经皮肝穿胆道内支架置入术治疗恶性胆管梗阻

目的：探讨经皮肝穿胆道内支架置入术治疗恶性胆管梗阻的疗效及技术要点。方法：３５例恶性胆管梗阻采用经皮肝穿刺肝管胆道内支架置入术，其中胰头癌１３例，肝转移癌５例、肝门淋巴结转移压迫胆管７例、胆管癌１０例。结果：共置入３种４３枚金属内支架，其中８例采用双内支架，技术操作成功率１００％。术前血清总胆红素１７０．００～８６０．０ｕｍｏＩ／Ｌ，术后３１例降至１８．２～５３．６ｕｍｏＩ／Ｌ。半年以上生存率７７．１４％（２７／３５），１年以上生存率４８．５７％（１７／３５）。本组无严重并发症，轻度并发症未作特殊处理。结论：经皮肝穿胆道内支架置入术，是不能手术的恶性胆管梗阻安全、有效的治疗方法。配合动脉插管化疗可显著提高其疗效     

金属内支架姑息性治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床应用(附53例报告)

目的:研究经皮胆道金属内支架植入术姑息性治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床价值。材料和方法:53例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者在经皮胆道造影后进行了经皮胆道金属内支架植入术,共植入内支架58枚。结果:全组内支架植人的成功率98.1%(52/53);52例治疗前后血清总胆红素相差值为182±67μmol/L,P<0.005,其中总胆红素恢复正常或接近正常者39例;下降百分比750%者7例;25%～50%者3例;<5%者3例。全组30天病死率3.8%(2/53),早期并发症15.1%(8/53)。在平均随访6.9个月内,再阻塞率13.8%(4/29),4例均进行了再次介入治疗。结论:经皮金属内支架胆道植入术是姑息性治疗手术不能切除的恶性梗阻性黄疸有效方法。     

胆管内支架治疗肝门部胆管梗阻

目的 探讨肝门部胆管梗阻置入支架治疗梗阻性黄疸的可行性和操作方法.资料与方法 28例肝门部胆管梗阻患者经皮经肝穿刺,分别在左右肝管置入支架.经单侧穿刺5例,经左右肝分别穿刺23例.2枚支架并排放置21例,经第1枚支架网眼放置第2枚支架7例.结果 手术成功率100%,无与操作有关的严重的并发症发生,血胆红素术前(19.34±15.47) mg/dl,术后1周内下降为(9.75±8.21) mg/dl.生存期25～816天(平均213天).结论 通过介入手段置入胆管内支架是缓解肝门部梗阻引起的黄疸安全、有效的方法 .     

Palliative Portal Vein Stent Placement in Malignant and Symptomatic Extrinsic Portal Vein Stenosis or Occlusion

This article evaluates the results of portal vein (PV) stent placement in patients with malignant extrinsic lesions stenosing or obstructing the PV and causing symptomatic PV hypertension (PVHT). Fourteen patients with bile duct cancer (n = 7), pancreatic adenocarcinoma (n = 4), or another cancer (n = 3) underwent percutaneous transhepatic portal venous stent placement because of gastroesophageal or jejunal varices (n = 9), ascites (n = 7), and/or thrombocytopenia (n = 2). Concurrent tumoral obstruction of the main bile duct was treated via the transhepatic route in the same session in four patients. Changes in portal venous pressure, complications, stent patency, and survival were evaluated. Mean ± standard deviation (SD) gradient of portal venous pressure decreased significantly immediately after stent placement from 11.2 mmHg ± 4.6 to 1.1 mmHg ± 1.0 (P < 0.00001). Three patients had minor complications, and one developed a liver abscess. During a mean ± SD follow-up of 134.4 ± 123.3 days, portal stents remained patent in 11 patients (78.6%); stent occlusion occurred in 3 patients, 2 of whom had undergone previous major hepatectomy. After stent placement, PVHT symptoms were relieved in four (57.1%) of seven patients who died (mean survival, 97 ± 71.2 days), and relieved in six (85.7%) of seven patients still alive at the end of follow-up (mean follow-up, 171.7 ± 153.5 days). Stent placement in the PV is feasible and relatively safe. It helped to relieve PVHT symptoms in a single session.     

