帕金病样大鼠模型的稳定性观察

6-OHDA损毁大鼠一侧中脑黑质细胞造成偏侧帕金森病(PD)样大鼠模型,用小动物旋转行为记录仪记录阿朴吗啡诱发大鼠的旋转行为;TH免疫细胞化学染色观察中脑黑质细胞的损毁状况。连续观察10个月其旋转行为无自发性恢复;PD样模型大鼠损毁侧中脑无TH阳性细胞存在。结果表明6-OHDA损毁大鼠一侧中脑黑质细胞可造成稳定、可靠的类似PD病人病理变化的偏侧动物模型。     

帕金森病样大鼠模型的稳定性观察

6-OHDA损毁大鼠一侧中脑黑质细胞造成偏侧帕金森病(PD)样大鼠模型,用小动物旋转行为记录仪记录阿朴吗啡诱发大鼠的旋转行为;TH免疫细胞化学染色观察中脑黑质细胞的损毁状况.连续观察10个月其旋转行为无自发性恢复;PD样模型大鼠损毁侧中脑无TH阳性细胞存在.结果表明6-OHDA损毁大鼠一侧中脑黑质细胞可造成稳定、可靠的类似PD病人病理变化的偏侧动物模型.     

抗帕颗粒对帕金森病模型小鼠酪氨酸羟化酶神经元的影响

目的 探讨抗帕颗粒对1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)帕金森病(PD)模型小鼠黑质纹状体酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)阳性神经元的影响。方法 90只健康雄性C57BL/6小鼠,鼠龄8～12周,并随机分为3组,即正常对照组30只、PD模型对照组30只、PD模型干预组30只; MPTP腹腔注射(40 mg·kg^-1·d^-1×7 d)制备小鼠PD模型; 正常对照组及PD模型对照组予生理盐水1 mL·d^-1灌胃,PD模型干预组给予抗帕颗粒40 mg·kg^-1·d^-1灌胃,连续喂养4个月; 黑质纹状体切片、HE染色、免疫组织化学染色TH神经元及Western blotting检测TH蛋白的表达量。结果 ①正常对照组30只(30/30只)最终均存活,PD模型对照组4个月存活27只(27/30只),PD模型干预组4个月存活28只(28/30只); ②PD模型对照组、PD模型干预组小鼠每次注射MPTP后先有短暂兴奋[持续(7.61±2.17)min],表现为四处窜跳,随即出现全身中重度震颤,皮毛及尾巴时有竖立,活动减少,持续(24.23±3.89)min后震颤消失,随后出现活动减少; ③HE染色显示正常对照组大量褐色TH阳性细胞,PD模型对照组TH阳性细胞数明显减少,PD模型干预组TH阳性细胞数有所增加; ④免疫组织化学染色后经Imagepro-Plus 5.1系统分析,正常对照组TH阳性细胞面积为64 145 μm²,高倍镜下可见大量胞质为褐色颗粒的TH阳性细胞; PD模型对照组TH阳性细胞染色面积为40 012 μm²,高倍镜下见TH细胞数明显减少; PD模型干预组TH阳性细胞染色面积为60 952 μm²,高倍镜下见TH阳性细胞数较PD模型对照组增加; ⑤Western blotting检测显示正常对照组TH蛋白表达量与PD模型对照组和PD模型干预组比较均有明显差异(P<0.001),PD模型对照组TH蛋白表达量与PD模型干预组比较也有明显差异(P<0.05)。结论 抗帕颗粒可使PD小鼠黑质纹状体中多巴胺能神经元一定程度地减少丢失,对多巴胺能神经元的数量、形态及功能具有一定的保护作用。     

偏侧帕金森病大鼠模型的行为,免疫组化和脑微透析的实验研究

评价6-羟多巴胺(6-OHDA)损毁大鼠单侧黑质制备的偏侧帕金森病动物模型。应用6-羟多巴胺损毁SD大鼠单侧黑质制备偏侧PD鼠模型。3周后根据药物诱发试验,TH免疫组化证实模型制作成功。进一步用脑微透析技术结合HPLC-ECD在体检测PD鼠纹状体多巴胺及代谢产物含量。结果:82只大鼠中有36只阿朴吗啡(APO)诱发的旋转次数>7转/min。6-OHDA注射侧黑质DA神经末稍已绝大多数被损毁。6-OHDA损毁侧纹状体多巴胺及代谢产物明显低于健侧(P<0.05,P<0.01)。应用6-OHDA制备的偏侧PD鼠模型是PD研究的理想模型之一。     

