A Framework for evaluating the costs, effort, and value of nationwide health information exchange

Objective

The nationwide health information network (NHIN) has been proposed to securely link community and state health information exchange (HIE) entities to create a national, interoperable network for sharing healthcare data in the USA. This paper describes a framework for evaluating the costs, effort, and value of nationwide data exchange as the NHIN moves toward a production state. The paper further presents the results of an initial assessment of the framework by those engaged in HIE activities.

Design

Using a literature review and knowledge gained from active NHIN technology and policy development, the authors constructed a framework for evaluating the costs, effort, and value of data exchange between an HIE entity and the NHIN.

Measurement

An online survey was used to assess the perceived usefulness of the metrics in the framework among HIE professionals and researchers.

Results

The framework is organized into five broad categories: implementation; technology; policy; data; and value. Each category enumerates a variety of measures and measure types. Survey respondents generally indicated the framework contained useful measures for current and future use in HIE and NHIN evaluation. Answers varied slightly based on a respondent''s participation in active development of NHIN components.

Conclusion

The proposed framework supports efforts to measure the costs, effort, and value associated with nationwide data exchange. Collecting longitudinal data along the NHIN''s path to production should help with the development of an evidence base that will drive adoption, create value, and stimulate further investment in nationwide data exchange.     

公立医院绩效管理模式的探索与实践

随着我国社会的不断发展,公众对于医疗卫生服务质量的要求也在不断提升,公立医院绩效管理制度的实施在提高医疗服务质量与公众满意度方面已经逐渐凸显出重要作用.自政府实施＂公立医院改革＂以来,我院从实际出发,制定医院总体目标,确定绩效考核基本单元,确定工作人员类别,细化工作量.在实施过程中,严格调控综合目标,注重管理要素参与分配与二次分配,并按诊疗项目统计工作量（工作量统计到人）,扣除科室可控成本后结余效益及综合目标考核综合计奖,使我院绩效得到持续改进,调动了医务人员积极性,使得我院的社会、经济效益得到了显著提高.     

An i2b2-based,generalizable, open source,self-scaling chronic disease registry

Objective

Registries are a well-established mechanism for obtaining high quality, disease-specific data, but are often highly project-specific in their design, implementation, and policies for data use. In contrast to the conventional model of centralized data contribution, warehousing, and control, we design a self-scaling registry technology for collaborative data sharing, based upon the widely adopted Integrating Biology & the Bedside (i2b2) data warehousing framework and the Shared Health Research Information Network (SHRINE) peer-to-peer networking software.

Materials and methods

Focusing our design around creation of a scalable solution for collaboration within multi-site disease registries, we leverage the i2b2 and SHRINE open source software to create a modular, ontology-based, federated infrastructure that provides research investigators full ownership and access to their contributed data while supporting permissioned yet robust data sharing. We accomplish these objectives via web services supporting peer-group overlays, group-aware data aggregation, and administrative functions.

Results

The 56-site Childhood Arthritis & Rheumatology Research Alliance (CARRA) Registry and 3-site Harvard Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Longitudinal Data Repository now utilize i2b2 self-scaling registry technology (i2b2-SSR). This platform, extensible to federation of multiple projects within and between research networks, encompasses >6000 subjects at sites throughout the USA.

Discussion

We utilize the i2b2-SSR platform to minimize technical barriers to collaboration while enabling fine-grained control over data sharing.

Conclusions

The implementation of i2b2-SSR for the multi-site, multi-stakeholder CARRA Registry has established a digital infrastructure for community-driven research data sharing in pediatric rheumatology in the USA. We envision i2b2-SSR as a scalable, reusable solution facilitating interdisciplinary research across diseases.     

国外整合医疗典型模式对我国健康管理联合体建设的启示

随着社会人口老龄化、疾病谱的转变,以及“健康中国2030”战略规划的实施推进,我国迎来了健康中国建设新纪元,医疗联合体（医联体）向健康管理联合体（健联体）转型升级,以及健联体建设成为必然趋势。本文在整合发生的水平对国外整合医疗典型模式进行分析,从历史背景、具体措施、开展成效3方面进行介绍,汇总出其成功经验。同时结合我国卫生服务体系面临的挑战和健联体开展现状,提出如下建议：尽可能整合所有与健康相关的要素,惠及全人群,覆盖全生命周期;以基层医疗卫生机构为主体,加强人才体系建设;关注重点人群,构建跨学科团队;形成高效的医疗卫生服务提供模式;加强信息化建设;建立合理有效的激励机制。     