Effect of Stent Placement on Survival in Patients with Malignant Portal Vein Stenosis: A Propensity Score–Matched Study

ObjectivePercutaneous portal vein (PV) stent placement can be an effective treatment for symptoms associated with portal hypertension. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of PV stenting on the overall survival (OS) in patients with malignant PV stenosis.Materials and MethodsTwo groups of patients with malignant PV stenosis were compared in this retrospective study involving two institutions. A total of 197 patients who underwent PV stenting between November 2016 and August 2019 were established as the stent group, whereas 29 patients with PV stenosis who were treated conservatively between July 2013 and October 2016 constituted the no-stent group. OS was compared between the two groups before and after propensity score matching (PSM). Risk factors associated with OS were evaluated using the Cox proportional hazards model. Procedure-associated adverse events were also evaluated.ResultsThe stent group finally included 100 patients (median age, 65 [interquartile range, 58–71] years; 64 male). The no-stent group included 22 patients (69 [61–75] years, 13 male). Stent placement was successful in 95% of attempted cases, and the 1- and 2-year stent occlusion–free survival rate was 56% (95% confidence interval, 45%–69%) and 44% (32%–60%), respectively. The median stent occlusion–free survival time was 176 (interquartile range, 70–440) days. OS was significantly longer in the stent group than in the no-stent group (median 294 vs. 87 days, p < 0.001 before PSM, p = 0.011 after PSM). The 1- and 3-year OS rates before PSM were 40% and 11%, respectively, in the stent group. The 1-year OS rate after PSM was 32% and 5% in the stent and no-stent groups, respectively. Anemia requiring transfusion (n = 2) and acute thrombosis necessitating re-stenting (n = 1) occurred in three patients in the stent group within 1 week.ConclusionPercutaneous placement of a PV stent may be effective in improving OS in patients with malignant PV stenosis.     

Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Placement in Patients with Cirrhosis and Concomitant Portal Vein Thrombosis

Purpose To determine the safety and efficacy of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation in patients with liver cirrhosis complicated by thrombosed portal vein. Methods This study reviewed 15 cases of TIPS creation in 15 cirrhotic patients with portal vein thrombosis at our institution over an 8-year period. There were 2 women and 13 men with a mean age of 53 years. Indications were refractory ascites, variceal hemorrhage, and refractory pleural effusion. Clinical follow-up was performed in all patients. Results The technical success rate was 75% (3/4) in patients with chronic portal vein thrombosis associated with cavernomatous transformation and 91% (10/11) in patients with acute thrombosis or partial thrombosis, giving an overall success rate of 87%. Complications included postprocedural encephalopathy and localized hematoma at the access site. In patients with successful shunt placement, the total follow-up time was 223 months. The 30-day mortality rate was 13%. Two patients underwent liver transplantation at 35 days and 7 months, respectively, after TIPS insertion. One patient had an occluded shunt at 4 months with an unsuccessful revision. The remaining patients had functioning shunts at follow-up. Conclusion TIPS creation in thrombosed portal vein is possible and might be a treatment option in certain patients.     

Pancreatitis-Induced Extrahepatic Portal Vein Stenosis Treated by Percutaneous Transhepatic Stent Placement: a Case Report

One month after onset of an acute biliary pancreatitis, a 75-year-old man developed refractory ascites. Duplex ultrasound and CT scan revealed a focal stenosis of the extrahepatic portal vein as confirmed by transhepatic direct portography. In the same session, this stenosis, responsible for symptomatic prehepatic portal hypertension, was successfully dilated and stented and afterwards a residual pressure gradient of 1 mmHg over the stented segment was measured. One week after the stenting procedure the patient was free of ascites and control physical and biochemical examination one year later is completely normal.     

