胫腓骨中下段开放性骨折伴骨缺损58例治疗分析

目的探讨胫腓骨中下段开放性骨折伴骨缺损患者的治疗方法。方法2000年1月至2006年12月采用载药人工骨或者载药自体骨植入治疗胫腓骨中下段开放性骨折伴骨缺损66例,将骨折固定分为钢板、髓内针、外固定架固定,其中58例资料完整,男31例,女27例;年龄9～72岁,平均36.4岁。分别采用载药自固化磷酸钙人工骨植入（甲组）37例、自体骨伴抗生素植入（乙组）17例、带血管蒂肌皮瓣修复关闭伤口和载药自固化磷酸钙人工骨植入（丙组）4例,伤口闭合直接缝合、减张缝合加游离植皮、Ⅱ期缝合游离植皮、皮瓣转移、带血管髂骨瓣修。结果58例获得随访,随访1.2～6年,平均1.6年。甲组优23例,良11例,可2例,差1例,优良率为91%。乙组优10例,良5例,可2例,差0例,优良率为88%。丙组优0例,良1例,可1例,差2例,优良率为25%。结论采用载药自固化磷酸钙人工骨植入或自体骨伴抗生素植入治疗骨缺损均可取得较好的治疗效果,但是载药自固化磷酸钙无生物活性,骨质生长较自体骨植入慢,且价格较贵。自体骨植入多取自髂骨,骨折生长快、效果好,但同时增加新损伤和感染的可能,而且受到骨量的限制。     

载药自固化磷酸钙人工骨治疗慢性骨髓炎

目的 探讨载药自固化磷酸钙人工骨（CPC）治疗慢性骨髓炎的临床疗效.方法 自2002年1月起,对8例慢性骨髓炎患者,行彻底清创后,一期植入载药自固化磷酸钙人工骨.结果 本组均获随访,随访时间为11～35个月,平均21.3个月,1例发生术后伤口表浅感染,随访期间均无骨髓炎复发,未见明显的全身反应,无再骨折,X线片显示,术后骨髓炎区被CPC充分填塞,随访时CPC部分降解成骨.结论 在病灶清除后,一期将载药自固化磷酸钙人工骨植入残留的感染性骨缺损是治疗慢性骨髓炎的较理想的方法.     

骨感染

20061294 载药自固化磷酸钙人工骨治疗慢性骨髓炎／陈红卫…∥中国骨与关节损伤杂志．-2005，20（10）．-673～675 自2002年1月起，对8例慢性骨髓炎患者，行彻底清创后，一期植入载药自固化磷酸钙人工骨（CPC）。结果：该组均获随访，随访时问为11-35个月，平均21．3个月，1例发生术后伤口表浅感染，随访期间均无骨髓炎复发，未见明显的全身反应，无再骨折，x线片显示，术后骨髓炎区被CPC充分填塞，随访时CPC部分降解成骨。结论：在病灶清除后，一期将载药自固化磷酸钙人工骨植入残留的感染性骨缺损是治疗慢性骨髓炎的较理想的方法。图2参10     

载药自固化磷酸钙人工骨治疗慢性骨髓炎

慢性骨髓炎临床处理颇为困难，传统方法采用分期手术，先控制感染，消灭创面，待骨髓炎静止后再修复骨缺损，故疗程长，费用高，随着观念的不断更新，摘除死骨并植骨在临床上被逐步采用。我们自2002年1月至2004年4月，对8例慢性骨髓炎患者行彻底清创后，一期植入载药自固化磷酸钙人工骨(CPC)，取得了满意的临床疗效，现报告如下。     

一期植骨外固定和灌洗修复下肢火器伤骨缺损

目的　评价一期植骨外固定和灌洗修复下肢火器伤骨缺损的疗效。方法　 1 7例下肢火器伤长骨开放粉碎性骨折伴骨缺损 ,早期彻底清创 ,一期自体髂骨瓣植骨 ,外固定架固定 ,术后给予持续灌洗、抗生素治疗。结果　 1 6例术后随访 7～ 2 4个月 ,6～ 8周有骨痂形成 ,植骨与宿主骨愈合时间平均8个月 ,无骨不愈合发生。结论　外固定架在四肢长骨火器性损伤骨缺损治疗中具有独特的优越性 ,辅以自体髂骨植骨和术后持续灌洗可以一期修复伤口污染轻、软组织缺损少的火器性损伤     