MEDWISE: An Innovative Public Health Information System Infrastructure

In this paper, we present MedWise, a high level design of a medical information infrastructure, and its architecture. The proposed system offers a comprehensive, modular, robust and extensible infrastructure to be used in public health care systems. The system gathers reliable and evidence based health data, which it then classifies, interprets and stores into a particular database. It creates a healthcare ecosystem that aids the medical community by providing for less error prone diagnoses and treatment of diseases. This system will be standards-compliant; therefore it would be complementary to the existing healthcare and clinical information systems. The key objective of the proposed system is to provide as much medical historical and miscellaneous data as possible about the patients with minimal consultation, thus allowing physicians to easily access Patients’ Ancillary Data (PAD) such as hereditary, residential, travel, custom, meteorological, biographical and demographical data before the consultation. In addition, the system can help to diminish problems and misdiagnosis situations caused by language barriers-disorders and misinformation. MedWise can assist physicians to shorten time for diagnosis and consultations, therefore dramatically improving quality and quantity of the physical examinations of patients. Furthermore, since it intends to supply a significant amount of data, it may be used to improve skills of students in medical education.     

社区老年人处方精简的研究进展与启示

用药安全是老年人医疗保健面临的一个主要挑战。多重用药可使老年人发生潜在不恰当用药（PIM）的可能性增加，常会引起药物间相互作用并导致药物不良事件发生，甚至会使老年人住院率、医疗费用及死亡率增加。处方精简是一种基于"以患者为中心、医患共同决策"理念的处方优化行为，旨在改善患者预后，降低与药物相关的不良事件发生率。社区是慢性病防控的"第一道防线"，社区老年患者多病共存、多重用药问题突出。社区全科医生在保证患者的用药安全方面起着至关重要的作用，并且其对患者过去和当前的健康状况、患病情况和治疗方案有着详细的了解这一优势，也有利于确保处方精简的顺利实施。然而，目前对我国社区老年人实施处方精简的相关报道较少。本研究通过阐述处方精简的定义、处方精简在社区环境下的实施过程与步骤及其干预效果，进而深入探讨处方精简对社区慢性病管理的影响与意义，以期为我国社区处方精简政策的制定及相关研究的深入开展提供参考。     

It is the lifetime that matters: public preferences over maximising health and reducing inequalities in health

Scarce healthcare resources can be allocated in many ways. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence in the UK focuses on the size of the benefit relative to costs, yet we know that there is support among clinicians and the general public for reducing inequalities in health. This paper shows how the UK general public trade-off these sometimes competing objectives, and the data we gather allow us to show the weight given to different population groups, for example, 1 extra year of life in full health to someone who would otherwise die at the age of 60 years is worth more than twice as much as an additional year of life to someone who would otherwise die at the age of 70 years. Such data can help inform the rationing decisions faced by all healthcare systems around the world.     

Core and comprehensive health care services: 4. Economic issues.

This article reviews the economic dimensions of the CMA's decision-making framework on core and comprehensive services. The framework was developed in a policy context characterized by three government objectives: reduction, reallocation and reassignment of health care resources. One economic-evaluation tool for the determination of core services is cost-effectiveness analysis. Some of the critical demand-side and supply-side considerations include the perceived value of medical services, the availability of private insurance and the supply of health care providers. The article concludes that shifting services to the private sector should not be viewed as a panacea for reducing the costs and improving the economic efficiency of the health care system, or for increasing patient access to, or the cost-effectiveness of high-quality care.     

英国按质量支付的经验及中国情境下的思考

医疗费用快速增长和医疗质量欠佳是当前中国面临的两大问题,从国际经验来看按质量支付是解决这两大问题的有效尝试。本文以英国的质量与结果框架(QOF)为典型案例,系统说明了英国按质量支付的内容、实施效果及未来走向,旨在为中国支付方式改革提供经验借鉴。本文利用政策方案分析框架,从政治、技术、经济、行政4个方面分析了中国情境下推行按质量支付的可行性,认为按质量支付在中国应用的前景良好但目前仍缺乏大范围推广的条件,未来可以先在门诊慢性病和中医药支付中试点,将按质量支付有机融入多元复合式医保支付体系并不断探索其应用领域。     

Efficiency Analysis of Integrated Public Hospital Networks in Outpatient Internal Medicine

Healthcare systems are evolving towards a complex network of interconnected services due to the increasing costs and the increasing expectations for high service levels. It is evidenced in the literature the importance of implementing management techniques and sophisticated methods to improve the efficiency of healthcare systems, especially in emerging economies. This paper proposes an integrated collaboration model between two public hospitals to reach the reduction of weighted average lead time in outpatient internal medicine department. A strategic framework based on value stream mapping and collaborative practices has been developed in real case study settled in Colombia.     

