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R. Eccles D. I. Wallis 《Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)》1976,39(1-2):113-130
Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S1–S4. S1, S2 and usually S3 fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S2, S3 and sometimes S1 fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S3, usually S2 and occasionally S1 fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S4 fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions. 相似文献
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Nodal FR Doubell TP Jiang ZD Thompson ID King AJ 《The Journal of comparative neurology》2005,485(3):202-217
Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC. 相似文献
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The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed. 相似文献
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A retrograde neuronal tracer (Fast Blue) was injected in the cervical end of the uterine horn of virgin rats. The majority of the retrogradely labeled post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons were found in the sympathetic chain (74%). The superior mesenteric ganglia, inferior mesenteric ganglia and suprarenal ganglia accounted for 22, 3 and <1%, respectively. The distribution of neurons in the sympathetic chain labeled from the uterus resembles that described for other pelvic organs. 相似文献
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Lanuza E Novejarque A Martínez-Ricós J Martínez-Hernández J Agustín-Pavón C Martínez-García F 《Brain research bulletin》2008,75(2-4):460-466
The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory olfactory bulbs and we have shown in mice that males emit sexual pheromones that are innately attractive for females. In fact, sexual pheromones can be used as unconditioned stimuli to induce a conditioned attraction to previously neutral odorants as well as a conditioned place preference. Therefore, sexual pheromones should be regarded as natural reinforcers. Behavioural and pharmacological studies (reviewed here) have shown that the females' innate preference for sexual pheromones is not affected by lesions of the dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area, and that the systemic administration of dopamine antagonists do not alter neither the attraction nor the reinforcing effects of these pheromones. Anatomical studies have shown that the vomeronasal amygdala gives rise to important projections to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja, suggesting that these amygdalo-striatal pathways might be involved in the reinforcing value of sexual pheromones. 相似文献
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The topographical organization of the 22 motoneuron pools that innervate the pinna muscles of the cat was examined by injecting the B-subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into individual muscles. All 22 pools are found in the facial nucleus, organized as rostro-caudally oriented columns, and arranged according to the action of the muscles they innervate. Pools innervating muscles that pull the pinna dorsally are located in the dorsal two thirds of the medio-dorsal subdivision, and those innervating muscles that pull the pinna ventrally are located in the ventral one half of the nucleus. Motoneurons innervating muscles that pull the pinna cranially are located laterally, those that pull the pinna caudally are located medio-ventrally, and those that change the shape of the pinna are located along the entire dorso-ventral extent in the center of the medio-dorsal subdivision. This topographical layout is consistent with the somatotopic organization of the entire facial nucleus as demonstrated in a variety of species. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
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药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。 相似文献
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Summary The granular cell tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary possess neuraminic acid containing carbohydrate. After removal of neuraminic acid with neuraminidase and exposure to FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) labelled peanut agglutinin (Arachis hypogaea) (PNA), intracellular receptor structures could be demonstrated. The significance of the findings is discussed. 相似文献
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Organization of projections from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus to the basolateral complex of the amygdala in the rat 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mediodorsal thalamic (MD) projections to the basolateral amygdaloid complex of the rat were investigated with the anterograde neuronal tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin. Iontophoretic injections were made in distinct subdivisions of the rostral and caudal part of the MD. Both the medial and lateral division of the MD showed a projection to the basolateral complex and there appears to be a topographical organization of the innervation in the rostrocaudal direction: the rostral and caudal part of the MD project to respectively the mid-rostrocaudal and rostral part of the basolateral complex. 相似文献
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Sex differences are described in subregions of two nuclei of the rat brain: the medical nucleus of the amygdala (MA) and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). The volume of the posterodorsal region of the medial nucleus of the amygdala (MApd) is approximately 85% greater and the volume of the encapsulated region of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNSTenc) is approximately 97% greater in males than in females. The MApd and BNSTenc are distinct subregions of the MA and BNST. They exhibit intense uptake of gonadal hormones and are anatomically connected to each other and to other sexually dimorphic nuclei. The MA and BNST in general are involved in regulation of several sexually dimorphic functions, including aggression, sexual behavior, gonadotropin secretion and integration of olfactory information. Precise localization of sex differences in subregions of the MA and BNST, such as the MApd and BNSTenc, may facilitate understanding of the neural basis of such functions. 相似文献
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The CNS control of the cardiovascular system involves the coordination of a series of complex neural mechanisms which integrate afferent information from a variety of peripheral receptors and produce control signals to effector organs for appropriate physiological responses. Although it is generally thought that these control signals are generated by a network of neural circuits that are widely distributed in the CNS, over the last two decades a considerable body of experimental evidence has accumulated suggesting that several of these circuits involve neurons found on or near the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata. Neurons in the VLM have been shown to be involved in the maintenance of vasomotor tone, in baroreceptor and chemoreceptor (central and peripheral) reflex mechanisms, in mediating the CIR and somatosympathetic reflexes and in the control of the secretion of vasopressin. These physiological functions of VLM neurons have been supported by neuroanatomical and electrophysiological studies demonstrating direct connections with a number of central structures previously implicated in the control of the circulation, including the IML, the site of origin of sympathetic preganglionic axons, and the SON and PVH, the site of origin of neurohypophyseal projecting axons containing AVP.Considerable suggestive evidence has also been obtained regarding the chemical messengers involved in transmitting information from VLM neurons to other central structures. There have been developments suggesting a role for monoamines and neuropeptides in mediating the neural and humoral control of SAP by neurons in the VLM.This review presents a synthesis of the literature suggesting a main role for VLM neurons in the control of the circulation. 相似文献
