Comparative analysis of benign and malignant parotid gland tumors: A retrospective study of 992 patients

ObjectiveWe analyzed and compared the clinical characteristics of benign and malignant parotid gland tumors.Patients and methodsA total of 992 patients who underwent surgical treatment for parotid gland tumors from January 2010 to December 2020 were included in this study. This study population was subdivided into benign (n = 812, 81.9 %) and malignant parotid gland tumors (n = 180, 18.1 %).ResultsPleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign tumor and mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor. The patients with malignant parotid gland tumors were older than the patients with benign lesions. The duration of symptoms was longer in patients with benign parotid gland tumors compared to those with malignant lesions. The size of the malignant tumors was larger than that of the benign lesions. Preoperative fine-needle aspiration cytology had a diagnostic sensitivity of 50.3 %, diagnostic specificity of 98.7 %, a positive predictive value of 89.5 %, a negative predictive value of 89.9 %, and accuracy of 89.9 % for diagnosing malignant parotid gland tumors. For benign parotid gland tumors, superficial parotidectomy was most frequently performed, and for malignant parotid gland tumors, total parotidectomy was most frequently performed. Facial palsy was observed in 19.4 % of the patients with malignant parotid gland tumors compared to 5.4 % of those with benign tumors.ConclusionThe clinical features of benign and malignant parotid gland tumors showed differences in age, symptoms, duration of symptoms, size and site of the parotid tumors, surgical procedures, and postoperative facial nerve palsy.     

腮腺肿瘤的治疗经验及远期疗效观察

目的手术治疗腮腺肿瘤的多种方法及其远期疗效评定。方法回顾性分析我科自1997～2004年所收治的腮腺肿瘤手术患者病历资料86例,男性53例,女性33例,年龄23～84岁,中间年龄57岁。所有患者都作腮腺浅叶切除术或浅叶扩大切除术或腮腺全切除术,必要时作颈清扫术。常规术中快速冰冻和术后病理检查。术后面神经功能评定。恶性肿瘤患者辅助性根治放疗(50 Gy～70 Gy)。有效随访期36～120个月不等。结果86例腮腺肿瘤患者中良性肿瘤73例(85%),恶性肿瘤13例(15%)。8例腮腺深叶肿瘤中5例为恶性肿瘤。随访中良性肿瘤1例局部复发,局部控制率为98.6%(72/73);恶性肿瘤3年生存率为69.2% (9/13),3年原发灶局部控制率为84.6%(11/13),术后颈淋巴结转移率为23.1%(3/13)。术中快速冰冻与术后常规病理符合率为86%,腮腺良性肿瘤的面神经完好保存率为97.3%(71/73),恶性肿瘤面神经完好保存率为69.2%(9/13),总体面神经完好保存率为93%。结论腮腺浅叶切除术是常规基本术式,根据肿瘤具体情况可改变为腮腺浅叶扩大切除术或全腮腺切除术。术中应尽可能保存面神经主干及各分支,特别是颞面干。快速冰冻是腮腺手术中的有效诊断方法。腮腺深叶肿瘤恶变率高。     

Is fine needle aspiration biopsy reliable in the diagnosis of parotid tumors? Comparison of preoperative and postoperative results and the factors affecting accuracy