中国基层医疗卫生机构运行效率及影响因素研究

背景　基层医疗卫生机构是我国卫生服务体系的网底,承担着基本医疗和基本公共卫生服务的职责,在改善居民健康状况、降低医药费用等方面起着重要作用,目前国内关于全国性基层医疗卫生机构效率的研究较为缺乏。目的　分析我国基层医疗卫生机构运行效率,探讨基层医疗卫生机构效率的影响因素。方法　数据来源于2016年11月—2017年5月“基层医疗服务能力和质量的综合评价”项目,收集322家基层医疗卫生机构的外部特征、内部管理与技术因素、投入-产出指标等资料。采用数据包络分析计算基层医疗卫生机构的效率值,采用多元线性回归分析基层医疗卫生机构效率的影响因素,提出针对性的建议。结果　322家基层医疗卫生机构平均规模效率、纯技术效率、综合技术效率值分别为（0.79±0.23）、（0.52±0.25）、（0.42±0.26）。多元线性回归分析结果显示,地域、财政补助方式、辖区6岁以下儿童人数为基层医疗卫生机构规模效率的影响因素,地域、是否开设外科、是否使用电子病历、绩效工资主要的影响因素是否包括国家公共卫生服务达标率是基层医疗卫生机构纯技术效率的影响因素,地域、辖区6岁以下儿童人数、是否开设外科为基层医疗卫生机构综合效率的影响因素（P<0.05）。结论　财政补贴应逐渐向按服务单元付费的购买模式转变,开设临床外科可能对基层医疗卫生机构效率不利,薪酬制度的改革可提升基层医疗卫生机构效率。     

体医融合背景下的糖尿病防治：美国经验及启示

体医融合推动了糖尿病防治工作的蓬勃发展，但我国的体医融合起步较晚，目前尚存在诸多不足，探索适合我国的体医融合背景下的糖尿病防治措施至关重要。经过多年的实践探索，美国已经形成了较为全面的体医融合背景下糖尿病防治体系，对我国糖尿病防治工作的开展具有一定借鉴意义。本文介绍了美国糖尿病预防项目（DPP）的提出与实施过程，归纳了美国糖尿病防治中医疗保险福利体制、转诊合作创新模式、复合型人才培养方案、医疗和体育数据共享的体系构架，并结合我国的糖尿病防治开展现状和不足，给出了体医融合背景下我国开展糖尿病防治的建议，包括：加快DPP的发展，普及体医融合观念；深化社会保障制度改革，破除医疗保险条例的矛盾/冲突；推动体医融合模式创新，改善转诊服务的运行；填补复合型人才培养空缺，凸显人力资源竞争优势；搭建医疗和体育数据共享的"桥梁"，保障个人信息安全。     

以比较优势为导向的专科质量评价模型的构建

在系统总结国内外医疗质量管理理论和实践进展的基础上,提出以医学细分专科作为医院质量评价单元,以行业竞争优势的取得为评价导向,从患者服务质量、技术质量、管理质量三个方面选择可比较的量化指标建立以比较优势为导向的专科质量评价模型框架,并提出了分专科逐步细化、建立规范信息平台、在实际应用中不断完善等具体构建方法。     

中、英、美、加、澳五国健康医疗领域政府开放数据的现状与启示

为更好地了解健康医疗领域政府开放数据现状,从前期准备、中期实施、后期应用3个层面,从政策法规制定、开放平台建设、数据资源规模、数据开放程度及应用开发指标等方面,对中国、英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚5个国家政府开放健康医疗数据的情况进行调研与分析,并揭示其存在的问题,为我国健康医疗领域的数据开放共享提供参考。     

Improving person-centered advance care planning conversation with older people: a qualitative study of core components perceived by healthcare professionals

Objective: The non-medical needs of patients, such as values and personal preferences, are likely to be omitted from advance care planning (ACP) discussions because of a lack of readiness and awareness on the part of healthcare professionals. The aim of the present study was to identify core components perceived by multidisciplinary healthcare professionals to improve person-centered ACP conversations with older people.Methods: The study participants were healthcare professionals (physicians, nurses, and care managers) working in different cities. This qualitative study was performed online using eight individual in-depth interviews and one subsequent focus group composed of eight healthcare professionals. The interviews and focus group discussion were audio-recorded online and transcribed verbatim. The aim of the analysis of the individual in-depth interviews was to summarize the transcribed results, create a conceptual framework for person-centered ACP conversation, and provide meaningful interpretations of the focus group participant discourse. The qualitative data were then analyzed by inductive manual coding using a qualitative content analysis approach.Results: Five themes capturing the core components for successful person-centered ACP were extracted from the ideas voiced by participants: Placing highest value on patient autonomy and human life; uncovering patient’s true feelings and desires; sharing collected information on patients’ end-of-life wishes with other team members; relaying patients’ wishes to the physician; and handling conflicts among patients, relatives, and healthcare professionals.Conclusion: The results provide guidelines for the future development of novel, value-based, person-centered ACP practice for multidisciplinary healthcare professionals.     

