网络成瘾者情感决策能力的对照研究

目的:探讨网络成瘾者的情感决策能力。方法:根据中文网络成瘾量表和Young的网络成瘾诊断标准筛选出网络成瘾者22人,并抽取控制组被试22人;对比两组被试罗杰斯决策任务(RDMT)、爱荷华赌博任务(IGT)和概率反转学习任务(PRT)的成绩。结果:①网络成瘾者风险决策能力与对照组无差异,但他们不确定情景下决策能力以及随刺激-奖赏可能性变化而改变选择行为的适应性决策能力明显低于对照组;②网络成瘾者决策中学习能力差于对照组;③网络成瘾者决策过程中考虑时间偏少,并具有更高的对即时奖赏的敏感性和对惩罚的耐受性。结论:网络成瘾者情感决策能力差于正常被试。     

驾驶员情绪状态对驾驶决策的Logistic回归分析

目的分析驾驶员的情绪特征对驾驶决策的预测作用。方法采用爱荷华赌博任务对驾驶员进行决策类型的分类,情绪状态量表测量驾驶员的情绪状态,通过Logistic回归分析预测情绪状态对不同决策类型驾驶员的影响。结果①积极情绪与消极情绪对不同类型的驾驶决策具有预测作用(χ2=50.639,df=2,P0.05);②驾龄、性别作为调节变量对不同类型驾驶决策具有预测作用(χ2=23.811,df=8,P0.01)。结论①在情绪状态量表中,积极情绪状态得分越高,消极情绪状态得分越低的驾驶员,决策类型是勇于冒险的可能性更大;②当考虑到性别与驾龄时,决策类型更多的受到新手消极情绪状态和女性积极情绪状态的影响。     

不同类型驾驶员对爱荷华赌博任务成绩的影响

目的:爱荷华赌博任务作为研究决策的经典任务之一,能有效的从个体决策特征角度分析影响驾驶决策的因素。方法:在借鉴以往研究成果与方法的基础上,采用多因素分析的方法对80名驾驶员进行研究。结果:1女性驾驶员驾龄在15年以上时,选择不同纸牌类型差异显著(F=2.79,P0.05),选择有利纸牌的数量多于选择不利纸牌的数量(Z53.33Z46.67);2驾龄在5年以下时,男性的不同区组得分差异极其显著(F=12.49,P0.001),区组2得分区组1得分区组3得分区组4得分区组5的得分(Z-4.2Z-2.8Z3.2Z3.5Z8.2)。结论:不同性别与驾龄驾驶员的驾驶决策在IGT中表现出不同的特征:1随着驾龄的增长,女性驾驶员的行为更趋向于保守,更容易做出规避风险决策;2新手男性驾驶员在行车过程中做出的决策更加稳定,风险意识较强;而新手女性驾驶员则更多的受到情绪的影响。     

强迫症患者在风险明确及不明确情境下的决策分离

目的:探讨强迫症(OCD)患者在风险明确及不明确情境下的决策功能。方法:对45例符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)OCD诊断标准的患者和48名性别构成、年龄、受教育年限相匹配的对照组被试进行爱荷华博弈任务(IGT)、色子任务(GDT)、连线任务(TMT)、Stroop色词任务(SCWT)和威斯康星卡片分类任务(WCST)测试,同时对OCD患者进行Yale-Brown强迫症状量表(Y-BOCS)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)和贝克抑郁量表(BDI)评定。结果:OCD组IGT净得分低于对照组(P0.05),而两组GDT净得分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组TMT、SCWT和WCST得分差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。OCD组在IGT及GDT上的净得分与发病年龄、病程、Y-BOCS、HAM A、BDI得分不相关,OCD组中接受药物治疗与没有接受药物治疗的病人的IGT和GDT净得分差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:OCD患者在风险不明确情境下决策受损,而在风险明确情境下决策未受损,即OCD患者在风险明确及不明确情境下决策出现明显的分离。     