MPTP小鼠脑沉默信息调节因子1和缺氧诱导因子-1α的表达及行为学检测

目的本研究旨在研究MPTP模型小鼠中沉默信息调节因子1(SIRT1)和缺氧诱导因子1α(HIF-1α)的表达情况以及行为学的变化。方法选用MPTP处理C57BL/6小鼠构建PD动物模型,采用行为学实验、高效液相色谱(HPLC)、免疫组化等方法检验模型的建立是否成功,并在小鼠模型中检测SIRT1和HIF-1α的表达情况。结果 MPTP处理的小鼠表现出显著的行为学异常,主要体现在自主活动减少(P0.001)、步距缩短(P0.001),且有显著运动迟缓(P0.001)。HPLC结果发现,模型组小鼠纹状体区域多巴胺(DA)及其代谢产物减少(P0.001)。免疫组化结果提示黑质区域多巴胺能神经元标志物酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)和多巴胺转运体(DAT)的表达明显下调(P0.01)。分子生物学方面,PD模型小鼠的SIRT1表达降低(P0.05),HIF-1α表达增加(P0.05)。结论 PD模型小鼠表现出明显的行为学异常,多巴胺能神经元标志物检测提示成功复制PD动物模型,同时发现模型小鼠的SIRT1/HIF-1α的表达异常,提示该信号通路可能参与了PD的疾病过程。     

沉默信息调节因子1/p53信号通路参与MPTP诱导的帕金森病小鼠多巴胺能神经元丢失

目的研究沉默信息调节因子1(SIRT1)和p53在MPTP诱导的帕金森病(PD)小鼠模型多巴胺能神经元凋亡中的可能作用。方法将健康雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为对照组、MPTP组,采用行为学方法检测行为学改变,高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测多巴胺(DA)、二羟基苯乙酸(DOPAC)和高香草酸(HVA)的含量变化,免疫荧光染色法观察两组小鼠黑质酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)阳性神经元数目的变化及SIRT1表达情况,TUNEL法观察黑质细胞凋亡情况,Western blot法检测TH、SIRT1、p53、乙酰化p53 (ac-p53)、B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因(Bcl-2)和Bax的表达情况。结果行为学结果显示MPTP组小鼠爬杆转向时间及爬杆总时间均较对照组小鼠显著延长(P 0. 01)。HPLC结果提示MPTP组的DA、DOPAC及HVA含量较对照组显著下降(P 0. 01)。免疫荧光结果显示MPTP小鼠黑质区TH阳性神经元数目及SIRT1表达较对照组均显著减少。TUNEL检测结果显示,与对照组相比,MPTP组凋亡阳性细胞数明显增多。Western blot结果显示,与对照组相比,MPTP组的TH、SIRT1、Bcl-2蛋白表达显著下降(P 0. 01),p53、ac-p53、Bax蛋白表达显著升高(P 0. 01)。结论MPTP模型小鼠行为学异常、TH阳性神经元减少、DA及其代谢产物下降提示成功复制PD动物模型,同时MPTP模型小鼠的SIRT1、p53及凋亡相关蛋白表达异常,提示该信号通路可能参与了PD的疾病过程。     