基于扎根理论的基本公共卫生服务实施效果质性研究

背景　目前我国基本公共卫生服务项目总体实施效果较好，但实施效果仍然是政府和社会关注的焦点，合理评价实施效果及找出影响实施效果的因素，是完善基本公共卫生服务的前提和基础。目的　评价基本公共卫生服务的实施效果及影响因素，分析其存在的问题并探讨项目规划的合理性，为促进基本公共卫生服务项目的进一步完善提供支持。方法　采用目的抽样法，在天津市和平区抽取居民代表及从事基本公共卫生服务的相关工作人员共26人。针对基本公共卫生服务项目实施效果、评价及影响因素，于2017年4月采取焦点访谈法收集资料，并运用扎根理论编码分析。结果　本次研究访谈形成53个综合开放式编码并汇聚为16个主轴编码和4个核心编码，即项目先导、项目牵引、实施保障和项目结果，前三者相互联系、相互影响并共同作用于项目结果。项目结果包括受认可项目、存在问题项目、医务人员满意度、居民满意度4个主轴编码。“需求导向性-供需一致”（21次）、 “服务运行模式-团队模式”（3次）、“管理经验-妇儿时间久根基深”（5次）及“经费管理-计件拨付经费较充足”（5次）为老年人管理及妇儿管理效果良好的主要原因；“需求导向性-供需一致”和“项目考核机制”则是健康档案、健康教育、重性精神疾病患者管理及肺结核患者管理项目的实施障碍因素；“项目考核机制-指标量化要求高”（26次）、“经费管理-经费相对足实际不足”（22次）、“服务运行模式-医疗公共卫生两张皮”（10次）及“项目规划”（9次）是影响医务人员满意度的主要因素；“政策解读”（7次）、“医疗满意度”（7次）、“设备准确性”（5次）及“医务人员技术水平”（4次）是影响居民满意度的主要因素。结论　项目先导、项目牵引、实施保障3个环节是基本公共卫生服务项目有效落实的前提和保障。有关部门应以需求为导向优化项目设置，以效果指标为牵引优化项目考核，以政策落实为支撑确保项目实施，克服现有社区卫生服务中心资源条件在保障目标服务的数量和质量方面存在的困难，推进和完善基本公共卫生服务项目。     

Ideating Mobile Health Behavioral Support for Compliance to Therapy for Patients with Chronic Disease: A Case Study of Atrial Fibrillation Management

Poor patient compliance to therapy results in a worsening condition that often increases healthcare costs. In the MobiGuide project, we developed an evidence-based clinical decision-support system that delivered personalized reminders and recommendations to patients, helping to achieve higher therapy compliance. Yet compliance could still be improved and therefore building on the MobiGuide project experience, we designed a new component called the Motivational Patient Assistant (MPA) that is integrated within the MobiGuide architecture to further improve compliance. This component draws from psychological theories to provide behavioral support to improve patient engagement and thereby increasing patients’ compliance. Behavior modification interventions are delivered via mobile technology at patients’ home environments. Our approach was inspired by the IDEAS (Integrate, Design, Assess, and Share) framework for developing effective digital interventions to change health behavior; it goes beyond this approach by extending the Ideation phase’ concepts into concrete backend architectural components and graphical user-interface designs that implement behavioral interventions. We describe in detail our ideation approach and how it was applied to design the user interface of MPA for anticoagulation therapy for the atrial fibrillation patients. We report results of a preliminary evaluation involving patients and care providers that shows the potential usefulness of the MPA for improving compliance to anticoagulation therapy.     

基于OBE理念的住院医师规范化培训混合式课程体系构建

在深入分析住院医师规范化培训课程体系现状基础上，介绍中南大学湘雅医院以成果导向教育理念为指引，基于住院医师“任务、态度、职业特征”3个方面成果目标为导向，构建住院医师规范化培训混合式课程体系；并从成果设计、课程设计、课程实施、成绩记录、成果评价5个方面解析课程体系的构建流程，对进一步完善住院医师规范化培训目标、内容、方式与方法具有较大的参考价值。     

日本居家安宁疗护服务体系构建经验及其对我国的启示

21世纪的日本"少子高龄化"特征明显，发展居家安宁疗护、构建完备的居家安宁疗护服务体系，是日本卫生服务提供体制改革的重要方向。本文介绍了日本居家安宁疗护的含义与理念，以及关于居家安宁疗护服务提供机构、提供人员、提供内容及费用保障的法律规定，提示我国在条件成熟时应尽快健全安宁疗护相关立法，在卫生服务提供体系框架下实现居家安宁疗护的稳定发展，建立并强化安宁疗护过程中的协作机制，并为居家安宁疗护提供必要的经费保障，通过完善的制度设计保障老年人"居家善终"的权益。