IntroductionFine needle aspiration biopsy is a valuable tool in preoperative evaluation of head and neck tumors. However, its accuracy in management of salivary gland tumors is debatable.ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the efficacy and the accuracy of fine needle aspiration biopsy in parotid gland tumors.MethodsPatients who underwent parotidectomy between January 2008 and June 2017 due to parotid gland tumor were examined retrospectively. Patients with both preoperative fine needle aspiration biopsy and postoperative surgical pathologies were included. Preoperative fine needle aspiration biopsy was categorized as benign, malignant or suspicious for malignancy. Surgical pathology was grouped as benign or malignant. Surgical pathology was compared with fine needle aspiration biopsy, and sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and agreement between both tests were investigated.Results217 cases were evaluated and 23 cases were excluded because the fine needle aspiration biopsy diagnosis was non-diagnostic or unavailable. 194 cases were included. The mean age of the patients was 47.5 ± 15.88 (7–82). There were 157 benign, 37 malignant cases in fine needle aspiration biopsy, 165 benign and 29 malignant cases in surgical pathology. The most common benign tumor was pleomorphic adenoma (43.3%), and malignant tumor was mucoepidermoid carcinoma (4.13%). The diagnostic accuracy for fine needle aspiration biopsy when detecting malignancy was 86.52%. Sensitivity and specificity were 68.96% and 89.63% respectively. Positive predictive value was 54.05% and negative predictive value was 94.23%. There was moderate agreement between fine needle aspiration biopsy and surgical pathology (κ = 0.52). The sensitivity was 54.54% in tumors less than 2 cm while 77.77% in larger tumors. In tumors extending to the deep lobe, sensitivity was 80%.ConclusionFine needle aspiration biopsy is an important diagnostic tool for evaluating parotid gland tumors. It is more accurate in detecting benign tumors. In tumors greater than 2 cm and extending to the deep lobe, the sensitivity of fine needle aspiration biopsy is high. The use of fine needle aspiration biopsy in conjunction with clinical and radiological evaluation may help to reduce false positive and false negative results.     

The extent of surgery for benign parotid pathology and its influence on complications: A prospective cohort analysis

Background

The surgical management of benign parotid tumors is aimed at complete extirpation of the mass with preservation of facial nerve function. There is a relative paucity of literature pertaining to complications after benign parotid surgery and related risk factors. We aim to critically review the outcomes following treatment of benign parotid pathology when surgery entailed either complete superficial parotidectomy (CSP), partial superficial parotidectomy (PSP) or extracapsular dissection (ECD).

Selective deep lobe parotid surgery for benign tumors

Conclusions: Deep-lobe tumor parotidectomy decreases the incidence of parotidectomy post-surgical complications, preserves parotid function, and has a good esthetic appearance. Objective: The existing surgical technique in the parotidectomy of deep-lobe benign tumors can be improved. Methods: Fourteen surgical operations were performed (2004–2015) for selective deep lobe parotidectomy for patients with primary benign parotid tumors. The patients with deep-lobe benign tumors were operated on with the method of superficial lobe preservation, which included methylene blue staining of the gland and intra-operative facial nerve detection. Results: During follow-up, no cases of tumor recurrence, permanent facial nerve injury, postparotidectomy depression, or Frey’s syndrome was found.     

Tumors of the parotid glands in the material of the Department of otolaryngology of the Medical Academy in Warsaw in 1986-1995

In the Department of Otolaryngology, Medical Academy in Warsaw, 332 patients were surgically treated between 1986 and 1995 because of parotid gland tumors. In 275 cases benign tumors, in 57 cases--malignant tumors were observed. The majority of benign tumors were pleomorphic adenoma (61.45%) and lymphadenoma (22.54%); the majority of malignant tumors were adenocarcinoma (28%), adenoid cystic carcinoma (21%), mucoepidermoid carcinoma (15.78%). All patients with benign tumors were surgically treated, patients with malignant tumors were operated on and irradiated. The surgical procedure used superficial parotidectomy and total parotidectomy with preservation of facial nerve where possible. Ten patients required total parotidectomy with facial nerve resection because of malignant tumors, six patients had neck dissection performed. Of the 57 patients treated on account of malignant tumors 43 survived; 14 patients died of a local recurrence or generalization neoplasm disease.     