海洛因依赖者的成瘾行为与相关因素研究

本研究对６２例自愿入院接受脱瘾治疗的海洛因依赖者的社会人口状况、用毒戒毒情况以及影响因素作半定式检查。　结果发现：１．依赖者年龄３５岁以下者居多，非婚同居者、未婚者较多。２．　尝试用毒动因主要为好奇和寻求刺激；　“吸了还想吸”和“吸毒快活”为促使吸毒行为发展的最主要原因；“愈吸愈想吸”为促使吸毒行为维持的最主要原因。３．频繁戒毒者多，既往治疗不充分，治疗未能阻止成瘾行为发展。４．导致复吸主要因渴求感；控制吸毒量主要因经济；毒友间相互影响突出。由此可见，依赖者的心理成熟度差，社会心理方面存在诸多问题，成瘾行为是毒品与躯体的、心理的、社会的因素相互作用的结果　。提出应该深入研究成瘾行为与治疗的机理，开展综合性、带有强制性的长程治疗与训练。     

海洛因依赖者执行功能的对照研究

目的:探讨海洛因依赖患者执行功能的变化情况.方法:对36例海洛因依赖患者、36例健康志愿者用木块图形测验、Stroop Test(C,CW)、威斯康星卡片分类试验(Wisconsin Card Sort Test,WCST-M)进行检测,测验结果进行对照分析.结果:海洛因依赖组木块图形总分低于正常对照;Stroop(C、CW)总时间、错误次数高于正常对照,差异有统计学显著性(P<0.01);海洛因依赖组WCST-M测验的错误总数、持续错误总数高于正常对照,分类个数低于正常对照,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).患者海洛因成瘾时间与WCST分类个数呈负相关(n=36,r=-0.39;P<0.05).结论:海洛因依赖患者大脑执行功能有一定程度的损害.     

对酒依赖者的注意-操作能力测试

目的:了解酒依赖患者注意损害情况及其相关因素.方法:对39例酒依赖患者在入院时、入院治疗六周后及45例正常人进行了连续操作试验(CPT)测试,并对测试结果进行回归分析.结果:酒依赖者的所有CPT指标均高于正常对照组,入院治疗六周后有所好转,但仍比正常人高,入院时CPT结果与血液乙醇浓度、年龄及饮酒年限有关.结论:酒依赖者注意损害广泛而严重,注意损害与饮酒有关.     

海洛因依赖者述情障碍与家庭环境特征研究

目的探讨海洛因依赖者述情障碍与家庭环境的特征及其关系。方法以自设一般情况问卷，多论多述情障碍量表（TAS）与家庭环境量表中文版（FES—CV）对165例海洛因依赖者进行测平，并与90例正常人及FES—CV常模进行比较。结果海洛因依赖者TAS各因子分及总分FES—CV中除娱乐性、独立性外的各因子与正常入群之间存在显著性差异（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。相关分析显示海洛因依赖者TAS与FES—CV的部分因子之间存在显著的相关性（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。结论海洛因依赖者在家庭环境、述情的多个方面存在明显的缺陷。述情障碍可能是成瘾群体的一种素质特征，且这种素质与不良的家庭环境密切相关。     

大学生手机依赖与冲动行为、拖延行为的相关性

目的:了解大学生手机依赖的现状及其与冲动行为、拖延行为的相关性。方法:采用整群随机抽样法,以手机依赖量表(MPAI)、冲动行为量表(BIS-11)中文版、拖延行为量表(GPS)为测量工具对南京9所高校部分学生进行调查。结果:手机依赖者占21.7%;手机依赖在年级和专业方面(F=2.929,2.390;P0.05)存在差异;手机依赖组冲动行为得分与拖延行为得分明显高于非手机依赖组(P0.001);大学生手机依赖与冲动行为、拖延行为存在正相关性(r=0.401,0.339;P0.01)。冲动行为和拖延行为能够有效预测大学生手机依赖,其预测量为17.6%。结论:手机依赖在大学生中较为普遍;冲动行为水平越高、拖延行为较明显的大学生更易产生手机依赖。     

