Efficacy of a self-management education program for people with type 2 diabetes: Results of a 12 month trial

Aim:  Patient education that enhances one's self-management ability is of utmost importance for improving patient outcomes in chronic diseases. We developed a 12 month self-management education program for type 2 diabetes, based on a previous 6 month program, and examined its efficacy.
Methods:  A randomized controlled trial was carried out on outpatients with type 2 diabetes from two hospitals who met the criteria and gave consent to participate. They were randomly divided into an intervention group that followed the program and a control group that followed usual clinical practise. The intervention group received <30 min of monthly interviews based on the program's textbook and biweekly telephone calls from a nurse educator throughout the 12 months.
Results:  Of the 50 participants in the intervention group and the 25 participants in the control group, 42 and 23, respectively, completed the program (a completion rate of 84.0%). The body weight, HbA1c, self-efficacy, dietary and exercise stages, quality of life, diastolic blood pressure, and total cholesterol level were significant by two-way repeated-measures anova . As for changes over time within the groups, only the intervention group showed significant differences by Friedman's test. The complication prevention behaviors showed a high implementation rate in the intervention group. The overall evaluation of this program by the participants was very high and, therefore, they highly recognized the need for this type of program.
Conclusions:  Self-management education works successfully in relation to patients' behavior modification skills, degree of goal attainment, and self-efficacy, consequently improving their health outcomes.     

自我效能感在妊娠期糖尿病孕妇血糖控制中的应用

目的调查妊娠期糖尿病孕妇血糖控制与自我效能感状况,探讨实施系统化的健康教育,及自我效能感对其血糖控制的影响。方法将80例妊娠期糖尿病孕妇随机分为观察组和对照组各40例,观察组采用系统化健康教育干预治疗,对照组采用常规模式进行治疗,比较干预前后两组患者血糖控制与自我效能感的差异。结果观察组患者干预前空腹血糖为（6．12±0．66）mmol／L,干预4周后为（5．85±0．55）mmol／L,两者比较差异有统计学意义（t=3．16,P〈0．05）;观察组孕妇干预8周后空腹血糖为（5．16±0．55）mmol／L,对照组为（5．95±0．32）mmol／L,两者比较差异有统计学意义（t=4．327,P〈0．05）;干预后观察组自我效能为（28．47±4．12）分,对照组为（7．56±0．28）分,两组比较差异有统计学意义（t=5．341,P〈0．01）。结论系统化的健康教育有助于控制孕妇的血糖水平,自我效能感高者更容易血糖控制,应采取相应的系统化的健康教育提高妊娠期糖尿病孕妇自我效能感,促进其血糖控制。     

授权理论在社区2型糖尿病老年患者教育中的应用

目的 探讨以授权理论为指导的糖尿病教育对社区2型糖尿病老年患者糖化血红蛋白及自我效能的作用.方法 采用随机数字表法,将两个社区的86例2型糖尿病老年患者分为试验组与对照组,每组各43例.试脸组采用授权理论为指导的糖尿病教育6周,对照组采用社区常规管理.教育结束后,两组均电话随访6个月,并分别在干预前、干预后6周、第3、...     

Motivational interviewing to increase physical activity in long-term cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND: Physical activity can confer many benefits on cancer survivors, including relief of persistent symptoms related to cancer treatment. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of a motivational interviewing (MI) intervention on increasing physical activity (Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors questionnaire) and improving aerobic fitness (6-minute walk), health (Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36), and fatigue (Schwartz Cancer Fatigue Scale) in cancer survivors. A secondary purpose was to evaluate whether the effect of MI on physical activities depended on self-efficacy. METHODS: Fifty-six physically inactive adult cancer survivors (mean=42 months since completion of treatment) were assigned randomly to intervention and control groups. The MI intervention consisted of one in-person counseling session followed by two MI telephone calls over 6 months. Control group participants received two telephone calls without MI content. Outcomes were measured at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months, and were analyzed using multilevel modeling. RESULTS: The results of the MI intervention explained significant group differences in regular physical activities (measured in caloric expenditure per week), controlling for time since completion of cancer treatment (p<.05). Aerobic fitness, physical and mental health, and fatigue were not different between groups. In the intervention group, individuals with high self-efficacy for exercise at baseline increased their physical activity more than those with low self-efficacy (p<.05). In the control group, increases in physical activity did not depend on self-efficacy. DISCUSSION: Use of MI may increase physical activity in long-term cancer survivors, especially in persons with high self-efficacy for exercise. Multilevel modeling analysis revealed individual changes that would not have been shown by analysis of group means. Future studies with larger samples or more intense MI interventions may show changes in aerobic fitness, physical and mental health, and fatigue.     

