血浆同型Hcy水平与2型糖尿病大血管病变相关性研究

测定60例颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)≤1.0mm的T2DM患者及30例正常对照组的血泺Hcy水平,同时测定血糖、血脂、IMT等,Hcy15μmol/L、T2DM组:Hcy≤15μmol/L,两组给予抗务小板聚集、强化血糖、血压、血脂治疗,随访6个月后再次测定IMT。结果(1)T2DM组血浆Hcy水平显著低于对照组(P0.05);(2)DMI组与T2DM组相比较,治疗前后血糖、血脂等(P0.05),治疗前IMT差异(P0.05),6月后IMT差异(P0.05)。结论高Hcy血症是T2DM患者早期大血管病变的独立危险因素。     

SOX13抗体与2型糖尿病患者颈动脉内中膜厚度的关系

目的 探讨SOX13抗体(SOX13-Ab)与2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者颈动脉内中膜厚度(IMT)的关系. 方法 选取248例谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体(GAD-Ab)阴性的T2DM患者,检测SOX13-Ab指数等,彩色B超测量受试者颈动脉IMT及可视斑块范围.探讨SOX13-Ab指数与IMT增厚、斑块发生的相互关系. 结果 (1)IMT与发病年龄呈显著正相关,与SOX13-Ab指数呈显著负相关(P均<0.05).(2)随SOX13-Ab指数升高,IMT、内膜增厚(IMT>0.9mm)风险性及斑块阳性率渐降;SOX13-Ab最低五分位组IMT显著高于其他各分位;内膜增厚风险性显著高于4th1/5、5th1/5分位组,斑块阳性率显著高于4th1/5分位组(P均<0.05).(3)随斑块严重程度的增加,SOX13-Ab指数递减;0级组患者SOX13-Ab指数显著高于2级组(P<0.05). 结论 SOX13-Ab指数与T2DM患者IMT具有良好负相关性,可望成为判断T2DM患者发生IMT增厚及动脉粥样硬化危险性的新指标.     

血同型半胱氨酸,颈动脉粥样硬化与原发性高血压患者24小时血压变异性的关系

目的 探讨血同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、颈动脉粥样硬化与原发性高血压患者24 小时血压变异性(BPV) (收缩压、舒张压)之间的关系。方法 选取我科原发性高血压患者120例,根据血 Hcy 水平的不同,分为 3 组:A 组 36例(Hcy<15.0μmol/L),B组 62 例(15 μmol/L≤ Hcy<20. 0 μmol/L) ,C 组 22 例(≥20 μmol/L) 分别测定其颈动脉厚度(IMT)及 24小时收缩压及舒张压、脉压标准差(SD) 。 结果：三组中血压变异性随着HCY的增高,变异性增大,IMT厚度也随之增加,组间比较P<0.05 ,有统计学意义,相关性分析提示血 Hcy 水平与 24 小时 BPV(收缩压、舒张压)之间存在相关性( r =0. 570,0. 512 , P <0. 01 )。IMT与24 小时 BPV呈直线相关(r=0.653,0.635 P <0. 01 )IMT与Hcy 水平也呈直线相关( r =0. 1252 , P <0. 01)。结论：血压变异性增高可能与高Hcy相关及IMT相关,Hcy增高可能造成动脉粥样硬化的重要因素。     

同型半胱氨酸与2型糖尿病肾病的相关性研究

目的研究血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)与2型糖尿病(T2DM)伴发糖尿病肾病(DN)的关系。方法对60名T2DM患者进行24h尿蛋白,肾小球滤过率测定,并根据其结果分为单纯糖尿病组(DM)和DN组,另选择健康对照组20名。取空腹静脉血测定血糖(BG)、甘油三酯(TG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)、Hcy。结果DM患者血浆Hcy水平〔(15.01±5.99)μmol/L〕较健康对照组〔(12.00±1.96)μmol/L〕有明显升高(P<0.001)。将Hcy≥15.80μmol/L作为高Hcy血症的诊断标准,将T2DM分为高Hcy组和无高Hcy组,高Hcy组DN发生率比无高Hcy组明显升高(50%vs26.8%)(P<0.05)。各危险因素与DN多元回归分析表明,Hcy与DN的发生有关。结论Hcy血症是T2DM、DN的一个独立危险因素,Hcy为DN早期发现和临床诊断提供了有力的指标。     