纳米羟基磷灰石复合胶原／聚乳酸材料作为克林霉素缓释载体抗感染力的实验研究

目的：探讨应用载药纳米羟基磷灰石复合胶原／聚乳酸材料（nano-hydroxyapatire／collagen／PLA,nHAC／PLA）预防感染及修复骨缺损的可行性。方法：将nHAC／PLA与克林霉素复合,制戍载药nHAC／PLA人工骨;将其置于接种有金葡菌的培养基中检测其体外及模拟体内缓释特性及抗菌活性;将其植入金葡菌污染的兔颅骨缺损区,通过细菌培养和组织病理检查评价其骨缺损修复能力及抗感染能力。结果：载药nHAC／PLA人工骨在体外持续释放高浓度抗生素;植入金葡菌污染的骨缺损后可有效预防骨感染,骨感染的发生率明显低于单纯nHAC／PLA人工骨植入组。结论：载药nHAC／PLA人工骨是伴有污染或感染骨缺损较理想的修复材料。     

载药磷酸钙骨水泥治疗慢性骨髓炎研究进展

抗生素缓释系统具有局部抗生素浓度高，全身毒副作用小，缓慢释放，持续时间长等优点，已逐渐成为治疗慢性骨髓炎的一种重要方法。载药磷酸钙骨水泥（CPC）具有药物载体和修复骨缺损的双重作用，且能诱导骨的生长并同步降解，是一种理想的安全可靠的抗生素缓释载体材料。在彻底病灶清除的基础上用载药CPC植入骨缺损处为治疗慢性骨髓炎的一种理想的行之有效的方法，具有操作简便、效果佳、住院时间短等优点。本文拟就载药磷酸钙骨水泥的生物特性、实验研究和临床应用等方面作一综述。     

一期病灶清除载药磷酸钙人工骨充填治疗慢性骨髓炎

目的 探讨一期病灶清除载药磷酸钙人工骨(CPC)充填治疗慢性骨髓炎的临床疗效:方法 22例慢性骨髓炎患者行彻底清创后,一期植入载药CPC.结果 22例获随访(26.3±6.5)个月,患者术后均未出现过敏或毒性反应,无皮疹或高热;随访期间均无骨髓炎复发.未见明显的全身反应,无再骨折;X线片显示植入CPC与宿主骨接触紧密,界面处未见间隙存在,骨缺损处的解剖形状完全或大部分恢复,未见脱落现象,随访期内18例患者CPC部分降解成骨.结论 在病灶清除后,载药CPC一期充填残留的感染性骨缺损治疗慢性骨髓炎可有效控制感染.     

一期骨搬移治疗胫骨开放性骨折伴骨缺损

目的探讨急诊一期行骨短缩-延长骨搬移治疗胫骨开放性骨折伴骨缺损与常规分期手术治疗的优缺点。方法随机选择胫骨开放性骨折伴骨缺损60例,分成A组（一期骨短缩延长治疗组）和B组（常规分期手术治疗组）,A组根据Ilizarov牵张成骨理论,采用可同时短缩延长型外固定架进行断端的加压短缩、干骺端的截骨延长一期修复骨缺损;B组常规一期清创外固定、二期修复骨缺损治疗,比较住院时间、手术次数、平均住院费用、平均骨愈合时间、感染概率、取髂骨植骨率、患者满意率。结果 A组住院时间、手术次数、平均住院费用、平均骨愈合时间、感染概率、取髂骨植骨率均少于B组,患者满意率高于B组。结论急诊一期骨搬移治疗胫骨开放性骨折伴骨缺损,选择合适病例,掌握好适应证,应用价值更高。     

载重组人BMP-2磷酸钙联合载抗生素磷酸钙人工骨治疗慢性骨髓炎伴骨缺损的临床研究

目的 通过与单纯载抗生素磷酸钙人工骨(calcium phosphate cement,CPC)比较,探讨载重组人BMP-2(recombinant human BMP-2,rhBMP-2)CPC联合载抗生素CPC一期治疗慢性骨髓炎伴骨缺损的疗效.方法 采用单盲、前瞻性临床随机对照试验,以2018年4月-2019年4月...     