6-羟基多巴定向注射建立帕金森病大鼠模型的实验研究

目的探讨立体定向间隔注射6-羟基多巴(6-OHDA)毁损黑质致密部(SNc)和中脑腹侧被盖(VTA)建立类似于人类帕金森病(PD)中晚期的PD大鼠模型方法。方法近交系Wistar大鼠50只,脑立体定向将6-OHDA注入大鼠右侧VTA及SNc,间隔两周,对阿朴吗啡(Apo)诱发旋转后旋转不明显或无稳定左侧旋转模型再次制模,并观察大鼠行为学改变,免疫组化检测黑质多巴胺(DA)能神经元的数量以及高效液相-荧光法检测黑质纹状体中DA含量的变化。结果(1)50只大鼠中有41只经APO诱导表现为恒定左侧旋转且结果稳定,旋转圈数>210r/30min,视为成功PD大鼠模型,部分大鼠伴有震颤、活动迟缓、嗅探、觅食、竖尾等异常行为改变,并且可持续存在16周;(2)免疫组化结果:PD大鼠模型毁损侧黑质区多巴胺能神经元较对侧及对照组减少大于90%;(3)PD大鼠右侧黑质纹状体中DA含量较左侧及对照组减少90%以上。结论6-OHDA毁损SNc及VTA间隔注射法可有效建立模拟人类PD中晚期的大鼠PD模型。     

6-羟基多巴胺诱导SH-SY5Y细胞帕金森病模型中Peroxiredoxin6表达的研究

目的 应用蛋白质组学技术研究6-羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA)诱导SH-SY5Y细胞帕金森病(PD)模型中Peroxiredoxin6(Prx6)的表达变化.方法 在建立6-OHDA诱导SH-SY5Y细胞帕金森病模型的基础上,分别提取6-OHDA实验组和对照组孵育24h的细胞总蛋白,应用荧光差异双向凝胶电泳(DIGE)技术获得蛋白点的差异表达信息,运用基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱仪(MALDI-TOF MS)鉴定出差异蛋白质.结果 DIGE分析发现实验组有一个表达明显上调的差异蛋白质点(P<0.01),经质谱分析鉴定确认为Prx6.结论 6-OHDA诱导SH-SY5Y细胞的帕金森病模型中Prx6表达上调,提示PD中有氧化应激存在,Prx6上调及氧化应激可能与PD的发病机制有关.     

利福平保护MPTP所致PD小鼠中脑多巴胺能神经元凋亡的实验研究

目的观察利福平(RFP)对1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)致帕金森病(PD) C57BL小鼠模型的神经保护作用。方法用MPTP建立C57BL小鼠PD模型,在应用MPTP前或后给予RFP,通过行为学观察、Nissl染色、免疫组织化学染色,观察RFP对PD小鼠模型的行为学表现及黑质致密部(SNc)Nissl、TH、Bcl-2、caspase-3阳性细胞的影响。结果小鼠注射MPTP后出现震颤、竖尾、竖毛、运动迟缓、步态不稳、肢体僵硬,活动明显减少,同时SNc的Nissl、TH阳性细胞明显减少,Bcl-2阳性细胞有所增多,caspase-3阳性细胞明显增多；应用RFP后较MPTP组症状减轻,Nissl、TH、Bcl-2阳性细胞增多．而caspase-3阳性细胞减少；预使用RFP组作用最为明显。结论RFP对MPTP所致的PD小鼠中脑多巴胺能神经元凋亡具有保护作用。     

6-羟多巴胺帕金森病动物模型的研究

6-羟多巴胺(6-OHDA)于不同部位及不同剂量注射可以造成模拟不同阶段PD的模型鼠,其症状稳定持久,不容易出现神经元功能自行恢复,6-羟多巴胺帕金森病动物模型,为帕金森病的病因、临床药物治疗,以及黑质细胞及转基因移植治疗的研究提供了可靠实验模型。     

Neuroactive gonadal drugs for neuroprotection in male and female models of Parkinson's disease

The existence of sex differences in Parkinson's disease (PD) incidence is well documented with greater prevalence and earlier age at onset in men than in women. These reported sex differences could be related to estrogen exposure. In PD animal models, estrogen is well documented to be neuroprotective against dopaminergic neuron loss induced by neurotoxins. Using the 1-methyl 4-phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model, we showed that several compounds are neuroprotective on dopaminergic neurons including estrogen, the selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) agonist PPT as well as the G protein-coupled membrane estrogen receptor (GPER1) specific agonist G1. Accumulating evidence suggests that GPER1 could be implicated in the neuroprotective effects of estrogen, raloxifene and G1 in collaboration with ERα. We recently reported that the 5α-reductase inhibitor Dutasteride is also neuroprotective and could bring an alternative to estrogens for therapy in male. Additional studies are needed to optimize therapies with these gonadal drugs into safe personalized treatments according to sex for treatment of PD.     