显微镜下功能性腮腺切除术治疗腮腺良性肿瘤42例

目的 评价显微镜下功能性腮腺切除术治疗腮腺良性肿瘤的临床疗效。方法 采用显微镜下功能性腮腺切除术,治疗腮腺浅叶良性肿瘤患者42例。该术式较传统术式改良之处主要有：全程显微镜下手术直观准确;切口改良、美容;腮腺嚼肌筋膜下翻瓣;解剖保留耳大神经后支和腮腺导管;只解剖暴露面神经的部分分支;包括肿瘤在内的腮腺浅叶部分切除;胸锁乳突肌肌瓣填塞术腔等。结果 42例术后出现面神经损伤3例(7.1%),损伤均为暂时性;出现Frey综合征者1例(2.4%);发生涎瘘者0例;5例(11.9%)患者术后出现不同程度的耳垂和耳郭背部皮肤感觉减弱;术后局部凹陷不明显,患者对颜面部外观满意。术后随访1～5年,未见肿瘤复发。结论 显微镜下功能性腮腺切除术治疗腮腺良性肿瘤,既降低手术并发症发生率,又可取得良好美容效果。     

Comprehensive analysis of parotid mass: A retrospective study of 369 cases

Objective

To present the results of patients who underwent superficial or total parotidectomy because of parotid gland tumors in our tertiary care clinic.

Pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland in children

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the presentation, imaging characteristics and treatment outcome of pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid in the pediatric population. DESIGN: Retrospective study with institutional review board approval. SETTING: Tertiary care pediatric medical center. METHODS: An extensive review of medical records with regard to presentation, imaging, histopathology, complication, recurrence and prognosis on patients 18 years or younger presenting from 1983 to 2005. RESULTS: Eleven patients (six females, five males) were identified. The most common presentation was an asymptomatic mass. Preoperative imaging was done on nine patients: MRI (N=6), CT (N=3), ultrasound (N=2), and sialogram (N=1). Initial treatments included: superficial parotidectomy (N=5), total parotidectomy (N=3), excisional biopsy followed by superficial parotidectomy (N=2), and excisional biopsy (N=1). There were two recurrences (18%); one presenting 7 months following excisional biopsy who underwent superficial parotidectomy and one occurred 3 years following total parotidectomy requiring revision parotidectomy and radiation. Other complications included: transient facial nerve paresis (N=5; 45%) and permanent weakness (N=1; 9%). The patients were followed an average of 18 months. CONCLUSIONS: Pleomorphic adenoma is one of the most common tumors of the parotid in children. The most common presentation is an asymptomatic mass. A preoperative evaluation with MRI or CT scan can be helpful in determining the extent of the lesion and surgical planning. Complete excision via superficial or total parotidectomy with preservation of facial nerve is the treatment of choice. Long-term follow up is recommended, though was difficult in a tertiary care center.     

腮腺多形性腺瘤187例临床分析

目的 探讨腮腺多形性腺瘤的临床诊断、手术方式的选择及术后复发和并发症的防治。方法 对187例腮腺多形性腺瘤手术病例的临床资料进行分析,其中包膜外肿瘤切除+周围部分腮腺组织切除术86例,保留面神经的肿瘤切除+腮腺次全切除术72例,保留面神经的肿瘤切除+腮腺全切除术29例。结果 术后肿瘤复发12例,经二次手术无再复发。术后发生暂时性面瘫20例,其中颊支面瘫6例,下颌缘支面瘫10例,颧支、颊支、下颌缘支面瘫者4例,经激素、神经营养药、中医理疗等处理,面神经麻痹超过6个月且不能完全恢复者为永久性面瘫。本组永久性面瘫2例;出现涎瘘15例,Frey综合征36例。结论 腮腺多形性腺瘤的最后确诊必须依赖病理检查,以包膜外切除整个肿瘤,术中冰冻切片最为妥当,其手术方式的选择应根据肿瘤的大小、位置、与面神经的关系等来决定,术中面神经解剖是手术的关键,既能有效控制肿瘤的复发又能尽量避免并发症是手术的要点。     

Recurrent benign pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland: Facial nerve identification and risk factors for facial nerve paralysis at re-operation

