瑞芬太尼复合氯胺酮在小儿全身麻醉中的临床应用

目的总结瑞芬太尼复合氯胺酮在小儿全身麻醉中的应用效果。方法将90例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级患儿随机分为A、B两组,每组各45例。两组均先按0.02mg/kg的剂量静脉注射咪唑安定,并单次静脉推注氯胺酮2mg/kg,之后,A组用氯胺酮95±7.8μg/kg/min静脉注射泵维持,B组用氯胺酮58±3.8μg/kg/min以及瑞芬太尼0.06±0.02μg/kg/min静脉注射泵维持。术中监测患儿血压、心率及SPO2,观察并记录术后苏醒时间。结果A、B两组患儿血压和SPO2均较平稳,B组患儿心率较术前明显减慢(p<0.05),A组患儿心率较术前明显增快(p<0.05);B组患儿术后麻醉苏醒明显快于A组(p<0.05),且术中氯胺酮用量明显少于A组(p<0.05)。结论瑞芬太尼复合氯胺酮用于小儿全身麻醉既能满足手术需要,又减少了各自用药量,缩短了麻醉苏醒时间,减少了并发症,是一种更安全的麻醉用药方式。     

学龄前儿童氯胺酮麻醉深度监测的量化研究

目的 比较学龄前儿童氯胺酮(KTM)麻醉的数量化脑电图和心率变异各指标值差异并将其量化。方法 选择学龄前小儿74例,分成A组(4-5岁)、B组(5~6岁)、C组(6-7岁),均肌注KTM 5 mg／kg,记录各指标变化,体动时静注KTM 1 mg／kg加深麻醉。结果 麻醉前A组双频谱指数(BIS)最小,而低频／高频(LF／HF)、心率变异指数(HRVI)最大(P<0.05)。肌注KTM后95％边缘频率下降,其他指标先升高后下降。3组中A组BIS最小,C组LF／HF最大(P<0.05)。切皮前C组BIS较A、B组小(P<0.05)。A、B组BIS<42时,C组BIS<33时,切皮体动发生率<20％。切皮时无体动者BIS,A、B组较C组大(P<0.05)。切皮后C组BIS、LF/HF增大较A、B组明显。术中LF佃>10时,体动反应达80％;HRVI<30时,无体动反应。结论 BIS、HRVI、LF／HF可量化,联合使用可监测KTM麻醉深度。     

不同剂量舒芬太尼在小儿术后镇痛中的应用

目的观察不同剂量舒芬太尼在小儿四肢骨折手术后静脉镇痛中的临床效果,并探讨其安全性。方法选择45例四肢骨折手术后患儿,随机分为舒芬太尼1组（S1）、舒芬太尼2组（S2）和舒芬太尼3组（S3）,每组15例。分别给予0．03ug·kg^-1·h^-1、0．04ug·kg^-1·h^-1、0．05ug·kg^-1·h^-1的舒芬太尼静脉镇痛。记录术后各时点镇痛、镇静效果评分、SpO2和不良反应的发生情况。结果镇痛效果评分：S1组各时点明显高于S2组、S1组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;镇静效果评分：S1组各时点明显低于S2组、S3组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）;三组SpO2比较无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;不良反应：S3组有2例术后出现嗜睡,与S1组、S2组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论舒芬太尼0．04ug·kg^-1·h^-1。用于小儿四肢手术后静脉镇痛更安全有效。     

纳布啡给药时机对小儿鼾症手术苏醒质量的影响

目的 探讨纳布啡给药时机对小儿鼾症手术苏醒质量的影响.方法 选取南方医科大学顺德医院2020年1月至9月收治的84例全身麻醉下行小儿鼾症手术的患者作为研究对象,根据不同给药时机分为超前镇痛组和术后镇痛组,每组42例.超前镇痛组患者于手术开始前5 min给予纳布啡(0.1 mg/kg),术后镇痛组患者于手术结束前5 mi...     

小儿体外循环鱼精蛋白中和肝素合适用量的探讨

目的为小儿体外循环患者寻找安全有效的鱼精蛋白应用剂量。方法将150例年龄在10岁以下、体重在25公斤内的先心病行心内直视手术的患儿随机分成三组,分别按0.8mg:1mg,1mg:1mg,1.2mg:1mg的比例,中和肝素,进行激活全血凝固时间测定(ACT)。结果鱼精蛋白与肝素按三种不同比值拮抗后,三组ACT值无明显差异。结论0.8:1即小剂量就可达到中和肝素的目的。     