New Developments in Genetic rat models of Parkinson's Disease

Preclinical research on Parkinson's disease has relied heavily on mouse and rat animal models. Initially, PD animal models were generated primarily by chemical neurotoxins that induce acute loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. On the discovery of genetic mutations causally linked to PD, mice were used more than rats to generate laboratory animals bearing PD‐linked mutations because mutagenesis was more difficult in rats. Recent advances in technology for mammalian genome engineering and optimization of viral expression vectors have increased the use of genetic rat models of PD. Emerging research tools include “knockout” rats with disruption of genes in which mutations have been causally linked to PD, including LRRK2, α‐synuclein, Parkin, PINK1, and DJ‐1. Rats have also been increasingly used for transgenic and viral‐mediated overexpression of genes relevant to PD, particularly α‐synuclein. It may not be realistic to obtain a single animal model that completely reproduces every feature of a human disease as complex as PD. Nevertheless, compared with mice with the same mutations, many genetic rat animal models of PD better reproduce key aspects of PD including progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, locomotor behavior deficits, and age‐dependent formation of abnormal α‐synuclein protein aggregates. Here we briefly review new developments in genetic rat models of PD that may have greater potential for identifying underlying mechanisms, for discovering novel therapeutic targets, and for developing greatly needed treatments to slow or halt disease progression. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society     

Current options and future possibilities for the treatment of dyskinesia and motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease

Dyskinesia and motor fluctuations affect up to 90% of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) within ten years of L-DOPA pharmacotherapy, and represent a major challenge to a successful clinical management of this disorder. There are currently two main treatment options for these complications, namely, deep brain electrical stimulation or continuous infusion of dopaminergic agents. The latter is achieved using either subcutaneous apomorphine infusion or enteric L-DOPA delivery. Some patients also benefit from the antidyskinetic effect of amantadine as an adjunct to L-DOPA treatment. Ongoing research in animal models of PD aims at discovering additional, novel treatment options that can either prevent or reverse dyskinesia and motor fluctuations. Alternative methods of continuous L-DOPA delivery (including gene therapy), and pharmacological agents that target nondopaminergic receptor systems are currently under intense experimental scrutiny. Because clinical response profiles show large individual variation in PD, an increased number of treatment options for dyskinesia and motor fluctuations will eventually allow for antiparkinsonian and antidyskinetic therapies to be tailor-made to the needs of different patients and/or PD subtypes.     

Animal Models of Parkinson’s Disease: A Gateway to Therapeutics?

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder of unknown etiology, although a complex interaction between environmental and genetic factors has been implicated as a pathogenic mechanism of selected neuronal loss. A better understanding of the etiology, pathogenesis, and molecular mechanisms underlying the disease process may be gained from research on animal models. While cell and tissue models are helpful in unraveling involved molecular pathways, animal models are much better suited to study the pathogenesis and potential treatment strategies. The animal models most relevant to PD include those generated by neurotoxic chemicals that selectively disrupt the catecholaminergic system such as 6-hydroxydopamine; 1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropiridine; agricultural pesticide toxins, such as rotenone and paraquat; the ubiquitin proteasome system inhibitors; inflammatory modulators; and several genetically manipulated models, such as α-synuclein, DJ-1, PINK1, Parkin, and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 transgenic or knock-out animals. Genetic and nongenetic animal models have their own unique advantages and limitations, which must be considered when they are employed in the study of pathogenesis or treatment approaches. This review provides a summary and a critical review of our current knowledge about various in vivo models of PD used to test novel therapeutic strategies.     

