained penetrating injuries (37 with gunshot wounds and three with stab wounds), and three patients suffered from blunt trauma. All patients with gall bladder injury underwent abdominal exploration because of associated intra-abdominal injuries. Thirty-six patients were treated with cholecystectomy, four patients underwent primary suture repair of the gall bladder perforation, while three patients with gall bladder injury were treated without any surgical intervention at laparotomy. No complications could be attributed to the gall bladder trauma or surgery. CONCLUSION: Cholecystectomy is the preferred procedure of choice for gall bladder injuries and is associated with no morbidity.     

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目的 了解我国当前对医源性胆管损伤外科治疗概况及胆管损伤治疗效果。方法 通过检索解放军医学图书馆中文生物医学期刊数据库（CMCC）从1995年1月至2000年1月全国各级期刊关于胆管损伤的论文,统计来自165个医疗单位2742例医源性胆管损伤。结果 统计显示胆管损伤的94％来自与胆囊有关的手术,以胆管横断伤为多（47％）,损伤类型时要为胆总管（44％）和肝总管（36％）,有40％为术中及时发现处理,胆管损伤修复手术因狭窄再手术占总数的23％,术中发现和术后发现及胆管修复的方式有明显的差异。结论 胆管损伤后期的修复防止狭窄是较困难的,调查修复方式显示术中发现的作胆管修补＋T管支撑引流,术后发现手术作胆管空肠吻合＋长期支撑的手术方式效果较好。     

Surgical treatment of iatrogenic bile duct injuries following laparoscopic cholecystectomy: analysis of long-term results. Retrospective clinical study in 51 patients operated in the Campania region from 1991 to 2003

An higher incidence rate of iatrogenic bile duct injuries is reported in cholecystectomy performed with the laparoscopy than with the laparotomy approach. The aim of this study was to provide a multicentre report on surgical treatment and the outcome of biliary complications during and following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A questionnaire was mailed to all surgeons with experience in laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the Campania region. Data were collected from January 1991 to December 2003. Each patient was requested to indicate age, gender, associated diseases, site and type of lesion, surgical experience, diagnosis, treatment and complications. Twenty-six surgeons answered the questionnaire. Fifty-one patients (36 F/15 M; mean age: 42.5 +/- 11.9, range 13-91 years) with bile duct injuries following laparoscopic cholecystectomy were reported. The most frequent lesions were main bile duct partial or total transection. The intraoperative mortality rate was 1/51 (1.9%) due to a complex biliary and vascular injury. The postoperative mortality rate of revision surgery was 5/50 (10%). T-tube positioning (n = 20) and Roux-en-Y hepato-jejunostomy (n = 20) were the procedures most frequently performed. The complication rate in patients treated with the T-tube was significantly higher than in those treated with hepatico-jejunostomy. Surgical treatment of biliary injuries following laparoscopic cholecystectomy was characterized by unusually high mortality and morbidity for a non-neoplastic disease. Roux-en-Y hepato-jejunostomy remains the procedure of choice for these injuries.