基于PRECEDE-PROCEED模式的护理在社区2型糖尿病患者中的应用

目的对社区2型糖尿病患者实施基于PRECEDE-PROCEED模式构建的干预方案,探讨其对患者糖尿病知识和自我效能的干预效果。方法采取便利抽样方法选取2014年5—10月杭州市某街道社区卫生服务中心的86例2型糖尿病患者作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将其分为干预组和对照组,各43例。干预组采用为期6个月的PRECEDE-PROCEED模式干预,同期对照组接受常规的社区健康教育课程1次。评价两组患者干预前和干预3、6个月后的糖尿病知识水平和自我效能得分。最终干预组40例、对照组42例患者完成研究。结果重复测量方差分析结果显示,两组患者糖尿病知识、自我效能得分存在时间、组间及时间和组间的交互效应(P<0.05)。组间两两比较结果显示,干预前两组糖尿病知识、自我效能得分差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);干预3、6个月后,两组糖尿病知识、自我效能得分差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论应用PRECEDE-PROCEED模式对社区2型糖尿病患者进行干预能够有效改善患者的糖尿病知识水平和自我效能,值得推广应用。     

From hospital to home: a brief nurse practitioner intervention for vulnerable older adults

A randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the impact of a brief nurse practitioner (NP) intervention on care transitions among older hospitalized adults discharged to home (N = 199). Immediately following discharge, participants randomly assigned to the intervention received up to three home visits and two telephone calls from a registered NP that included medication review, care coordination, assessment of medical care needs, and brief coaching in self-management skills. Usual care participants received all standard medical care, including access to case management services. Intervention participants reported improved satisfaction with medical care (p = 0.008) and self-efficacy in managing medical conditions (p = 0.001) and had fewer primary care visits (p = 0.036) but no change in hospital readmissions at 6 months following enrollment. These findings suggest that intervening at the point of transition may extend the reach of the primary care physician by improving patient outcomes through nursing support at a high-risk period of care-the transition from hospital to home.     

Diabetes management in a health maintenance organization. Efficacy of care management using cluster visits

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a cluster visit model led by a diabetes nurse educator for delivering outpatient care management to adult patients with poorly controlled diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This study involved a randomized controlled trial among patients of Kaiser Permanente's Pleasanton, CA, center who were aged 16-75 years and had either poor glycemic control (HbA1c > 8.5%) or no HbA1c test performed during the previous year. Intervention subjects received multidisciplinary outpatient diabetes care management delivered by a diabetes nurse educator, a psychologist, a nutritionist, and a pharmacist in cluster visit settings of 10-18 patients/month for 6 months. Outcomes included change (from baseline) in HbA1c levels; self-reported changes in self-care practices, self-efficacy, and satisfaction; and utilization of inpatient and outpatient health care. RESULTS: After the intervention, HbA1c levels declined by 1.3% in the intervention subjects versus 0.2% in the control subjects (P < 0.0001). Several self-care practices and several measures of self-efficacy improved significantly in the intervention group. Satisfaction with the program was high. Both hospital (P = 0.04) and outpatient (P < 0.01) utilization were significantly lower for intervention subjects after the program. CONCLUSIONS: A 6-month cluster visit group model of care for adults with diabetes improved glycemic control, self-efficacy, and patient satisfaction and resulted in a reduction in health care utilization after the program.     