小儿心率变异频域分析对心脏疾病的诊断价值

心率变异（HRV）是指窦性心率在一定时间内周期性改变的现象，一般可分时域分析和频域分析两部分，是反映交感一副交感神经张力及其平衡的重要指标。但儿科领域研究较少。为此，我们1994年12月～1995年4月对部分正常小儿及心肌疾病患儿进行了HRV研究，以探讨其对心肌疾患的诊断     

维生素D缺乏对学龄前期肥胖儿童心脏自主神经功能的影响

目的 研究维生素D缺乏对学龄前期肥胖儿童心脏自主神经功能的影响。方法 242例学龄前期单纯性肥胖儿童,根据血清25-羟基维生素D（VitD）水平分为VitD缺乏组（76例）、VitD不足组（83例）及VitD充足组（83例）,将3组间心率减速力（DC）、心率加速力（AC）及心率变异性（HRV）进行比较;并分别将VitD不足组和缺乏组的VitD水平与DC、AC、HRV进行相关性分析。结果 DC、相邻RR间期差值的均方根（RMSSD）、低频功率（LF）以VitD缺乏组最低（P < 0.05）,AC值以VitD缺乏组最高（P < 0.05）,其中VitD不足组的DC、RMSSD和LF低于充足组,AC值高于充足组（P < 0.05）;VitD缺乏组的RR间期总体标准差（SDNN）、高频功率（HF）低于VitD充足组（P < 0.05）。VitD缺乏组的VitD水平与DC、SDNN、SDANN、RMSSD、LF、HF呈正相关（P < 0.05）,与AC呈负相关（P < 0.05）;VitD不足组的VitD水平与AC呈负相关（r=-0.257,P < 0.05）。结论 VitD不足和缺乏的学龄前期肥胖儿童均存在心脏自主神经功能障碍,且VitD浓度越低,心脏迷走神经张力越弱。     

小剂量右美托咪定对小儿静脉全麻中氯胺酮用量的影响

目的 探讨小剂量右美托咪定能否减少小儿静脉全麻中氯胺酮的用量.方法 选择择期手术患儿40例,年龄3～12岁,体重10～35 kg,ASA Ⅰ级,随机分为观察组（D组,n=20）和对照组（M组,n =20）.D组氯胺酮1∶5稀释后缓慢静脉推注1 mg/kg,微量泵10 min一次性泵注0.4 mg/100 mL右美托咪定0.2 μg/kg（江苏恩华药业,批号：20111001）,氯胺酮维持量1 mg/kg/次.M组氯胺酮1∶5稀释后缓慢静脉推注1 mg/kg,单次静脉给予0.1 mg/kg咪达唑仑,氯胺酮维持量1 mg/kg/次.观察麻醉期HR、BP、SpO2、RR的变化,记录氯胺酮总用量,氯胺酮开始给药至停药时间,停止氯胺酮给药至患儿苏醒时间.结果 两组患儿术中SpO2、RR稳定.HR、SBP变化,与T0时比较,M组T1、T2、T3时段差异无统计学意义,T4时升高（P＜0.05）;D组T1、T2、T3时HR、SBP明显降低（P＜0.01）,T4时差异无统计学意义.组间比较,T1、T2、T3、T4时D组HR、SBP均明显低于M组（P＜0.01）.氯胺酮单位时间用量D组（3.36±1.03）mg·kg-1 h-1,M组（3.41±1.12）mg·kg-1·h-1,组间无明显差异,苏醒时间D组（19.2±2.6） min,明显短于M组的（32.1 ±3.9）min（P ＜0.01）.结论 小剂量右美托咪定不减少小儿静脉全麻时氯胺酮的用药量,呼吸稳定,心率减慢,血压下降但较稳定.     

不同剂量氯胺酮辅用丙泊酚进行小儿喉罩置入的临床应用研究

目的：探讨2 mg /kg 丙泊酚辅用氯胺酮用于小儿静脉诱导进行喉罩置入时,氯胺酮的合适剂量。方法选择择期全身麻醉手术患儿60例,采用 SPSS19.0软件将患儿按入院顺序随机分为三组：三组分别以相同速率不同剂量静脉推注氯胺酮,K1组为1 mg /kg,K2组为1.5 mg /kg,K3组为2 mg /kg,静脉推注氯胺酮后三组均以2 mg /kg 的剂量静脉推注丙泊酚,45～60 s 后置入喉罩,并对喉罩置入条件进行评分。结果 K2组以及 K3组喉罩置入的累计得分明显低于 K1组(P ＜0.05),而 K2组与 K3组之间累计得分差异无统计学意义(P ＞0.05)。结论2 mg /kg 丙泊酚在与氯胺酮伍用进行喉罩置入时,1.5 mg /kg 的氯胺酮即可提供满意条件。     