ObjectiveSurgery for recurrent pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland is challenging since there is a considerable risk of facial nerve injury and a high re-recurrence rate. We investigated surgery for recurrent pleomorphic adenoma, focusing on management of the facial nerve.MethodsWe reviewed 29 patients who underwent surgery for recurrent benign pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland at our department between 1999 and 2018. We examined clinicopathologic features and risk factors for facial nerve injury during reoperation.ResultsFactors associated with difficulty in identifying the main trunk of the facial nerve during surgery were bilobar tumors, multiple tumors, and use of an S-shaped skin incision at the previous operation. When the facial nerve was identified intraoperatively, it could be preserved in 2/3 of patients, while the nerve was only preserved in 1/3 of patients when it was not identified. Factors related to permanent postoperative paralysis included recurrence in the deep lobe or both lobes and multiple tumors.ConclusionThe probability of successfully preserving the facial nerve is relatively high if the nerve can be identified during surgery for recurrent pleomorphic adenoma, although intentional resection is necessary in some patients. Factors associated with difficulty in identifying the facial nerve are similar to those related to permanent postoperative paralysis, including bilobar tumors and multiple tumors. In patients with recurrent pleomorphic adenoma, preservation of the facial nerve is difficult, when they may have undergone previous extensive resection or have multiple tumors requiring subtotal or more extensive resection.     

腮腺深叶肿瘤切除

目的探讨腮腺深叶肿瘤切除保存腮腺浅叶的方法，可使腮腺功能保存，颜面不对称畸形改善，减少面神经损伤和弗雷综合征的发生。方法2001-2004年北京肿瘤医院头颈外科收治腮腺肿瘤114例，其中腮腺浅叶肿瘤101例，深叶肿瘤13例，在深叶肿瘤中7例患者行保存腮腺浅叶的深叶肿瘤切除。结果经过平均3年3个月（20个月至5年）的随访，未见肿瘤复发。7例中仅1例面神经下颌缘支运动减弱，术后3个月面神经恢复正常，其他患者面神经功能正常。所有患者无弗雷综合征发生，面部外观塌陷不明显，腮腺功能正常。结论保存腮腺浅叶的腮腺深叶肿瘤切除可减少面神经损伤和弗雷综合征的发生率，使腮腺的功能和外观得到改善。     

Review of accessory parotid gland tumors: Pathologic incidence and surgical management

Objective

The current study presents our experience with accessory parotid gland masses and reviews the literature on accessory parotid tumor incidence and surgical management. Based on our results, we advocate a standard parotidectomy approach with routine facial nerve dissection at the time of excision.

Study Design

We performed a retrospective chart review and comprehensive literature review on incidence of accessory parotid gland neoplasms.

Methods

A retrospective chart review of all patients with mid-cheek masses treated by the senior author was conducted from January 2003 to January 2009. The tumor size at presentation, FNA biopsy, pathologic diagnosis, and surgical treatment were recorded for 13 patients.

Results

In the case series, 54% of lesions were benign (n = 7) and 46% were malignant (n = 6) including benign pathologies of 4 pleomorphic adenomas, 2 lymphadenitis, 1 monomorphic adenoma and malignant pathologies of 2 mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 2 B-cell lymphomas, 1 adenocarcinoma, and 1 myofibrosarcoma. Surgical intervention was performed on all patients with standard parotidectomy incision for accessory parotid mass excision after identification and tracing of facial nerve and its branches.

Conclusion

The present study provides support for a standard parotid incision with identification of the facial nerve at the time of surgical incision as this resulted in successful excision of accessory parotid tumors with favorable cosmetic results and without facial paralysis or tumor recurrence. Literature review of 152 cases of accessory parotid gland lesions, revealed a pooled incidence of 70% benign and 30% malignant.     