Effectiveness of group visits for elderly patients with type 2 diabetes in an urban community in China

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a group visit intervention in comparison with the usual care for elderly patients with type 2 diabetes in a community. We randomized 109 community elderly patients with type 2 diabetes to the intervention group (n = 55) of monthly group visits sessions or to a control group (n = 54) of usual care. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare the changes in HbA1_C, diabetes knowledge, self-efficacy, and self-management behavior in both groups. At the 6-month follow-up, although no significant difference was observed between the groups regarding HbA1_C (p = 0.272). Diabetes knowledge, self-efficacy and self-management scores were higher in patients in the intervention group than that in the control group (p < 0.05). The group visits model increased diabetes knowledge and self-efficacy and improved patients’ self-management behavior. The model was found suitable for helping these elderly patients with type 2 diabetes achieve effective self-management.     

A longitudinal analysis of efficacy expectations and exercise in older adults

The purpose of this study was to consider the longitudinal changes in self-efficacy and outcome expectations for exercise and the impact of these variables on maintaining regular exercise over a 4-year period in a group of older adults living in a continuing care retirement community. There were 78 individuals who completed all four surveys. The participants had at least a high school education, and the majority were Caucasian (99%), female (83%) and either widowed or never married (80%).The mean age of the participants was 84.4+/-5.1 years. Based on repeated measure analysis of covariance, controlling for mental and physical health, there was not a statistically significant difference in self-efficacy expectations (F = 2.0, p > .05) or outcome expectations (F = 2.2, p > .05) over time. There was a statistically significant decrease in exercise over time (F = 9.9, p < .05). Using path analysis it was demonstrated that self-efficacy expectations, outcome expectations, and physical health directly and indirectly influenced maintenance of regular exercise. Age, gender, and mental health had a limited and inconsistent influence on maintenance of exercise. Future research and clinical work should focus on developing and testing interventions that strengthen both self-efficacy and positive outcome expectations in older adults to facilitate maintenance of exercise behavior over time.     

Healthy aging demonstration project: nurse coaching for behavior change in older adults

The Healthy Aging Project (HAP) tested nurse coaching as a method to support healthy behavior change in older adults. The sample included 111 individuals randomized to a nurse coaching group or usual-care control group. Participants in the intervention group chose the health behaviors they wanted to change and received coaching by nurses in a single in-person session followed by telephone calls or email contact for 6 months. Nurses were trained in motivational interviewing (MI). The intervention group had significantly less illness intrusiveness and health distress than the control group at 6 months, although it is not known whether these health outcomes resulted from behavior changes. This clinical demonstration project showed that nurse-delivered MI, primarily using the telephone and email, is a feasible method to discuss behavioral change with older adults. However, future clinical trials will be needed to evaluate the efficacy of nurse-delivered MI on actual behavioral changes in older adults.     

国外护士主导的自我管理教育对糖尿病患者血红蛋白影响的Meta分析

目的：采用循证医学Meta分析方法定量评价护士主导的自我管理教育对糖尿病患者血红蛋白（ HbA1c）的影响。方法检索PubMed、EMBASE、Web of Science等英文数据库,全面收集有关糖尿病自我管理教育的随机对照试验研究,数据运用STATA 12.0软件进行汇总分析,采用加权均数差（weighted mean difference,WMD）及其95%可信区间（95% confidence interval,95%CI）描述关联。结果严格根据纳入和排除标准,最终共纳入33项研究,共包括8225例患者,其中干预组包括4305例糖尿病患者,对照组包括3920例糖尿病患者。 Meta分析结果显示：随访前干预组和对照组糖尿病患者的基线HbA1c差值无统计学差异,而随访结束后干预组患者HbA1c优于对照组。根据患者的不同年龄段的亚组Meta分析结果表明成人干预组患者的HbA1c优于对照组,然而在青少年与老年人两个年龄段患者的HbA1c2组间差异无统计学意义。根据糖尿病类型进行亚组分析时,结果显示干预组2型糖尿病、1型和2型糖尿病（混合型糖尿病）患者的HbA1c优于对照组,然而1型糖尿病患者的HbA1c2组间差异无统计学意义。结论现有证据表明,护士主导的自我管理教育对成年糖尿病患者、2型糖尿病患者以及混合型糖尿病患者的HbA1c干预效果更佳。     