男性酒精依赖者冲动行为与执行功能

目的 探讨男性酒精依赖者冲动行为与执行功能的相关性.方法 采用Barratt-11冲动性量表中文版(BIS-11)和威斯康星(WCST)卡片分类测验,对60例男性酒精依赖者进行测试,并与60例正常人作对照研究.结果 ①依赖组BIS-11总分和各因子分(认知因子、冲动因子、无计划因子)高于正常对照组(t=8.31,10.16,7.046,7.316;P＜0.001);②在WCST评分中,依赖组在完成第一类分类所需应答数、错误应答数、持续错误数、总应答数、持续应答数中得分明显高于对照组(t=7.751,13.254,8.370,7.578,6.159;P＜0.05),而在完成分类数中的得分低于对照组(t=-6.322,P＜0.001);③BIS总分与完成第一分类需要数、WCST的持续应答数与动机性冲动、无计划性冲动呈显著性正相关(r=0.260,0.30,0.253;P＜0.05)结论 酒精依赖者冲动行为较强烈而执行功能受到抑制.     

Sleep-dependent modulation of affectively guided decision-making

A question of great interest in current sleep research is whether and how sleep might facilitate complex cognitive skills such as decision‐making. The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) was used to investigate effects of sleep on affect‐guided decision‐making. After a brief standardized preview of the IGT that was insufficient to learn its underlying rule, participants underwent a 12‐h delay containing either a normal night’s sleep (Sleep group; N = 28) or continuous daytime wake (Wake group; N = 26). Following the delay, both groups performed the full IGT. To control for circadian effects, two additional groups performed both the preview and the full task either in the morning (N = 17) or the evening (N = 21). In the IGT, four decks of cards were presented. Draws from two ‘advantageous decks’ yielded low play‐money rewards, occasional low losses and, over multiple draws, a net gain. Draws from ‘disadvantageous’ decks yielded high rewards, occasional high losses and, over multiple draws, a net loss. Participants were instructed to win and avoid losing as much as possible, and better performance was defined as more advantageous draws. Relative to the wake group, the sleep group showed both superior behavioral outcome (more advantageous draws) and superior rule understanding (blindly judged from statements written at task completion). Neither measure differentiated the two control groups. These results illustrate a role of sleep in optimizing decision‐making, a benefit that may be brought about by changes in underlying emotional or cognitive processes.     

Decision-making and cognitive abilities: A review of associations between Iowa Gambling Task performance,executive functions,and intelligence

The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) has been used to study decision-making differences in many different clinical and developmental samples. It has been suggested that IGT performance captures abilities that are separable from cognitive abilities, including executive functions and intelligence. The purpose of the current review was to examine studies that have explicitly examined the relationship between IGT performance and these cognitive abilities. We included 43 studies that reported correlational analyses with IGT performance, including measures of inhibition, working memory, and set-shifting as indices of executive functions, as well as measures of verbal, nonverbal, and full-scale IQ as indices of intelligence. Overall, only a small proportion of the studies reported a statistically significant relationship between IGT performance and these cognitive abilities. The majority of studies reported a non-significant relationship. Of the minority of studies that reported statistically significant effects, effect sizes were, at best, small to modest, and confidence intervals were large, indicating that considerable variability in performance on the IGT is not captured by current measures of executive function and intelligence. These findings highlight the separability between decision-making on the IGT and cognitive abilities, which is consistent with recent conceptualizations that differentiate rationality from intelligence.     

Neural correlates of the impact of control on decision making in pathological gambling

Perceived control over a gambling outcome leads individuals to accept more and larger bets, increased risk-taking. Pathological gamblers, however, do not diminish risk-taking when control is absent, suggesting an illusion of control. To evaluate neural correlates of perceived control in gamblers, this study compared magnetoencephalography responses of 36 pathological (PG) and 36 non-pathological gamblers (NPG) during the Georgia Gambling Task.     

The effect of reward magnitude differences on choosing disadvantageous decks in the Iowa Gambling Task

In the Iowa Gambling Task, participants have to develop a long-term profitable monetary scenario in a situation of uncertainty and a conflict between the chance of encountering an immediate large reward (100 US dollars) in two long-term loosing decks (A and B; -250 US dollars per 10 cards) and the chance of encountering an immediate small reward (50 US dollars) in two long-term winning decks (C and D; +250 US dollars per 10 cards). The ratio of the immediate rewards in decks A/B and C/D is thus 2:1. Here, we manipulated these differences in reward magnitude between the advantageous (C/D) and disadvantageous (A/B) decks, while keeping the net gains and losses per 10 cards the same, to assess the impact of the conflict between immediate and distant pay-off on choice behaviour. Participants selected less cards from disadvantageous decks and won more money when the reward magnitude difference was decreased, A/B:C/D=1:1, while they selected more cards from disadvantageous decks and lost more money when reward magnitude differences were increased, A/B:C/D=4:1 and 6:1. This study shows that the outcome in the Iowa Gambling Task is sensitive to differences between the magnitude of immediate rewards in the advantageous and disadvantageous decks.     