Risk Prediction for Early Biliary Infection after Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Stent Placement in Malignant Biliary Obstruction

PurposeTo establish a nomogram for predicting the occurrence of early biliary infection (EBI) after percutaneous transhepatic biliary stent (PTBS) placement in malignant biliary obstruction (MBO).Materials and MethodsIn this multicenter study, patients treated with PTBS for MBO were allocated to a training cohort or a validation cohort. The independent risk factors for EBI selected by multivariate analyses in the training cohort were used to develop a predictive nomogram. An artificial neural network was applied to assess the importance of these factors in predicting EBI. The predictive accuracy of this nomogram was determined by concordance index (c-index) and a calibration plot, both internally and externally.ResultsA total of 243 patients (training cohort: n = 182; validation cohort: n = 61) were included in this study. The independent risk factors were length of obstruction (odds ratio [OR], 1.061; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.013–1.111; P = .012), diabetes (OR, 5.070; 95% CI, 1.917–13.412; P = .001), location of obstruction (OR, 2.283; 95% CI, 1.012–5.149; P = .047), and previous surgical or endoscopic intervention (OR, 3.968; 95% CI, 1.709–9.217; P = .001), which were selected into the nomogram. The c-index values showed good predictive performance in the training and validation cohorts (0.792 and 0.802, respectively). The optimum cutoff value of risk was 0.25.ConclusionsThe nomogram can facilitate the early and accurate prediction of EBI in patients with MBO who underwent PTBS. Patients with high risk (> 0.25) should be administered more effective prophylactic antibiotics and undergo closer monitoring.     

Stent Recanalization of Chronic Portal Vein Occlusion in a Child

An 8-year-old boy with a 21/2 year history of portal hypertension and repeated bleedings from esophageal varices, was referred for treatment. The 3.5-cm-long occlusion of the portal vein was passed and the channel created was stabilized with a balloon-expandable stent; a portosystemic stent-shunt was also created. The portosystemic shunt closed spontaneously within 1 month, while the recanalized segment of the portal vein remained open. The pressure gradient between the intrahepatic and extrahepatic portal vein branches dropped from 17 mmHg to 0 mmHg. The pressure in the portal vein dropped from 30 mmHg to 17 mmHg and the bleedings stopped. The next dilation of the stent was performed 12 months later due to an increased pressure gradient; the gastroesophageal varices disappeared completely. Further dilation of the stent was planned after 2, 4, and 6 years.     

恶性梗阻性黄疸的介入治疗

目的　探讨经皮肝胆管引流和置入内支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的方法及并发症的预防。材料与方法　 130例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者接受经皮肝胆管引流 ,男 83例 ,女 47例。年龄 31～ 86岁 ,平均 6 3 .5岁。其中胆管癌 5 7例 ,转移癌 2 3例 ,肝癌 2 0例 ,胰腺癌 2 2例 ,胆囊癌 8例。结果　 97例放置了胆管支架 ,其中 2 8例因多支胆管梗阻除放置支架外还放置了引流管 ,33例单纯放置了内、外引流管。血胆红素 1周内由 2 3 .4± 16 .2mg/dl降为 15 .7± 8.8mg/dl ,肝内多发胆管梗阻胆红素下降不明显。与操作有关的并发症为感染 15例 ,3例出现败血症 ,肝功能损害 11例 ,胆管出血 2例。术后 30天内患者死亡率为 9.2 % (12 /130 )。结论　恶性梗阻性黄疸介入治疗方法简单、疗效确切 ,能延长患者的生存期。     

金属支架、内涵管治疗恶性胆管梗阻的临床疗效比较

目的比较金属支架与塑料支架(内涵管)置入术治疗恶性胆管梗阻的临床疗效.资料与方法 95例实施经皮穿肝胆总管支架置入术的恶性胆管梗阻患者,其中61例置入自膨式金属支架(支架组),34例置入10F塑料内涵管(内涵管组).所有患者均随访至死亡或至少术后1年.用Kaplan-Meier方法分析比较两组患者的生存率及支架开通率.结果支架组患者的30天死亡率(6/61,9.8%)低于内涵管组(9/34,26.5%,P＜0.05).支架组30天再阻塞率(15.0%)和并发症发生率(16.4%)均明显低于内涵管组(分别为32.4%和29.4%,P＜0.01).支架组中位开通期(230天)和中位生存期(224天)明显长于内涵管组(分别为90天和94天,P＜0.01).结论金属支架置入术治疗恶性胆管梗阻临床疗效优于内涵管置入术.     

Outcomes of Metallic Biliary Stent Insertion in Patients with Malignant Bilobar Obstruction

PurposeTo assess clinical outcomes of metal stent insertion in patients with bilobar bile duct obstruction by malignant tumors.Materials and MethodsRecords of 120 consecutive patients who underwent placement of metallic stents for palliation of malignant bilobar biliary obstruction between 1995 and 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. Single-duct stent insertion was performed in 44 patients with one liver lobe that accounted for more than 70% of total liver volume or only one patent lobar portal vein (group 1). Bilobar stent insertion was performed in 60 patients with approximately equal lobe sizes, patent lobar portal veins, or cholangitis at presentation (group 2). In 16 patients with discontiguous right anterior and posterior segmental ducts (group 3), three stents were deployed in the left lobar and right anterior and posterior segmental ducts. Overall survival, primary patency, and patient morbidity rates following stent insertion were assessed.ResultsNo significant differences in mean overall survival (group 1, 7.3 mo; group 2, 10.3 mo; group 3, 6.5 mo; P = .21) or mean primary stent patency (group 1, 4.2 mo; group 2, 5.9 mo; group 3, 3.5 mo; P = .17) were demonstrated. However, patients in group 3 were significantly more likely to require hospitalizations for cholangitis and additional invasive procedures for recurrent biliary obstruction than patients in groups 1 and 2.ConclusionsUnilobar and bilobar metal stent insertion led to similar outcomes when treatment decision was based on relative liver lobe volumes, lobar portal vein patency, and presence of cholangitis on presentation.     

Contralateral Deep Vein Thrombosis after Iliac Vein Stent Placement in Patients with May-Thurner Syndrome

Purpose

To investigate the incidence and potential causes of contralateral deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after common iliac vein (CIV) stent placement in patients with May-Thurner syndrome (MTS).

Safety and Efficacy of Percutaneous Biliary Covered Stent Placement in Patients with Malignant Biliary Hilar Obstruction; Correlation with Liver Function

Purpose

To estimate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous ePTFE-covered biliary stent placement and the relationship between underlying liver function and stent patency in patients with malignant hilar obstruction.

Materials and Methods

From March 2012 to June 2015, 41 patients [22 females, 19 males; mean age 69.8 (range 34–94) years] with malignant biliary obstruction underwent percutaneous biliary stent placement (31 patients with unilateral, 10 patients with bilateral side-by-side). Cumulative patient survival and stent patency rate curves were derived using the Kaplan–Meier method. A Cox model was used to explore the relationship between liver function and patient survival, and also biliary stent patency. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relationship between patient survival and stent patency.

Results

Technical success rate was 100 % and clinical success rate was 95 %. During follow-up, four complications occurred (two bilomas and two cases of acute cholecystitis) and were treated successfully with percutaneous drainage. No other complication occurred. Mean serum bilirubin level was 11.34 ± 7.35 mg/dL before drainage and 5.00 ± 4.83 mg/dL 2 weeks after stent placement. The median patent survival duration was 147 days (95 % CI, 69.6–224.4 days). The median stent patency duration was 101 days (95 % CI, 70.0–132.0 days). The cumulative stent patency rates at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months were 97, 57.6, 30.3, and 17.0 %, respectively. Child–Pugh score was correlated significantly with patient survival (P = 0.011) and stent patency (P = 0.007). MELD score was correlated significantly with stent patency (P = 0.044). There was a correlation between patient survival and stent patency (r = 0.778, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Percutaneous placement of ePTFE-covered biliary stent was a safe and an effective method for malignant biliary obstruction. Underlying liver function seemed to be one of the important factors affecting patient survival and stent patency, and stent patency showed statistically significant correlation with patient survival.

     

经皮经肝胆道支架治疗恶性胆道梗阻的临床分析

目的探讨胆道恶性梗阻时经皮经肝穿刺胆道镍钛记忆合金支架置入术及其临床疗效。方法18例恶性胆道梗阻患者,采用二步法在X线透视定位下共置入支架20枚。支架放置成功后,经长鞘管注入造影剂,及时了解支架膨胀情况及通畅性,最后放置外引流管。支架选用南京微创医学科技有限公司生产的镍钛记忆合金支架。术后观察病人黄疸变化情况,肝功能及血清淀粉酶变化,随访3~11个月。结果18例均一次性置入成功。支架置入后1周,血清总胆红素(STB)下降66.27%,丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)下降57.83%,天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)下降62.21%,r-谷氨酰转肽酶(r-GT)下降44.74%,血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)下降47.57%。早期并发症包括高淀粉酶血症、急性腹膜炎、胆道出血、胆漏等。晚期主要有支架移位或再狭窄。随访期间1例死于心、肺功能衰竭。结论经皮经肝穿刺胆道支架置入术治疗不能手术切除的恶性梗阻性黄疸,是一种姑息性治疗胆道恶性梗阻的有效方法。     