Improving older trauma patients' outcomes through targeted occupational therapy and functional conditioning

OBJECTIVE. Hospitalized older people are at risk of functional decline, and risk increases with length of stay (LOS). We measured the impact on LOS and discharge destination of targeted occupational therapy and a functional conditioning program (FCP) for older adults admitted to a metropolitan trauma unit.METHOD. The intervention group consisted of 50 participants >65 yr old living independently in the community before admission. Outcomes were compared with historical control group data (N = 105).RESULTS. The intervention group's mean LOS was 2 days less than that of the control group (p = .04). A higher proportion in the intervention group was also discharged to home, but the difference was not statistically significant. Referrals to occupational therapy increased significantly (p = .05), and participants were seen 1.5 days sooner (p = .003) than the control group. Referral to FCP was 7 times higher in the intervention group (p = .001).CONCLUSION. Targeted occupational therapy and FCP can improve LOS in older trauma patients.     

Effectiveness of a self-efficacy program for persons with diabetes: a randomized controlled trial

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a self-efficacy program for persons with type 2 diabetes in Taiwan. A randomized controlled trial was designed (n = 145), with 72 participants in the intervention group and 73 in the control group. The participants were pretested to establish a baseline and then post-tests were undertaken 3 and 6 months after the baseline data were collected. The participants in the intervention group received the standard diabetes education program and an additional self-efficacy program. The scores for efficacy expectations, outcome expectations, and self-care activities had significantly increased in the intervention group at the 3 and 6 month follow-ups, when compared to those of the control group. A smaller proportion of the participants in the intervention group had been hospitalized or had visited an emergency room than in the control group at the 6 month follow-up. This study revealed that a self-efficacy program for diabetes was acceptable and effective in the short term in the self-management of persons with type 2 diabetes.     

Cost-Effectiveness of a Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support Intervention Led by Community Health Workers and Peer Leaders: Projections From the Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health Detroit Trial

OBJECTIVETo simulate the long-term cost-effectiveness of a peer leader (PL)–led diabetes self-management support (DSMS) program following a structured community health worker (CHW)–led diabetes self-management education (DSME) program in reducing risks of complications in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D).RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSThe trial randomized 222 Latino adults with T2D to 1) enhanced usual care (EUC); 2) a CHW-led, 6-month DSME program and 6 months of CHW-delivered monthly telephone outreach (CHW only); or 3) a CHW-led, 6-month DSME program and 12 months of PL-delivered weekly group sessions with telephone outreach to those unable to attend (CHW + PL). Empirical data from the trial and the validated Michigan Model for Diabetes were used to estimate cost and health outcomes over a 20-year time horizon from a health care sector perspective, discounting both costs and benefits at 3% annually. The primary outcome measure was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER).RESULTSOver 20 years, the CHW + PL intervention had an ICER of $28,800 and $5,900 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained compared with the EUC and CHW-only interventions, respectively. The CHW-only intervention had an ICER of $430,600 per QALY gained compared with the EUC intervention. In sensitivity analyses, the results comparing the CHW + PL with EUC and CHW-only interventions were robust to changes in intervention effects and costs.CONCLUSIONSThe CHW + PL–led DSME/DSMS intervention improved health and provided good value compared with the EUC intervention. The 6-month CHW-led DSME intervention without further postintervention CHW support was not cost effective in Latino adults with T2D.     