腮腺复发性肿瘤的手术方式及临床观察

目的探讨腮腺复发性肿瘤的病理类型、再次手术的方式及术后并发症。方法对2015~2018年我科腮腺复发性肿瘤14例患者的再次手术方式及并发症进行回顾性分析,追踪临床随访情况。结果14例患者术后复发时间半年到30年不等,7例为多形性腺瘤,其中1例恶变,其余病理包括血管性疾病、腺淋巴瘤、囊肿、木村病、腺癌等;12例为第2次手术,2例为第3次手术;10例患者行腮腺浅叶切除,4例患者行全腮腺切除,3例行放疗治疗;主要并发症为暂时性面瘫7例,持续性面瘫2例,涎瘘2例,Frey综合征1例。1例行3次手术患者复发肿瘤瘢痕组织与面神经分界不清,予以保留面神经,术后病理证实切缘为瘢痕纤维组织,未见肿瘤细胞。随访期间所有病例未见肿瘤复发。结论腮腺复发性肿瘤以多形性腺瘤最常见,再次手术建议采用浅叶或全腮腺切除,避免区域性切除,减少复发。多次手术解剖困难,神经损伤几率增加,术中可使用神经监护仪,利于神经保护。     

腮腺肿瘤手术57例临床体会

目的探讨腮腺肿瘤手术方式、手术范围与治疗效果的关系。方法对1997～2003年间面神经解剖行腮腺肿瘤切除术57例(腮腺浅叶切除术51例，全腮腺切除术6例，1例行功能性颈淋巴结清扫术，术后加放疗4例)的临床随访资料进行分析。结果腮腺浅叶切除术51例中，并发暂时性面瘫5例，持续性面瘫1例，全腮腺切除6例中，并发暂时性面瘫2例，持续性面瘫2例，无腮腺瘘及Frey综合征，随访6月～7年无复发。结论腮腺良性肿瘤应施行解剖面神经的腮腺浅叶及肿瘤切除，恶性肿瘤在面神经尚未累及时行保留面神经的腮腺广泛切除，术后辅以放疗，可以减少肿瘤复发和面瘫等并发症的发生。     

A rare case of canalicular adenoma in the parotid gland: Highlighting diagnostic limitations of fine-needle aspiration

BackgroundCanalicular adenoma is a rare, benign tumor of primarily salivary gland origin that presents mostly in the upper lip. However, there are only six reports in the English literature detailing canalicular adenoma of the parotid gland, none of which discuss discrepancy between preoperative cytology and surgical pathology. In this report, we present a rare case of parotid gland canalicular adenoma where preoperative ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (USFNA) suggested malignancy. The patient was treated with deep lobe parotidectomy due to the FNA results and her multiple comorbidities. However, her tumor may have been treated with observation alone if canalicular adenoma had been suspected prior to surgery.Main findingsA 59-year-old female with a history of heart and lung disease presented with a 1.6 cm well defined, enhancing lesion involving the superficial portion of the right parotid gland. This lesion was incidentally noted on CT angiography (CTA) of the neck and chest. The well-defined characteristics of this lesion on CT imaging suggested benign neoplasm. However, USFNA results were suggestive of a malignant parotid lesion. The patient subsequently underwent right deep lobe parotidectomy with facial nerve dissection and superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) rotational flap reconstruction. Surgical pathology and immunohistochemistry yielded a final diagnosis of benign canalicular adenoma.ConclusionsUSFNA diagnosis of CA is extremely difficult due to its low-grade neoplastic cells mimicking neoplastic cells in other benign and malignant tumors of the head and neck. FNA remains a useful tool for assessing malignancy risk, but the results always have some level of uncertainty and do not provide sufficient detail. Therefore, FNA results should be interpreted in concert with imaging and patients' medical history. Cytopathologists can also report salivary gland FNA results in a more uniform and detailed manner by utilizing the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC).     