血清脂联素水平与2型糖尿病患者颈动脉内中膜厚度变化关系的研究

目的 探讨血清脂联素水平与2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者颈动脉内中膜厚度(IMT)变化之间的关系.方法 应用酶联免疫法测定140例IMT≤1 mm的T2DM患者及80例正常对照者的血清脂联素水平,糖尿病组在生活方式干预的基础上,给予抗血小板聚集、强化血糖、血压、血脂治疗,随访12个月后重新测定IMT,按IMT分为两组(DM1组IMT≤1 mm,DM2组IMT＞1 mm),分析血清脂联素水平与IMT变化之间的关系.结果 (1)T2DM组血清脂联素水平低于对照组(6±3 vs 13±7 mg/L, P＜0.01).(2)DM1组与DM2组相比较,腰臀比(0.90±0.07 vs 0.93±0.05,P=0.024)、HDL-C(1.28±0.36 vs 1.11±0.22 mmol/L, P=0.013)、血清脂联素水平(6.07±3.31 vs 4.06±2.71mg/L, P=0.003),差异均有统计学意义.(3)Logistic回归分析显示,血清脂联素含量降低、年龄增长、HDL-C降低是T2DM患者IMT增厚的危险因素.结论 低血清脂联素水平是T2DM患者动脉粥样硬化的独立危险因素.     

冠心病患者血浆同型半胱氨酸水平与颈动脉内膜--中层厚度的关系

目的 :研究冠心病患者血浆同型半胱氨酸 (Hcy)水平与颈动脉内膜—中层厚度 (IMT)的关系。　　方法 :运用高效液相色谱仪、荧光检测仪和超声心动图仪测定 31例恶化劳力型心绞痛患者 (为恶化劳力型心绞痛组 )、2 8例陈旧性心肌梗塞患者 (为陈旧性心肌梗塞组 )和 35例正常人 (为正常对照组 )血浆总 Hcy水平和颈动脉 IMT。　　结果 :恶化劳力型心绞痛、陈旧性心肌梗塞患者血浆总 Hcy水平分别为 19.5 3± 6 .0 2 μmol/ L 与 2 6 .35± 10 .48μmol/ L ,均显著高于正常对照组 11.2 4± 2 .31μmol/ L (P<0 .0 0 1)。恶化劳力型心绞痛组和陈旧性心肌梗塞组患者两侧颈总动脉、颈总动脉分叉处和颈内动脉 IMT与正常对照组比较均有显著性差异 (P<0 .0 0 1)。陈旧性心肌梗塞患者血浆总 Hcy水平与左、右侧颈总动脉及右侧颈内动脉 IMT之间有显著的相关性 ,相关系数分别为 0 .5 982 (P<0 .0 1)、0 .475 1(P<0 .0 5 )、0 .4792 (P<0 .0 5 )。　　结论 :陈旧性心肌梗塞组患者血浆总 Hcy水平与颈动脉 IMT相关 ,提示颈动脉 IMT的增厚与血浆 Hcy水平升高的程度一致。     

高同型半胱氨酸血症与糖尿病患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度关系及强化控制的影响

目的探讨同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平与2型糖尿病患者颈动脉内中膜厚度(IMT)之间的关系及强化控制对血Hcy和IMT的影响。方法应用酶联免疫法测定161例2型糖尿病患者及127名正常对照者的血浆Hcy水平,对糖尿病组给予降糖、降压及调脂治疗随访12个月,检测治疗前后颈动脉IMT、Hcy,分析血浆Hcy水平与IMT之间的关系及强化控制后二者的变化。结果(1)糖尿病组血浆Hcy水平高于正常对照组[(11.9±6.5)μmol/Lvs(9.0±4.9)μmol/L,P<0.01];糖尿病组高Hcy血症(Hcy>15μmol/L)的患病率为36.0%,对照组高Hcy血症的患病率为9.4%(P<0.01)。(2)糖尿病组中的高Hcy组随访12个月后其IMT为(1.01±0.32)mm,而正常Hcy组IMT为(0.83±0.19)mm(P<0.01)。(3)COX回归分析显示,高Hcy血症是2型糖尿病患者IMT增厚的危险因素(P<0.01,OR=1.079,95%CI为1.033~1.127)。结论高Hcy血症可能是2型糖尿病合并早期动脉粥样硬化的危险因素之一。     