Comparing interventions in older unpartnered adults after myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Older adults after myocardial infarction (MI) are a vulnerable group who may benefit from interventions to improve health outcomes. The use of a peer advisor or an advanced practice nurse (APN) to provide a self-efficacy intervention is a promising method of improving health outcomes after MI. AIMS: The purpose of this paper was to compare the effect of two self-efficacy interventions, a peer advisor and an APN, to a group who received standard care after MI. METHODS: The study was a three-group randomized clinical trial with a peer advisor intervention group, an APN intervention group, and a standard care group. Outcome data were collected in the hospital after MI and by telephone at 12 weeks after hospital discharge, after the interventions were completed. RESULTS: At 12 weeks after MI, there were no significant differences between the 3 groups in health outcomes. There were similar changes in self-efficacy for performing recovery behaviors, the actual performance of recovery behavior, physical and mental health across both intervention groups and the standard care group. CONCLUSIONS: Although the data did not validate the benefits of these self-efficacy interventions, future efforts at identifying changes in health outcomes may need to use more discrete measurements that are more sensitive to changes in the older unpartnered adult after an MI.     

规范化疼痛评估及同伴教育在癌痛患者中的应用

目的探讨规范化疼痛评估及同伴教育对癌痛患者自我效能感、生活质量和疼痛控制效果的影响。方法采用便利抽样法,选取河南省肿瘤医院于2019年1月—2020年1月收治的癌症住院患者162例作为研究对象,以患者病房尾号单双数为依据分为观察组(n=82)和对照组(n=80)。对照组患者接受常规健康教育及传统疼痛评估,观察组接受规范化疼痛评估及同伴教育,比较两组患者干预前后的自我效能感、生活质量、疼痛控制效果。结果干预前,两组患者的自我效能感、生活质量各维度得分及总分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。干预后,两组癌痛患者自我效能感、生活质量各维度得分及总分均高于干预前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);观察组癌痛患者自我效能感、生活质量各维度得分及总分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。观察组癌痛患者总体疼痛控制效果优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(Z=-3.721,P<0.01)。结论规范化疼痛评估及同伴教育应用于癌痛患者疼痛管理中可有效提高疼痛控制效果和自我效能感,改善生活质量。     

A feasibility study of a culturally tailored diabetes intervention for Mexican Americans

Latinos, the fastest growing minority group in the United States, are among the hardest hit by diabetes. Among Latinos, Mexican Americans have the highest rate (23.9%) of diabetes. Good self-management can improve glycemic control and decrease diabetes complications but can be challenging to achieve. The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility and examine the effects of a culturally tailored intervention for Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes on outcomes of self-management. The study used a pretest/posttest control group design with 10 participants in each group (N = 17). Feasibility and acceptability of the tailored diabetes self-management program was assessed by examining ease of recruitment and retention rates. The behavioral outcomes of self-efficacy, diabetes knowledge and self-care measures, and the biologic outcomes of weight, body mass index, HbA1C, and blood glucose were used to examine intervention effectiveness. Successful recruitment of participants came from personal referrals from providers or the promotora. Retention rates were 100% for the intervention group and 80% for the control group. Findings suggest that the intervention had a positive clinical and statistical effect on diabetes knowledge, weight, and body mass index. Improvements were also noted in self-efficacy scores, blood glucose, and HbA1C, but these changes did not reach statistical significance. A culturally tailored diabetes self-management program may result in improved outcomes for Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes.     

Improving foot self-care behaviors with Pies Sanos

Participants who received Pies Sanos, a 15-min intervention designed to improve diabetes self-efficacy and foot self-care behaviors in adult patients with type 2 diabetes who lived in a predominantly Mexican American community, performed more-complete foot self-care 1 month later in their homes. Recruited when they presented for nonurgent care to the emergency department in two community hospitals near the U.S.-Mexico border, participants were randomized into one of three groups. At follow-up, there was a significant difference in observed foot self-care behaviors between groups, F(2, 135) = 2.99, p < .05, as well as a significant difference within the intervention, t (47) = -4.32, p < .01, and control group, t (46) = -2.06, p < .05, for baseline and follow-up self-reported foot self-care behaviors. Baseline diabetes self-efficacy was significantly and positively correlated with both baseline (r = .335, p < .001) and follow-up ( r = .174, p < .05) foot self-care behaviors.