Bone morphogenetic protein-2 compared to autologous iliac crest bone graft in the treatment of long bone nonunion

This retrospective study investigated the effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) mixed with cancellous allograft on fracture healing compared to iliac crest autograft in the treatment of long bone nonunion. Eighty-nine patients with 93 established long bone nonunions treated between January 2002 and June 2004 at a single academic Level I trauma center were evaluated. Patients with clinical and radiographic evidence of failed fracture union underwent nonunion debridement, revision of fixation, and implantation at the nonunion site of either rhBMP-2 or the standard treatment autologous iliac crest bone graft. Union rate, operative time, estimated intraoperative blood loss, hospital length of stay, and postoperative infections were recorded. Nineteen nonunions received rhBMP-2 on a specialized carrier matrix (an absorbable collagen sponge) mixed with cancellous allograft, and 74 nonunions were treated with autologous iliac crest bone graft. There was no statistical difference in the rate of healing between treatment groups (68.4% vs 85.1%, respectively; P=.09). Incidence of postoperative infection was 16.2% after autologous iliac crest bone graft and 5.3% after rhBMP-2/absorbable collagen sponge (P=.22). Iliac crest autograft was associated with longer operative procedures (257.9±93.0 vs 168.9±86.5 minutes; P=.0007) and greater intraoperative blood loss (554.6±447.8 vs 331.6±357.2 mL; P=.01). These outcomes suggest that rhBMP-2 may provide a suitable alternative to autologous iliac bone graft, with the possible advantages of shorter operative time and reduced intraoperative blood loss, and may be considered as part of the orthopedic surgeon's treatment options.     

Use of gentamicin-loaded collagen sponge in internal fixation of open fractures

Objective: To assess the outcome of immediate plate osteosynthesis via application of antibiotic impregnated collagen fleeces (gentamicin-collagen and antibiotic sponge) which gradually release antibiotic locally in the surgical treatment of open fractures presented to us 6 hours after injury. Methods: All cases were treated in our tertiary level trauma center and teaching hospital including 35 patients with open fractures who were treated by immediate open reduction and plate fixation from January 2008 to August 2010. Among them, 31 patients were available for adequate follow-up and assessment. All fractures were treated by irrigation and debridement, immediate open reduction and plate fixation along with placement of antibiotic-releasing collagen fleeces around the plate just before closure of wound. Patients were assessed to determine postoperative infection, delayed union or nonunion and development of other postoperative complications. It was hypothesized that immediate plate osteosynthesis after thorough debridement and local antibiotics would give safe and acceptable clinical results in treatment of open fractures. Results: The 31 patients with adequate final follow-up were assessed at a mean time of 40 weeks (15-160 weeks). Most fractures united primarily in an acceptable time period according to area of involvement. Local wound complications (superficial infection and skin loss) were found in 3 patients (9.67%). Deep infection was noted in 2 patients (6.45%). None of these patients needed implant removal and both fractures united in due time. Delayed union was noted in 5 patients (16.13%). No patient progressed to nonunion or implant failure in long term follow-up. Excessive scarring was developed in 2 patients (6.45%). Conclusions: Immediate plate osteosynthesis after adequate debridement and placement of collagen film eluting antibiotics locally produces excellent results regarding bone union and absence of deep infections and is a safe technique in the management of open bone injuries. These sponges can be used easily with any form of internal fixation and there is no need of second surgery for the removal of these antibiotic carriers since they are bioabsorbable. Local antibiotic-impregnated collagen sponges along with systemic antibiotics for 3 to 5 days offer promising results in open fracture management.     

Benign calcaneal bone cyst and pathologic fracture--surgical treatment with injectable calcium-phosphate bone cement (Norian): a case report

Solitary calcaneal bone cysts are uncommon. Usually they measure 1/3 to 1/2 of the calcaneal length. Symptomatic calcaneal bone cysts are generally treated with open debridement and autologous bone grafting. We report a case of a patient with a displaced intra-articular calcaneal fracture who presents with a large benign calcaneal bone cyst. This patient was treated with debridement and filling of defect with injectable calcium-phosphate bone cement (Norian) and open reduction and internal fixation of the calcaneal fracture.     

后路短节段固定联合前路病灶清除治疗腰椎结核

目的探讨后路短节段椎弓根钉系统内固定联合一期前路病灶清除植骨融合术治疗腰椎结核的临床效果。方法2005年6月-2008年9月我科共收治腰椎结核患者42例,随机分为两组。其中A组23例,采用后路短节段椎弓根钉棒系统内固定联合一期前路病灶清除植骨融合术进行治疗;B组19例采用前路钉棒系统固定联合前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定术进行治疗。分别观察两组手术时间、出血量、手术并发症、脊髓神经恢复情况,植骨融合率以及临床满意率等临床指标。结果A组平均手术时间257min,出血量726ml。B组平均手术时间211min,出血量537mL。两组在手术时间及出血量等指标上具有统计学差异(P0.05)。术中无脊髓、神经、血管损伤等严重并发症。术后随访时间6～42个月,平均18个月。两组术前脊髓神经功能受损患者术后皆有不同程度恢复。植骨融合率A组为91.3%,B组为89.5%,两组比较无显著性差异(P0.05)。临床满意率A组为95.7%,B组为68.4%,两组比较有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论后路短节段椎弓根钉系统内固定联合1期前路病灶清除植骨融合治疗腰椎结核效果良好。     