Intensity dependence of auditory evoked potentials during light interference in migraine

Abnormal decision-making (DM) performance has been reported in several neurobehavioral disorders such as schizophrenia, addiction, and obsessive compulsive disorders. The exploration of DM correlates in terms of symptom formation may add more knowledge about the meanings of DM performance in schizophrenia. We examined the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and its relationship with clinical symptoms, evaluated by Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), in 40 schizophrenic patients and 20 controls. Schizophrenic patients did worse on IGT performance with a significant difference between the two groups in Net Score. PANSS positive symptoms were negatively correlated with Net Score and advantageous choices and directly with disadvantageous choices. Results suggest that persons with schizophrenia display a pattern of compromised DM related to positive symptoms.     

Interoceptive awareness moderates neural activity during decision-making

The current study examined the relationship between conscious perception of somatic feedback (interoceptive awareness) and neural responses preceding decision-making. Previous research has suggested that decision-making is influenced by body signals from the periphery or the central representation of the periphery. Using event-related fMRI, participants whose interoceptive awareness was assessed using a heartbeat perception paradigm performed the Iowa Gambling Task. The results show a positive relationship between the degree of interoceptive awareness and selection related activity in the right anterior insula and the left postcentral gyrus. Neural activity within the right anterior insula was associated with decision-making performance only in individuals with accurate but not in those with non-accurate interoceptive awareness. These findings support the role of somatic feedback in decision-making processes. They indicate that the right anterior insula holds a representation of somatic markers and that these are more strongly processed with increased interoceptive awareness.     

Enhanced cardiac perception is associated with benefits in decision-making

In the present study we provide the first empirical evidence that viscero-sensory feedback from an internal organ is associated with decision-making processes. Participants with accurate vs. poor perception of their heart activity were compared with regard to their performance in the Iowa Gambling Task. During this task, participants have to choose between four card decks. Decks A and B yield high gains and high losses, and if played continuously, result in net loss. In contrast, decks C and D yield small gains and also small losses, but result in net profit if they are selected continuously. Accordingly, participants have to learn to avoid the net loss options in favor of the net gain options. In our study, participants with good cardiac perception chose significantly more of the net gain and fewer of the net loss options. Our findings document the substantial role of visceral feedback in decision-making processes in complex situations.     

Iowa gambling task performance in euthymic bipolar I disorder: A meta-analysis and empirical study

Background

The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) has been recommended as an index of reward sensitivity, which is elevated in bipolar disorder. We conducted a meta-analysis of IGT performance in euthymic bipolar I disorder compared with control participants. Findings indicated that people with bipolar disorder make more risky choices than control participants, though the effect is small (g=0.35). It is not clear which of the many processes involved in IGT performance are involved in producing the observed group difference.

Methods

Fifty-five euthymic people with bipolar disorder and 39 control participants completed the IGT. The Expectancy Valence Model was used to examine differences in IGT. We also examined whether variation in IGT performance within the bipolar group was related to current mood, illness course, impulsivity, or demographics.

Results

Bipolar and control groups did not differ on the total number of risky choices, rate of learning, or any of the parameters of the Expectancy Valence Model. IGT performance in bipolar disorder was not related to any of the examined individual differences.

Limitations

It is possible that there are group differences that are too small to detect at our sample size or that are not amenable to study via the Expectancy Valence Model.

Conclusions

We were unable to identify group differences on the IGT or correlates of IGT performance within bipolar disorder. Though the IGT may serve as a useful model for decision-making, its structure may make it unsuitable for behavioral assessment of reward sensitivity independent of punishment sensitivity.