Efficacy of modified face lift incision for the resection of benign parotid gland tumor located anteriorly or superiorly

ObjectivesThe goals of resection of benign parotid gland tumor are complete resection of lesion and preservation of the facial nerve function. Traditionally, the bayonet-shaped incision (Blair incision: BI) and the modified face lift incision (mFLI) are commonly used for parotidectomy. However, concerns exist about the adequacy of exposure and identification of the facial nerve in anterior or superior parotid lesions. The aim of this study was to compare the surgical outcomes between BI and mFLI and to evaluate the adequacy, possible indications, and limitations of mFLI for the resection of benign parotid gland tumors located anteriorly or superiorly.MethodsThis retrospective study analyzed the medical records of 175 patients with various types of benign parotid tumor who underwent partial parotidectomy via BI (97 patients) or mFLI (78 patients). Tumors were divided into five categories depending on their location: anterior, superior, inferior, middle, and deep lobe tumors. The outcomes of operation were analyzed according to tumor location between the incision types.ResultsTumor locations were not significantly different between the two groups. Transient facial palsy occurred in 23 out of 152 patients (15.1%); permanent palsy was not observed in either group. The incidence rates of facial palsy were higher among patients with superior and deep lobe tumors; in the mFLI and BI groups, proportions of superior tumors were 22.2% and 27.2%, respectively, and those of deep lobe tumors were 35.7% and 23.5%, respectively. With regard to superior and anterior tumors, the incidence rate of postoperative facial palsy was insignificantly lower in the mFLI group (10.5%) than in the BI group (18.2%).ConclusionsThere were no differences in the incidence rates of postoperative facial palsy between mFLI and BI for any tumor location. Use of the mFLI is feasible for the resection of most benign parotid tumors located anteriorly or superiorly.     

Salivary gland neoplasms in children.

Of 29 patients, aged 3 to 16 years, with nonvasoformative salivary gland tumors, 21 had malignant tumors. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma was the most common; adenocarcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and acinic cell carcinoma were equally represented. Pleomorphic adenoma was the exclusive benign lesion, occurring in eight patients. Mean follow-up for patients with malignant lesions was 13.6 years (minimum, 3.5 years). Absolute 2- and 5-year survival rates were 100% and 90%, respectively. Mean follow-up for benign lesions was 15.9 years; none recurred. Superficial or total parotidectomy is the treatment of choice for malignant parotid neoplasms. Benign parotid lesions are adequately controlled with parotidectomy based on extent of disease. Facial nerve sacrifice can often be avoided. We advocate postoperative radiotherapy for high-grade lesions or those with adverse prognostic factors, such as soft-tissue extension and perineural invasion.     

Facial nerve in recurrent benign pleomorphic adenoma.

Improvements in the treatment of benign and malignant tumors in the parotid gland have substantially reduced the incidence of recurrence. This has come about primarily be the abandonment of the enucleation techniques and the development of lateral lobectomy operation. The recurrence rate for benign mixed tumor in the parotid gland is variously reported in the ranges of 0.5% to 10%. Because the benign mixed tumor comprises approximately 65% of the tumors in this gland, this complication assumes an important and specific role. A review of this problem establishes the principles of management, extending from simple reexcision through total parotidectomy with preservation of the facial nerve, and radical parotidectomy with resection of the facial nerve and immediate nerve grafting.     

Basal cell adenoma and lymphoepithelial cyst as recurrent tumors of pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland

Basal cell adenoma of the parotid gland is a rare benign tumor. Lymphoepithelial cyst of the parotid gland is also a rare benign tumor-like lesion. We report an elderly woman, who previously underwent a removal of pleomorphic adenoma, with multiple masses in the left parotid gland. Physical, MR and intra-operative examination suggested the masses as multiple recurrences of the previous pleomorphic adenoma. A total parotidectomy with facial nerve preservation was performed. The histological examination revealed that the masses were two basal cell adenomas and one lymphoepithelial cyst. These rare tumors should be considered in the differential diagnosis of recurrent masses after a removal of pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland.