Occlusion (Part 2 of 2)

In the previous Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry's Talking with Patients, we defined occlusion and malocclusion and discussed when and why malocclusion is a concern. In this issue we will discuss the diagnosis and treatment of malocclusions.     

Characterisation of a Bioactive SiO2-CaO-CaF2-Na2O Glass Used in Composites

ObjectivesTo characterise the ion release, pH changes and apatite formation of a phosphate free bioactive glass.MethodsA SiO₂-CaO-CaF₂-Na₂O glass was synthesized by a melt route with a composition close to the reactive glass in the commercial Cention N® composite. The glass was characterized after immersion in three media: Artificial Saliva pH4 (AS4) Artificial Saliva pH7 (AS7) and in a high phosphate artificial saliva at pH6.5 (AS6.5). The pH and fluoride release were measured using a pH meter and an ion selective electrode. The concentration of Ca, P, Na and Si were measured by ICP-OES. The glass powders after immersion were characterized by FTIR, X-ray powder diffraction and ¹⁹F MAS-NMR.ResultsThe glass increased the pH in all three media. Fluoride was detected in all three media but was much higher in AS 6.5. Calcium fluoride formed in AS4 with a small amount of fluorapatite at long immersion times. Fluorapatite and calcium fluoride formed in AS7, whilst in AS6.5 fluorapatite formed.The ion concentrations in solution after immersion reflected the glass composition and the immersion media with fluorapatite being favoured by higher pHs and phosphate contents in the media.SignificanceThe results demonstrated the ability of the glass to increase the pH and to form fluorapatite in phosphate containing media. This may explain the low incidence of secondary caries found in the commercial composite. Unlike the commercial composite evidence was found for the precipitation of fluorite, which will act to reduce the release of fluoride for preventing secondary caries.     

2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate as an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2

This study evaluated the effect of different concentrations of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) on the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in vitro . Mouse gingival explants were cultured overnight in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's minimal essential medium, following which the expression of secreted enzymes was analyzed by gelatin zymography and the effects of different amounts of HEMA on enzyme activity were investigated. The gelatinolytic proteinases present in the conditioned media were characterized as being matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) by means of specific chemical inhibition. The MMPs present in the conditioned media were identified, using immunoprecipitation, as MMP-2. Three major bands were detected in the zymographic assays and were characterized, according to their respective molecular weights, into the following forms of MMP-2: zymogene (72 kDa), intermediate (66 kDa), and active (62 kDa). All forms of MMP-2 were inhibited by HEMA in a dose-dependent manner, implying that MMP-2 may be inhibited by HEMA in vivo .     

ESR investigation of ROS generated by H2O2 bleaching with TiO2 coated HAp

It is well known that clinical bleaching can be achieved with a solution of 30% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or H2O2/titanium dioxide (TiO2) combination. This study examined the hypothesis that TiO2 coated with hydroxyapatite (HAp-TiO2) can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are generated via photocatalysis using electron spin resonance (ESR). The bleaching properties of HAp-TiO2 in the presence of H2O2 can be measured using hematoporphyrin litmus paper and extracted teeth. We demonstrate that superoxides (O2(?-)) and hydroxyl radicals (HO(?)) can be generated through excitation of anatase TiO2, rutile TiO2, anatase HAp-TiO2, and rutile HAp-TiO2 in the presence of H2O2. The combination of R HAp-TiO2 with H2O2 produced the highest level of HO(?) generation and the most marked bleaching effects of all the samples. The superior bleaching effects exhibited by R HAp-TiO2 with H2O2 suggest that this combination may lead to novel methods for the clinical application of bleaching treatments.     

K2O-Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2系统牙科微晶玻璃匹配氧化铝陶瓷的初步研究

目的:研究 K₂O-Na₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂系统牙科微晶玻璃匹配氧化铝陶瓷的热处理温度制度。方法:根据氧化铝陶瓷的热膨胀系数调整K₂O-Na₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂系统牙科微晶玻璃的原材料配比,利用K₂O-Na₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂系统牙科微晶玻璃的热处理温度制度形成微晶玻璃-氧化铝陶瓷复合材料;利用偏振光显微镜和X射线衍射分析仪观察样品的形态及显微结构特性,利用材料试验机测试材料的抗压强度。结果:经过原材料组份的调整,白榴石晶粒约1.0 μm、在玻璃基质中分布均匀;微晶玻璃-氧化铝陶瓷复合材料的抗压强度为500 MPa。结论:K₂O-Na₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂系统牙科微晶玻璃的热处理温度制度适合匹配氧化铝陶瓷。     

Smad2基因MH2结构域表达载体的构建和其在大肠杆菌中的表达

目的：构建Ｓｍａｄ２基因ＭＨ２结构域原核融合表达载体,在大肠杆菌中表达ＭＨ２结构域,为制备抗ＭＨ２抗体,研究Ｓｍａｄ２基因和ＭＨ２结构域的功能奠定基础。方法：用ｐＧＥＸ－４Ｔ－２表达载体构建ｐＧＥＸ－４Ｔ－２／Ｓ２ＭＨ２原核融合表达载体,转化大肠杆菌ＤＨ５α,ＩＰＴＧ诱导表达ＧＳＴ－ＭＨ２融合蛋白,１００ｇ／ＬＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ检测表达产物。结果：重组载体转化ＤＨ５α,经ＩＰＴＧ诱导４ｈ后,在１００ｇ／ＬＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ上出现一条新的蛋白条带,相对分子质量（Ｍｒ）约为４９×１０３。结论：构建成功ｐＧＥＸ－４Ｔ－２／Ｓ２ＭＨ２融合表达载体,在大肠杆菌ＤＨ５α内表达获得ＧＳＴ－ＭＨ２融合蛋白。     

真核表达载体pIRES2-EGFP-hBMP2的构建和鉴定

目的:构建并鉴定人hBMP2基因的真核表达载体pIRES2-EGFP-hBMP2。方法:采用RT-PCR方法从人成骨肉瘤细胞中克隆hBMP2基因,连接T载体并测序正确后与真核表达载体pIRES2-EGFP连接,并进行酶切鉴定,最后将pIRES2-EGFP-hBMP2转染入HEK293细胞中,利用荧光显微镜和Western blot进行表达鉴定。结果:成功克隆了人BMP2基因,酶切鉴定和测序均正确,构建的真核表达载体pIRES2-EGFP-hBMP2能够正确表达hBMP2蛋白。结论:构建了hBMP2基因的真核表达载体pIRES2-EGFP-hBMP2,为研究该基因的功能奠定了基础。     

Identity of 1:2:1 and 2:4:2 subgingival spirochetes by DNA hybridization

A group of 1:2:1 and 2:4:2 subgingival spirochetes, well characterized by transmission electron microscopy, biochemical tests, cellular fatty acid and carbohydrate analyses, and ribotyping, was recently suggested to represent new treponemal species. The present study used DNA hybridization to examine this possibility. When DNA of a representative strain (no. 16) of the 8 1:2:1 spirochetes examined was labeled by iodination, it showed, after SI nuclease treatment, from 58 to 104% (average 76%) homology with DNA from the 1:2:1 spirochetes. 94% homology with DNA from the type strain of Treponema socranskii and of T. socranskii subsp. socranskii , i.e., ATCC 35536T, and 62% homology with DNA from T. socranskii subsp. buccale , strain ATCC 35534^T. Similarly treated DNA from a representative strain (no. 3) of 8 2:4:2 spirochetes exhibited from 90 to 105% (average 97%) homology with DNA from the 2:4:2 spirochetes, and 85% and 87% homology, respectively, with DNA from Treponema denticola strains ATCC 33520 and FDC T1. There was a negligible degree of homology between the 1:2:1 and 2:4:2 spirochetes. Thus, all the 2:4:2 spirochetes belonged to T. denticola . 1:2:1 strains with DNA homology levels >70% (5 strains) belonged to T. socranskii or T. socranskii subsp. socranskii , while those with homology levels from 58 to 63% (3 strains) most likely belonged to other subspecies of T. socranskii .