Comparative Study of Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Stent Placement with or without Iodine-125 Seeds for Treating Patients with Malignant Biliary Obstruction

Purpose

To prospectively evaluate safety and efficacy of biliary stent placement with iodine-125 (¹²⁵I) seeds in patients with malignant obstructive jaundice (MOJ).

经皮经肝内支架植入治疗恶性胆道梗阻(附35例报告)

目的:探讨国产金属胆道内支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的疗效和安全性。材料和方法:恶性梗阻性黄疸病人35例,均采用经皮经肝途径植入胆道支架,其中16例采用两步法植入,19例采用一步法植入,5例同时施行了左肝管的球囊扩张术。结果:支架植入后即刻造影显示支架开通良好,内引流作用显著。血清胆红素水平降至正常者21例(60%),下降超过50%但未降到正常者7例,下降未过50%者3例,无改善者3例。3例病人术后一月内死亡,16例无黄疸生存6个月以上,半年生存率53.2%,3例生存12个月以上。8例病人半年内出现支架梗阻,占23.8%。一步法和二步法两种方法植入支架的病人住院天数和总的治疗费用统计学无显著性差异。结论:国产金属胆道内支架植入疗效显著,使用安全。     

肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的金属内支架、TACE、PVC三联治疗

目的 探讨经皮穿肝门静脉内支架置入术和经皮穿刺门静脉化疗术(PVC)及经皮穿刺肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)三种方法 联合治疗肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的疗效. 资料与方法 动脉造影观察肝肿瘤血供和门静脉癌栓情况;经皮穿刺门静脉,在癌栓部位置入支架;再从门静脉和肝动脉内灌注化疗和抗肿瘤血管生长药物以及栓塞剂. 结果 本组12例中晚期患者,支架通畅时间2～22 月,中位通畅期5月.治疗后3个月、6个月、12个月、12个月以上生存率分别为91.7%(11/12)、83.3%(10/12)、50%(6/12)、25%(3/12). 结论 肝癌合并门静脉癌栓应用经皮穿肝门静脉内支架置入术、PVC术、TACE术是一种有效的联合治疗方法 .     

经皮胆管引流及支架置入术并发症分析

目的：分析经皮胆管引流与支架置入术治疗胆管狭窄的并发症及防治方法。材料与方法：本组４５例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者，８例行单纯经皮胆管引流术，２９例行胆管支架置入术，８例同时做了经皮胆管引流和支架置入。术前术后给以抗生素预防感染及止血药，镇静止痛药。结果：４５例经皮胆管引流和支架置入术者５例发生严重胆道感染，其中４例败血症，占总例数的１１％。５例中２例为单纯胆管引流，３例为胆管支架加引流者。单纯胆管支架置     

经皮穿肝经口腔双途径联合支架置入治疗胆管和十二指肠恶性梗阻

目的:探讨胆管和十二指肠恶性梗阻双途径联合支架置入介入治疗的方法和效果.方法:23 例胆管和十二指肠恶性梗阻,17例先经皮肝穿刺置入金属支架解除胆管梗阻,出现十二指肠梗阻后,再在X线透视下,经口腔置入记忆合金网状十二指肠内支架.6例因胆管与十二指肠恶性梗阻并存,先置入十二指肠内支架并同时置入胆管支架.测定术前、术后血清总胆红素水平及体重并进行t检验.结果:23例患者双途径联合支架置入成功后,术前、术后血清总胆红素水平及体重比较差异均有显著性意义(P＜0.05).十二指肠支架置入后,消化道梗阻症状迅即解除,当日即能进食,均无严重并发症发生.随访1～20个月进食情况均良好.结论:经皮肝穿经口腔双途径联合支架置入治疗胆管和十二指肠恶性梗阻是首选的有效治疗方法.