基于冠状面数据的肝静脉和肝内门静脉的三维重建

目的:构建基于肝连续薄层冠状断面数据集的肝静脉和肝内门静脉的三维数字化可视模型。方法:应用数控冷冻铣削技术获取1例肝的连续薄层冠状断面数据集;采用体绘制和面绘制的方法,通过人工干预对数据集中肝内管道系统进行人工识别提取和图像数据分割;运用3D医学可视化软件实现三维重建,构建肝静脉和肝内门静脉的三维可视化模型。结果:肝静脉和肝内门静脉的可视化模型可清晰显示门静脉及其分支和肝静脉及其属支的空间构形,真实地再现了肝门静脉和肝静脉之间复杂的空间毗邻关系。模型中的肝静脉和肝门静脉可单独或总体显示,可在三维空间位置上绕任意轴旋转任意角度,并能从不同的角度对某一血管分支进行多角度、多方位的观察。结论:高质量的二维图像、精确的数据分割和合适的三维重建方法保证了三维数字化可视模型的真实性和准确性。     

Segmentation and reconstruction of hepatic veins and intrahepatic portal vein based on the coronal sectional anatomic dataset

Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of intrahepatic vessels is very useful in visualizing the complex anatomy of hepatic veins and intrahepatic portal vein. It also provides a 3D anatomic basis for diagnostic imaging and surgical operation on the liver. In the present study, we built a 3D digitized model of hepatic veins and intrahepatic portal vein based on the coronal sectional anatomic dataset of the liver. The dataset was obtained using the digital freezing milling technique. The pre-reconstructed structures were identified and extracted, and then were segmented by the method of manual intervention. The digitized model of hepatic veins and intrahepatic portal vein was established using 3D medical visualization software. This model facilitated a continuous and dynamic displaying of the hepatic veins and intrahepatic portal vein at different orientations, which demonstrated the complicated relationship of adjacent hepatic veins and intrahepatic portal vein realistically in the 3D space. This study indicated that high-quality 2D images, precise data segmentation, and suitable 3D reconstruction methods ensured the reality and accuracy of the digital visualized model of hepatic veins and intrahepatic portal vein.     

The clinical anatomy of congenital portosystemic venous shunts

Congenital portosystemic venous shunts are rare. Their gross anatomy has not been well defined. Four different varieties of congenital portosystemic venous shunts are described in six children seen during a 10-year period, focusing on the anatomy of the shunt as determined by imaging studies and surgery. A detailed review of the literature indicates that congenital portosystemic venous shunts are best classified as: extrahepatic or intrahepatic. Extrahepatic shunts may be further subdivided into portocaval shunts (type 1 end-to-side and type 2 side-to-side) and others. Intrahepatic shunts are due to an abnormal intrahepatic connection between the portal vein and hepatic vein/inferior vena cava or a persistent patent ductus venosus. Additional congenital anomalies, particularly cardiac malformations, may be associated with any type. Some congenital intrahepatic portosystemic venous shunts close spontaneously in infancy; all other congenital portosystemic venous shunts tend to remain patent. To a variable extent, depending largely on the volume and duration of the shunt, affected individuals are at risk of developing hepatic encephalopathy and/or an intrahepatic tumor. The key to understanding the pathogenesis of these shunts lies in the normal developmental mechanisms underlying the formation of the portal vein and inferior vena cava in the embryo.     

Successful Hemodialysis Through Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava: a Case Report

Persistent left superior vena cava is an extremely rare venous anomaly affecting 0.5% to 2% of the general population. Persistent left superior vena cava with absent right superior vena cava, also termed as “isolated persistent left superior vena cava.” Persistent left superior vena cava, without associated cardiac anomalies, is usually innocuous. Its discovery, however, has important clinical implications. It can pose clinical difficulties with central venous access, hemodialysis catheter placement, and pacemaker implantation. We hereby present a case of persistent left superior vena cava that was incidentally encountered after the placement of a hemodialysis catheter through the left internal jugular vein. This case highlights the pertinent radiologic findings and emphasizes the importance of familiarity to such an anatomic anomaly.     

经左颈静脉插管肝内门-体静脉分流术的应用解剖

为给临床经左颈静脉插管行肝内门 -体静脉支架分流术提供解剖学依据 ,在 4 8例成人尸体上解剖并观测了双侧颈内静脉、头臂静脉、上腔静脉、右心房、下腔静脉上段的长度、外径、以及各有关静脉间的角度。结果为左颈内静脉长度 :10 6.9± 18.3 m m,外径 :13 .6± 3 .4 mm ;左头臂静脉长度 :66.3± 10 .8mm ,外径 :15 .9± 4 .1mm;上腔静脉长度 :4 8.5± 9.8mm,外径 :2 1.4± 8.4 mm;右心房长度 :68.7± 17.4 m m,上口外径 :2 0 .2± 4 .7mm,下口外径 :2 3 .9± 6.0 m m;下腔静脉上段长度 :2 1.5± 6.5 m m;左颈内静脉延长线与左头臂静脉间的角度 :4 5 .5°± 10 .3°,左头臂静脉延长线与上腔静脉间的角度 :5 8.3°± 12 .7°;5 8.3°± 12 .7°;左颈内静穿刺点至肝静脉口的总长 :2 4 3 .2± 2 3 .6m m。结论 :在经左颈内静脉行肝内门 -体静脉分流术时只要掌握了插管静脉的角度和深度仍具备和右侧穿刺途径一样多的优点     

The effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline on venous return and regional blood flows in the anaesthetized cat with special reference to intestinal blood flow

1. In cats, a venous long-circuit technique was used to measure the blood flows in the superior vena cava and the hepatic, renal and iliac segments of the inferior vena cava. The sum of these flows gave the venous return (minus coronary and bronchial flows). In further experiments using an electromagnetic flowmeter, flow in the portal vein and in the superior mesenteric and coeliac arteries was measured.2. Approximately two-thirds of the hepatic blood flow is derived from the portal vein.3. After block of conduction in the cervical region of the spinal cord, the proportions of the venous return coming from each region during the control periods were not significantly altered although the arterial pressure and total venous return were decreased.4. Intravenous infusions of adrenaline caused an increase in venous return which was associated with a marked increase in hepatic blood flow. The increase in hepatic blood flow was due to an increase in flow in the superior mesenteric artery and portal vein. Flow in the coeliac artery remained unchanged. This response was unaffected by block of the cervical region of the spinal cord and by atropine or pentolinium.5. Intravenous infusions of noradrenaline caused little change in venous return or regional blood flows. Small increases in superior mesenteric artery flow were occasionally seen and on cessation of the infusion a large but brief increase occurred. These facts suggest that noradrenaline has a similar action to adrenaline but this is masked by concomitant vasoconstriction.     

Complex venous anomalies: magnetic resonance imaging findings in a 5-year-old boy

We report magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of a very unusual venous anomaly case. A 5-year-old boy who had surgical repair of coarctation of the thoracic aorta was referred to our department for evaluation of an enlarged venous structure anterior to the aorta, which had been noted during the surgery. Contrast enhanced dynamic MRI revealed partial anomalous pulmonary venous return to the left azygos vein, double inferior and superior vena cava with the left azygos continuation of the left superior vena cava. The recognition of venous anomalies allows correct planning of surgical and interventional procedures. MRI is a valuable imaging tool providing detailed anatomical information.     

Double superior vena cava and anomaly of cardiovascular system with a review of the literature

In a student course of gross anatomy dissection at Kanagawa Dental College in 2008, we found an extremely rare case of the double superior vena cava that has a shunt between the right and left atria of a 81-year-old Japanese male cadaver. The left superior vena cava passed through the space between the left cardiac auricle and the left pulmonary vein and entered the coronary sulcus. Then it opened near the opening of the inferior vena cava as the coronary venous sinus to the right atrium. The upper edge of the interatrial septum was located at the site where the right superior vena cava opened to the right atrium. Accordingly, the right atrium connected with left atrium through this site. We discuss the anatomy and etiology of these anomalous structures with a brief review of the literature.     

External Jugular Vein Catheterization Using 'Intra-Atrial Electrocardiogram'

Purpose

To investigate the reliability of intra-atrial electrocardiogram (ECG) use for external jugular vein (EJV) catheterization.

Materials and Methods

Patients undergoing open heart surgery in Suleyman Demirel University Hospital between February and June 2006 were included in the study. Using a sterile Seldinger technique, a triple lumen polyurethane central venous catheter was introduced (Certofix® Trio V 720, length 20 cm, 7 French) under intra-atrial ECG guidance. The presence of an increase in P-wave size was recorded. Just after the surgery, a portable chest X-ray was taken. The method was considered to be successful when a change in P-wave could be seen and the catheter was in the superior vena cava, as well as when there was no change in P-wave and the catheter was not in the superior vena cava.

Results

In six patients (12%), we were not able to advance the guidewire. In the remaining 44 patients, the catheter was inserted without problem. Eight of these 44 catheters were positioned in the innominate vein, with a malposition ratio of 18%. The success rate of external jugular vein cannulation with intra-atrial ECG was 95%. No complications occured related to the EJV cannulation.

Conclusion

Considering that it is easily accessed without complication, and the malposition is successfully detected by intra-atrial ECG, EJV is a suitable access for central venous cannulation when internal jugular vein (IJV) is not usable.     

三维动态对比增强磁共振肝门静脉造影成像效果及解剖学分析

目的：探讨三维动态对比增强磁共振肝门静脉造影(3DDCEMRP)的成像质量并观测肝内肝门静脉的解剖和变异。方法：共进行61例门静脉3DDCEMRP检查，通过对MPV、LPV、RPV，SV及SMV显示情况和对门脉右支显示能力的分析，评价3DDCEMRP的成像质量。测量门脉系统各主要干支的径线并对门静脉的解剖和变异做分型，计算各型的构成比。结果：所有病例均完整显示门静脉主干及肝内4级以上分支。61次成像中，4例(6．6％)显示门脉主干呈三叉状，3例(4．9％)门脉主干先发出右后支，继续上行分为左支和右前支，2例(3．3％)门脉右前支起自左支，l例(1．6％)门脉右支缺如，其余5l例(83．6％)显示正常门脉分支。结论：肝内门脉变异并不少见，3D DCE MRP是一种有效、微创技术。能方便而清楚地显示肝内门脉的解剖和蛮异。     

Anomalous venous system in the human heart

In a 2002 cadaveric dissection course, a complex manner of rare variation was found in the abnormal venous system of the heart of an 88-year-old Japanese man who died of acute pneumonia. The superior vena cava and the left and right brachiocephalic veins were normal. In this case, a complex venous system existed as follows. (1) A left superior vena cava was persistent. (2) The innominate vein was present. It went upward between the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk, passed through the ventral side of the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk, and then anastomosed with the left superior vena cava. The oblique vein of the left atrium, as a fibrous bundle, was connected to the junction of the left superior vena cava and the innominate vein in the pericardium. (3) The great cardiac vein was divided into two branches. One was located at the right side of the left coronary artery, forming the origin of the innominate vein. The other extended to the coronary sinus as a normal great cardiac vein. (4) The orifice of the coronary sinus on the right atrium was obliterated. (5) The abnormal orifice existed between the left atrium and the coronary sinus. The formation process and functional significance of such venous variations are discussed.     

Abnormalities of the umbilico-portal venous system in Down syndrome: a report of two new patients

Congenital anomalies of the umbilical and portal venous system are rare vascular malformations which are often associated with anomalies of the heart and gastrointestinal tract. Association with chromosomal disorders has been sporadically reported. We now report on two patients with trisomy 21 and congenital anomalies of the umbilico-portal system. A male fetus showed absence of the intrahepatic portal vein (PV) and ductus venosus with a direct communication between portal sinus and inferior vena cava exhibiting an umbilicosystemic total shunt during the fetal life and a portosystemic total shunt after birth. A female infant showed absence of the intrahepatic PV and a total portocaval shunt. Both patients also had heart defects. As previously documented in other reports, our cases demonstrated that this association may be causally-related to the chromosomal aberration. In addition, the umbilico-portal venous system abnormalities seems to be the most frequent congenital vascular malformation in Down syndrome. A presumptive pathogenetic mechanism could be a trisomy 21-related altered angiogenesis of the vitelloumbilical plexus.     

完全性肺静脉异位连接的解剖分型及临床意义

目的：探讨完全性肺静脉异位连接（total anomalous pulmonary venous connection,TAPVC．）的解剖分型及其临床意义。方法：46例TAPVC患者按照Darling分型方法分型，并将心上型和心内型各分为2个亚形。将全组病例分成梗阻型和非梗阻型。对照术前患者的临床症状及体征及术后疗效。结果：46例TAPVC中心上型25例，肺静脉总干经垂直静脉连接于上腔静脉23例，肺静脉总干直接开口于右侧上腔静脉2例；心内型17例，肺静脉总干开口于冠状静脉窦11例，开口于右心房6例；心下型4例。肺静脉总干通过垂直静脉连接于肝门静脉。肺静脉回流梗阻7例，均依据解剖分型选择手术治疗。死亡4例，余康复出院。结论：TAPVC的解剖分型对其临床诊断及治疗有较高的价值。     

Persistent left superior vena cava

Congenital venous anomalies are relatively common and some have clinical implications. An example of persistent left superior vena cava was found during a routine dissection. This vein was carefully dissected and followed to its termination in the right atrium. The same cadaver also presented four branches from the arch of the aorta. A left superior vena cava occurs in early development but disappears later. The clinical significance of such a persistent left superior vena cava assumes importance during cardiac catheterization via the left subclavian vein.     

肝静脉与门静脉的解剖及其在经颈静脉肝内门体分流术中的应用

目的：探讨肝静脉与门静脉的解剖及在经颈静脉肝内门体分流术（TIPS）中的应用。方法：在PUBMED、CNKI及维普等数据库中,查阅近年来国内外有关肝静脉、门静脉的正常解剖与变异及其在TIPS中应用的文献,进行分析总结。结果：肝静脉系统主要由肝右静脉、肝中静脉、肝左静脉3支组成,肝左静脉发生变异最多,肝中、右静脉变异相对少见。门静脉在肝门处进入肝脏,以分为左支和右支两主干这一类型居多,其解剖形态因地区、种族等因素而有差异。肝静脉和门静脉呈向后向上与向前向下的空间关系,经典TIPS是从肝右静脉距下腔静脉入口约2cm处向门静脉分叉部或右支内穿刺建立分流道。结论：肝静脉、门静脉的正常解剖与变异及其空间关系对顺利完成TIPS的操作至关重要。熟悉肝静脉、门静脉正常解剖和变异可提高TIPS的成功率,减少和避免并发症的发生。     

The endothelial surface of large veins of rabbit: scanning electron microscopic observations

The following veins of the rabbit were fixed by perfusion and studied systematically by scanning electron microscopy: sagittal sinus, confluence of sinuses, external jugular vein, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, greater saphenous, and femoral veins. One result is that the shape and arrangement of endothelial cells of the veins are obviously influenced by hemodynamic shear forces. Two types of subendothelial fibres were demonstrated: "cross-fibers" which correspond to the circular inner muscle cells of the media, and "longitudinal fibers" which correspond to the intimal meshwork of connective tissue fibers. Regional differences are demonstrated in the occurrence of these fibres. Moreover, five morphologically different venous valve types are observed. The functional significance of these different valve types is not yet known.     

Characterisation and evaluation of a new double lumen central venous catheter.

The performance of a new double lumen central venous haemodialysis catheter was tested in two laboratory models. In a bench model the patient's venous system was simulated by a reservoir from which water or glycerol was drawn through a fixed tube. A double lumen silastic catheter was then inserted into the tube, as it would in a major vein, with the tip directed away from the direction of flow. The catheter was linked to a dialysis circuit incorporating pressure sensors and dye was infused at constant rate so that recirculation at the tip could be measured and found to be less than 5%. The same catheters were inserted operatively into the superior vena cava via the external jugular vein of three pigs (weight 27-31 kg). The catheters remained patent for four weeks and when connected to an extracorporeal circuit had recirculation and pressure flow characteristics comparable to the bench model in the range 50-400 ml/min. The new double lumen catheter is worthy of clinical evaluation.     

国人肝段在冠状断层上的划分

目的：为肝内微小病变精确定位诊断和外科治疗提供冠状断层解剖学依据。方法：采用30例上腹部连续冠状断层标本、20例肝内门静脉和肝静脉解剖正常的薄层MSCT断层图像及其三维重建图像,在冠状断层上对其门静脉肝段进行精确划分。结果：经胆囊、门静脉左支及肝左静脉的冠状断面上,肝中静脉主干是划分右前上叶和左前下叶的识别标志,门静脉左支角部是左前下叶的段间裂识别标志,亦是右前上叶和左前下叶的亚段间裂识别标志。经肝门静脉主干的冠状断面上,门静脉右前支主干是右前上叶的段间裂识别标志,该层面以前为右前上叶的腹侧段,该层面以后则为右前上叶的背侧段。经网膜孔的冠状断面上、下腔静脉的右缘是划分尾状叶和右半肝的识别标志,门静脉右后支主干是划分右前上叶背侧段和右后下叶下段的标志,经下腔静脉和肝右静脉的冠状面上,肝右静脉主干是划分右前上叶的背侧段和右后下叶上段的标志;门静脉右后支主干是右后下叶的段间裂识别标志。结论：国人门静脉肝段在冠状断面上的精确划分,不仅有利于肝内微小病变的精确定位,且有利于探索新的和更加安全的外科术式。     

单光子发射型计算机断层成像与CT融合图像评价125I粒子在靶器官中的分布

目的 结合全身扫描,探讨单光子发射型计算机断层成像(SPECT)与CT融合图像对植入的放射性125I粒子在体内分布的评价.方法 2008年5月至2009年6月复旦大学附属中山医院核医学科接受治疗的47例125I粒子植入患者中,6例前列腺癌患者实施了超声诱导下125I粒子植入,另41例有明确肿瘤病史并伴有门静脉或上腔静脉癌栓患者,在数字减影血管成像(DSA)诱导下行支架和125I粒子链条植入到血管腔内.所有患者在125I粒子植入24 h后行全身扫描,再根据125I粒子所在部位行SPECT与CT显像检查.结合全身扫描图像和SPECT与CT图像对植入125I粒子的分布情况进行评价.结果 全身扫描图像为SPECT与CT检查提供准确定位,但无法显示粒子的准确解剖部位.6例前列腺癌患者中,SPECT与CT融合图像显示5例患者植入粒子在前列腺内分布较好,而1例患者粒子植入到右侧精囊腺内;41例有明确肿瘤病史并伴有门静脉或上腔静脉癌栓患者中,SPECT与CT融合图像显示40例血管腔内的粒子链条位于合理的位置,1例植入到上腔静脉内的粒子链条脱离到右心腔内.结论 结合全身扫描,SPECT与CT融合图像可以评价125I粒子在靶器官的分布情况,能及时发现位置偏离的粒子.     

Effects of hepatic NaCl receptor stimulation on renal nerve activity in conscious rabbits.

The effects of intrahepatic NaCl or osmo-receptor stimulation on renal nerve activity were examined in chronically instrumented conscious rabbits. Combined infusions of 9% NaCl via the portal vein and distilled water via the inferior vena cava did not alter plasma osmolality or plasma Na concentration of the systemic circulation but decreased renal nerve activity. Combined infusion of 6.5% LiCl and distilled water did not have any effects on renal nerve activity. The decrease in renal nerve activity induced by portal 9% NaCl infusions was completely abolished after section of the anterior and posterior hepatic nerves. These results indicate that stimulation of the intrahepatic NaCl receptors, not of the osmoreceptors, elicits a reflex decrease in renal nerve activity, which is mainly mediated by the anterior and posterior hepatic nerves.