The use of BoneSource hydroxyapatite cement for traumatic metaphyseal bone void filling

OBJECTIVE: This prospective, randomized study was performed to determine whether a new, in situ setting hydroxyapatite cement is as safe or effective as autologous cancellous bone graft for the treatment of metaphyseal bone voids secondary to trauma. This was a multicenter study including Level I trauma centers and university hospitals. Thirty-eight patients who sustained an acute closed or open type I fracture of the humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, or calcaneus and had a traumatic bone void requiring grafting of the metaphyseal or cancellous bone area were enrolled. Open reduction and internal fixation of the fracture was performed with use of either autologous cancellous bone or BoneSource hydroxyapatite cement to fill traumatic metaphyseal voids. Main outcome measures included maintenance of reduction, fracture healing, pain at defect site, pain at donor site, and clinical function of the limb. RESULTS: Patients treated with BoneSource had an 83% success rate in maintaining reduction, whereas patients treated with autograft had a 67% success rate. A successful clinical outcome, as measured by a healed fracture with minimal to no pain, moderate to maximum function, and no or minor donor site complications, was seen in 69% of patients treated with BoneSource and 57% of patients treated with autograft. In patients with at least 1 year of follow-up, the overall success rate was 79% in the BoneSource group and 70% in the autograft group. CONCLUSION: BoneSource is safe and effective when used to fill traumatic metaphyseal bone voids. It is at least as good as autograft for treatment of these defects.     

自固化磷酸钙人工骨结合Septopal珠治疗创伤性骨髓炎

目的 :探讨自固化磷酸钙人工骨 (ACPC)结合Septopal珠治疗创伤性骨髓炎的临床意义。方法 :应用ACPC人工骨结合Septopal珠治疗 3 6例创伤性骨髓炎患者 ,男 2 7例 ,女 9例 ,平均年龄为 2 3 9岁 ,骨髓炎病程为 10～ 18个月。骨缺损范围 5～ 12 5cm2 。观察 :患者手术前后的全身及局部组织反应、ESR及CRP、X线摄片和CT扫描。随访时间为 13～ 2 4个月 ,平均 18 5个月。结果 :全部患者未见明显全身反应 ,3 1例局部软组织愈合好 ,窦道消除 ,X线显示ACPC与骨髓炎清除区局部骨质直接愈合 ,CT示界面处未见间隙存在 ,基本恢复骨缺损处的解剖形状。Ⅰ期治愈率为 86 1%。另 5例需要第二次清创、Septopal珠植入、ACPC载药填充的手术 ,获治愈。结论 :ACPC人工骨结合Septopal珠治疗创伤性骨髓炎具有治疗彻底、骨缺损修复好、能较好恢复负重肢体功能的优点     

Cement spacers with antibiotics for the treatment of posttraumatic infected nonunions and bone defects of the upper extremity

Treatment of patients with posttraumatic infected nonunions or highly contaminated open fractures with segmental bone loss of the long bones of the upper extremity is demanding. The use of a 2-stage reconstruction technique, being the first stage characterized by thorough debridement, copious lavage, soft tissue coverage, and placement of a cement spacer with antibiotics at the infected site, and the second stage by cement spacer removal, internal fixation, and placement of bone graft with local antibiotics, is presented. We carried out this technique in 20 cases, in 12 cases the cement was molded to fit the defect and placed as a solid interposition mass, in 3 cases it was placed lateral to the affected bone, and in the remaining 5 cases a Rush nail covered with a cement mantle was used. Follow-up averaged 18 months. All nonunions and fractures healed after an average of 5 months. Disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) score at last follow-up in nonunions averaged 14 points and 21 points in bone losses. Although generally 2 surgical procedures are needed, 1 to cure or prevent infection and another to achieve bony union, this approach for complex open fractures with segmental bone loss and for infected nonunions of the long bones of the upper extremity represents a valid treatment alternative.     

Early antibiotics and debridement independently reduce infection in an open fracture model

Most animal studies indicate that early irrigation and debridement reduce infection after an open fracture. Unfortunately, these studies often do not involve antibiotics. Clinical studies indicate that the timing of initial debridement does not affect the rate of infection but these studies are observational and fraught with confounding variables. The purpose of this study was to control these variables using an animal model incorporating systemic antibiotics and surgical treatment. We used a rat femur model with a defect which was contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus and treated with a three-day course of systemic cefazolin (5 mg/kg 12-hourly) and debridement and irrigation, both of which were initiated independently at two, six and 24?hour time points. After 14 days the bone and hardware were harvested for separate microbiological analysis. No animal that received antibiotics and surgery two hours after injury had detectable bacteria. When antibiotics were started at two hours, a delay in surgical treatment from two to six hours significantly increased the development of infection (p = 0.047). However, delaying surgery to 24 hours increase the rate of infection, but not significantly (p = 0.054). The timing of antibiotics had a more significant effect on the proportion of positive samples than earlier surgery. Delaying antibiotics to six or 24 hours had a profoundly detrimental effect on the infection rate regardless of the timing of surgery. These findings are consistent with the concept that bacteria progress from a vulnerable planktonic form to a treatment-resistant biofilm.     

Healing of segmental bone defects with granular porous hydroxyapatite augmented with recombinant human osteogenic protein-1 or autologous bone marrow.

Hydroxyapatite is a synthetic bone graft, which is used for the treatment of bone defects and nonunions. However, it is a rather inert material with no or little intrinsic osteoinductive activity. Recombinant human osteogenic protein-1 (rhOP-1) is a very potent biological agent, that enhances osteogenesis during bone repair. Bone marrow contains mesenchymal stem cells, which are capable of new bone formation. Biosynthetic bone grafts were created by the addition of rhOP-1 or bone marrow to granular porous hydroxyapatite. The performance of these grafts was tested in a sheep model and compared to the results of autograft, which is clinically the standard treatment of bone defects and nonunions. A 3 cm segmental bone defect was made in the tibia and fixed with an interlocking intramedullary nail. There were five treatment groups: no implant (n=6), autograft (n=8), hydroxyapatite alone (n=8), hydroxyapatite loaded with rhOP-1 (n=8), and hydroxyapatite loaded with autologous bone marrow (n=8). At 12 weeks, healing of the defect was evaluated with radiographs, a torsional test to failure, and histological examination of longitudinal sections through the defect. Torsional strength and stiffness of the healing tibiae were about two to three times higher for autograft and hydroxyapatite plus rhOP-1 or bone marrow compared to hydroxyapatite alone and empty defects. The mean values of both combination groups were comparable to those of autograft. There were more unions in defects with hydroxyapatite plus rhOP-1 than in defects with hydroxyapatite alone. Although the differences were not significant, histological examination revealed that there was more often bony bridging of the defect in both combination groups and the autograft group than in the group with hydroxyapatite alone. Healing of bone defects, treated with porous hydroxyapatite, can be enhanced by the addition of rhOP-1 or autologous bone marrow. The results of these composite biosynthetic grafts are equivalent to those of autograft.     

Papineau debridement,Ilizarov bone transport,and negative-pressure wound closure for septic bone defects of the tibia

Purpose

Ilizarov pioneered bone transport using a circular external fixator. Papineau described a staged technique for the treatment for infected pseudarthrosis of the long bones. This article presents a single-stage Papineau technique and Ilizarov bone transport, and postoperative negative-pressure wound dressing changes for septic bone defects of the tibia.

Materials and methods

We studied the files of seven patients (mean age, 32 years) with septic bone defects of the tibia treated with a Papineau technique and Ilizarov bone transport in a single stage, followed by postoperative negative-pressure wound dressing changes. All patients had septic pseudarthrosis and skin necrosis of the tibia. The technique included a single-stage extensive surgical debridement of necrotic bone, open bone grafting with cancellous bone autograft and bone transport, and postoperative negative-pressure wound dressing changes for wound closure. The mean time from the initial injury was 6 months (range, 4–8 months). The mean follow-up was 14 months (range, 10–17 months).

Results

All patients experienced successful wound healing at a mean of 29 days. Six patients experienced successful bone regeneration and union at the docking side at a mean of 6 months. One patient experienced delayed union at the docking site, which was treated with autologous cancellous bone grafting. Two patients experienced pin track infection, which was successfully treated with antibiotics and pin site dressing changes. All patients were able to return to their work and previous levels of activity, except one patient who had a stiff ankle joint and had to change his job. No patient experienced recurrence of infection, or fracture of the regenerated or transported bone segment until the period of this study.

Conclusion

The combined Papineau and Ilizarov bone transport technique with negative-pressure wound closure provides for successful eradication of the infection, reconstruction of the bone defect, and soft-tissue closure. A single-stage surgical treatment is feasible, without any complications.