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The development of the corpus callosum (CC) and the anterior commissure (CA) is well known in a wide variety of species. No study, however, has described the development of the commissure of the superior colliculus (CSC) from embryonic state to adulthood in mammals. In this study, by using the lipophylic tracer DiI, we investigated the ontogeny of this mesencephalic commissure in the hamster at various ages. The development of axonal terminals, growth cone morphologies, and axons branching were described for the superior colliculus (SC) contralateral to the tracer injection. The first CSC axons cross the midline at embryonic day 11 (E-11) and grow further into the intermediate layers of the contralateral SC between E-12 and E-14. There is little axon growth therein between E-14 and the day of birth (P-0). Growth cones at the tip of these axons adopt complex morphologies at E-12 and progressively simplify until P-0. Pioneer axons are clearly visible between E-14 and P-1. These are followed by other axons progressively more numerous between P-0 and P-5. Axons do not show any branching until P-2. Between P-3 and P-9, the axons progressively arborize in the intermediate layers. Some axons reach the superficial layers at P-5, and they become more numerous around P-11, and only a few axons remain therein by P-21. Myelinated axons appear at P11 and are very dense at P-21. Our results indicate that the CSC follows developmental schemes similar to those of the CC and the AC but that initial axon midline crossing occurs earlier. 相似文献
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The midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) and the central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA) are both known to be involved in fear and anxiety, analgesia, vocalization, cardiovascular and respiratory changes, and freezing. Anatomical studies have shown that a connection between these two regions exists but little is known about the physiology or the neurochemical constituents of this pathway. The goals of this study were to characterize the projection from the CNA to the PAG using electrophysiological techniques and to determine whether μ- and/or δ-opioid receptors, which play a large role in a majority of the functions of the PAG, are involved in this pathway. Of the 38 PAG cells tested with single shock stimulation of the CNA, 44% responded; of those, 46% were excited and 54% were inhibited. The latency to onset of response for the inhibitory cells (12.71 ± 6.61 ms) was shorter than that of the excitatory cells (22.33 ± 4.04 ms). Forty-six percent of the 129 PAG cells tested with train electrical stimulation of the CNA responded; 44% were excited and 56% were inhibited. Chemical stimulation of the CNA (10 mMd,l-homocysteic acid) produced similar results; 48% (62/128) of PAG cells responded; 45% of cells were excited and 55% were inhibited. The baseline firing rate of the inhibitory cells was significantly higher compared to the excitatory cells. Chemical stimulation of the CNA produced an increase in blood pressure in 12 animals, a decrease in two animals, and had no effect on the blood pressure of 68 animals. The blood pressure changes ranged between 8.5 and 26.3 mmHg with a mean of 16.2 ± 2.2 mmHg. The effect of naloxone (given either on site in the PAG or systemically) on the response to CNA stimulation was tested in 21 cells. Twenty-five percent of the excitatory cells (2/8) and 77% (10/13) of the inhibitory cells were blocked by naloxone with the majority of the blocked cells located in the ventrolateral PAG. It is concluded that: (1) Approximately 50% of cells in the lateral and ventrolateral columns of the PAG respond to CNA stimulation; (2) the inhibitory response is mediated by a faster conducting or a more direct pathway than the pathway that mediates the excitatory response; (3) neurons that are inhibited by CNA stimulation have a significantly higher baseline firing rate than neurons that are excited, suggesting that they may be tonically active interneurons; and (4) at least one link in the CNA-PAG pathway utilizes μ- or δ-opioid receptors. 相似文献
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Pereanu W Younossi-Hartenstein A Lovick J Spindler S Hartenstein V 《The Journal of comparative neurology》2011,519(4):661-689
Most neurons of the central complex belong to 10 secondary (larvally produced) lineages. In the late larva, undifferentiated axon tracts of these lineages form a primordium in which all of the compartments of the central complex can be recognized as discrete entities. Four posterior lineages (DPMm1, DPMpm1, DPMpm2, and CM4) generate the classes of small-field neurons that interconnect the protocerebral bridge, fan-shaped body, noduli, and ellipsoid body. Three lineages located in the anterior brain, DALv2, BAmv1, and DALcl2, form the large-field neurons of the ellipsoid body and fan-shaped body, respectively. These lineages provide an input channel from the optic tubercle and connect the central complex with adjacent anterior brain compartments. Three lineages in the posterior cortex, CM3, CP2, and DPMpl2, connect the posterior brain neuropil with specific layers of the fan-shaped body. Even though all of the compartments of the central complex are prefigured in the late larval brain by the axon tracts of the above-mentioned lineages, the neuropil differentiates during the first 2 days of the pupal period when terminal branches and synapses of secondary neurons are formed. During this phase the initially straight horizontal layers of the central complex bend in the frontal plane, which produces the characteristic shape of the fan-shaped and ellipsoid body. Our analysis provides a comprehensive picture of the lineages that form the central complex, and will facilitate future studies that address the structure or function of the central complex at the single cell level. 相似文献
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Summary The distribution of aminergic and non-aminergic nerve fibres to the different constituents of the wall of the digestive tract in various regions is described. Aminergic fibres synapse with all nervous perikarya. Densely interlacing networks of nerve fibres are found in both layers of the tunica muscularis and in the lamina muscularis mucosae. A finely meshed plexus is observed in relation to the wall of the blood vessels in the wall of the gut. There are many fibres connecting the muscular and the vascular plexus. No nerve fibres have been observed in direct relation to the epithelium.The functional implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献