胰升糖素试验在评价2型糖尿病病人胰腺β细胞功能中的作用

目的　探讨胰升糖素试验在评价 2型糖尿病 (T2 DM)病人胰腺 β细胞功能中的作用。　方法　 T2 DM病人 1 5 0例 ,空腹血浆血糖浓度 (FPG)大于 7.0 mm ol/ L。隔夜空腹取血测定 FPG、空腹血清 C肽 (C肽 1 ) ,静脉注射胰升糖素 1 m g,注射时间 1 m in,注射后 6 min取血测定血清 C肽 (C肽 2 )。计算前后差值 (Δ C肽 =C肽 2 - C肽 1 )。注射前后测定患者血压、脉搏 ,记录不良反应。　结果　 T2 DM病人注射胰升糖素后血清 C肽均升高。空腹 C肽与注射胰升糖素 6 m in后 C肽呈正相关 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,基础和刺激后 C肽浓度与 BMI呈显著正相关 (P<0 .0 5 )。 ΔC肽与空腹 C肽 (P<0 .0 5 )、注射后 C肽 (P<0 .0 1 )呈正相关 ,与病程呈负相关 (P<0 .0 5 )。血糖控制差组 (Hb A1 c≥ 7.0 % ,n=86 )与血糖控制好组 (Hb A1 c<7.0 % ,n=6 4 )相比 ,基础 C肽差异无显著意义 ,而刺激后 C肽和 C肽增加绝对值 ,血糖控制好组高于血糖控制差组 (P<0 .0 5 )。　结论　胰升糖素试验是一种判定胰腺 β细胞功能的较为简单、可靠、实用的方法     

2型糖尿病患者心率变异与颈动脉内膜增厚

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者心率变异(HRV)与颈动脉内膜增厚的关系及其临床意义。方法2型糖尿病患者132例按颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度(IMT)分T1组(36例,IMT<1·0mm),T2组(54例,IMT1·1～1·3mm),T3组(42例,IMT≥1·3mm)及30例正常对照者(T0组)作为研究对象。HolterHRV时域、频域指标评估心脏自主神经调节功能。结果1)2型糖尿病有或无颈动脉内膜增厚组各HRV指标(SDNN,SDANN,RMSSD,PNN50,SDNN指数)均较正常对照组低(P<0·05或P<0·01)。2)2型糖尿病合并颈动脉内膜增厚者HRV指数较无病变者有进一步的下降,而且HRV指数与IMT呈负相关。结论HRV是2型糖尿病颈动脉粥样硬化的独立相关因素,可对大血管并发症作出早期的诊断,改善预后。     

甲烯四氢叶酸还原酶基因多态性与糖尿病大血管病变的关系研究

目的探讨甲烯四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)基因C677T位碱基突变与2型糖尿病患者同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平和糖尿病大血管病变的关系。方法将患者分为对照组、糖尿病颈动脉内中膜厚度(IMT)正常组、糖尿病IMT增厚组。应用酶联免疫法测定Hcy水平,采用多聚酶链反应-限制性内切酶片段长度多态性技术(PCR-RFLP)检测MTHFRC677T基因型,用高分辨彩色多普勒检查颈动脉内中膜厚度(IMT)。结果糖尿病IMT增厚组MTHFR基因的TT基因型和T等位基因频率显著增高,与糖尿病IMT正常组及对照组存在统计学差异(P<0.05)。对照组与糖尿病IMT正常组之间T等位基因频率无统计学差异。MTHFR基因突变者血浆Hcy增高。糖尿病组MTHFR基因突变者IMT值明显高于无基因突变者。结论糖尿病IMT增厚组T等位基因频率增高。MTHFR基因C677T点突变组血浆Hcy水平升高,颈动脉IMT增厚。推测MTHFR基因C677T点突变可能是糖尿病合并大血管病变发病的重要遗传因素。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.