The role of environmental agents in Parkinson's disease

Experimental, clinical and epidemiological evidence indicates that exposure to environmental agents may contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The development of animal models of toxicant-induced nigrostriatal injury has furthered our understanding of mechanisms of neurodegeneration and will help us to identify compounds or classes of compounds as potential PD risk factors. Examples are rodent models utilizing the pesticides paraquat or rotenone. Important implications for PD are also likely to arise from knowledge of synergistic environmental interactions (e.g. the paraquat/maneb model), as well as relationships between exogenous and endogenous factors. In particular, the endogenous protein α-synuclein, recently linked to PD pathophysiology, could play an important role in the neurodegenerative process triggered by toxicant exposure.     

Animal models of Parkinson’s disease progression

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder whose etiology is not understood. This disease occurs both sporadically and through inheritance of single genes, although the familial types are rare. Over the past decade or so, experimental and clinical data suggest that PD could be a multifactorial, neurodegenerative disease that involves strong interactions between the environment and genetic predisposition. Our understanding of the pathophysiology and motor deficits of the disease relies heavily on fundamental research on animal models and the last few years have seen an explosion of toxin-, inflammation-induced and genetically manipulated models. The insight gained from the use of such models has strongly advanced our understanding of the progression and stages of the disease. The models have also aided the development of novel therapies to improve symptomatic management, and they are critical for the development of neuroprotective strategies. This review critically evaluates these in vivo models and the roles they play in mimicking the progression of PD.     

In vivo gene delivery for development of mammalian models for Parkinson's disease

During the last decade, identification of the genes involved in familial forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) has advanced our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development of different aspects of PD. However the available animal models still remain as the main limiting factor for the development of neuroprotective therapies that can halt the progression of the disease, through which we wish to provide a better quality of life for the PD patients. Here, we review the recently developed animal models based on overexpression of PD-associated genes using recombinant viral vectors. Recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors, in particular, have been very useful in targeting the nigral dopamine neurons both in the rodent and the primate brain. In order to provide insights into the establishment of these models in the laboratory, we will not only give an overview of the results from these studies but also cover practical issues related to the production and handling of the viral vectors, which are critical for the successful application of this approach.     

Genetically engineered mouse models of Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, affecting more than 1% of the population over age 60. The most common feature of PD is a resting tremor, though there are many systemic neurological effects, such as incontinence and sleep disorders. PD is histopathologically identified by the presence of Lewy bodies (LB), proteinaceous inclusions constituted primarily by α-synuclein. To date, there is no effective treatment to slow or stop disease progression. To help understand disease pathogenesis and identify potential therapeutic targets, many genetic mouse models have been developed. By far the most common of these models are the wildtype and mutant α-synuclein transgenic mice, because α-synuclein was the first protein shown to have a direct effect on PD pathogenesis and progression. There are many other gene-disrupted or -mutated models currently available, which are based on genetic anomalies identified in the human disease. In addition, there are also models which examine genes that may contribute to disease onset or progression but currently have no identified causative PD mutations. These genes are part of signaling pathways important for maintaining neuronal function in the nigrostriatal pathway. This review will summarize the most commonly used of the genetic mouse models currently available for PD research. We will examine how these models have expanded our understanding of PD pathogenesis and progression, as well as aided in identification of potential therapeutic targets in this disorder.     

大鼠帕金森病模型的建立及其评价

目前越来越多的神经科学家致力于帕金森病的研究 ,并且已经建立了几种不同的动物模型 (如小鼠、大鼠和猴子模型 )。其中 ,大鼠模型应用最为广泛。本文对几种常用的大鼠帕金森病模型造模方法进行了简要的概述和评价。     

Animal models of Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a disease of an aging population and its etiology is still unknown. In vivo models are attempts to capture as many of the hallmarks of PD as possible. To this end, a number of animal models are in use. These models parallel our thinking about the etiology of PD. Thus, herein, we discuss the most popular neurotoxin animal models, 6-hydroxydopamine and MPTP as one school of thought believes that PD is the result of a toxic insult. Since several researchers think that pesticide and herbicide use can increase the risk of developing PD, we review some of the aspects of rotenone and paraquat in rodents. Furthermore, now that we know that 10% of all PD cases are genetic in nature, we discuss some of the more common genetic rodent models of PD. None of the above models captures all of the hallmarks of PD. Thus, a given model should never be used indiscriminately to investigate every question, but should instead be carefully selected on the basis of being the most suitable model for the question being asked.