Heart Rate Variability in Children with Fontan Circulation

Heart rate variability (HRV) can be used to study cardiovascular autonomic control. This study examines HRV in children with Fontan circulation and its change over time. Thirty-four children in two groups were examined. Group A consisted of 10 patients who had undergone total cavopulmonary connection. Group B consisted of 24 healthy children/adolescents matched for gender, height, and weight. To analyze HRV parameters, all examinations included echocardiography and 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiogram. Comparing all patients and controls, there were no significant differences in HRV parameters. Analyzing subgroups of patients younger than 10 years old, two of the HRV parameters were significantly different compared to controls. For the group of patients older than 10 years, eight of the HRV parameters were significantly reduced. Most significant differences were found regarding low-frequency range (p < 0.008) and high-frequency range p < 0.008. This study confirms the finding of earlier studies that patients with Fontan circulation have a reduced HRV, and our findings indicate that there is a progressive reduction of HRV over time.     

Autonomic Changes and Heart Rate Variability in Children with Neurocardiac Syncope

This study evaluated resting autonomic function and autonomic responses to head-up tilt-table testing in children who experienced neurocardiac syncope to determine whether predictable differences existed between these patients and normal volunteers. Neurocardiac syncope is a common cause of syncope in children. The mechanism, though related to abnormalities in autonomic function, has not been fully elucidated, particularly in pediatric patients. This study evaluated resting autonomic tone using noninvasive autonomic function tests (i.e., Valsalva, handgrip, and deep breathing) and 24-hour heart rate variability (HRV). In addition, heart rate and blood pressure were evaluated during head-up tilt examination. Values from patients who experienced neurocardiac syncope were compared to those from age-matched normal volunteers. No significant differences were noted during noninvasive testing. Some time domain HRV variables demonstrated a trend toward significant difference (p < 0.10). Tilt testing data were significantly different in sinus beat to sinus beat (RR) intervals between controls and syncope patients at 2, 5, and 10 minutes after tilting. In addition, significant differences were noted in RR interval and the standard deviation of RR interval 1 or 2 minutes prior to syncope when compared to controls at 5 and 10 minutes after tilting. Children with syncope exhibited abnormalities during tilt testing indicating an increased sympathetic or decreased parasympathetic tone, particularly prior to syncope. Some measures of HRV might constitute noninvasive parameters that correlate with the positive tilt table test.     

心率变异分析在儿童心脏疾病的研究进展

心率变异性（HRV）是指心率的快慢差异,是逐个心动周期的细微时间变化及其规律。HRV分析是目前评价自主神经活性的一项无创、定量、简便易行的方法。研究表明,先天性心脏病、心肌病患儿HRV下降;心力衰竭时心脏自主神经损伤,丧失对心功能的支持和调节作用,导致心功能恶化;心律失常患儿的HRV变化与交感张力增高和副交感张力降低是一致的。     

胸骨下段小切口在低龄儿童简单先心病直视修补术中的应用

目的：报道经胸骨下段小切口修补房／室间隔缺损术式的应用经验。方法按以下标准分为两组：1.胸骨下段小切口组：2013年8月至2014年2月连续房／室间隔缺损患者32例,均经胸骨下段小切口在心脏停跳下修补房／室间隔缺损;2.常规开胸组：2012年2月至2014年2月近两年行常规开胸房／室缺手术113例,使用倾向性评分方法选出32例,使其年龄、体重、性别比例及缺损大小、主要手术类型与胸骨下段小切口组相仿,均行常规胸骨正中劈开切口,在心脏停跳下进行修补手术。收集相关病历资料,比较两组的手术时间、体外循环时间、术后机械通气时间、术后引流量及术后住院天数。结果胸骨下段小切口组与常规开胸组相比,切口长度、术后机械通气时间及术后24 h 引流量显著短于后者而手术时间、ICU 停留时间及术后住院天数无显著差异。结论经胸骨下段小切口修补房／室间隔缺损是一种安全、可靠、美观、恢复快且疼痛小的微创手术方法。     

Effect of Imipramine on Linear and Nonlinear Measures of Heart Rate Variability in Children

We investigated the effects of treatment with the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) imipramine in eight children in supine and standing postures. We used 256 seconds of real-time data for the analyses. Spectral analysis showed a significant decrease of high-frequency (HF) power (0.15–0.5 Hz), especially in the standing posture. Low frequency (LF) HF ratios were significantly higher in the standing posture after treatment, suggesting increased sympathovagal interaction. We also obtained the nonlinear measures of fractal dimension (FD), and approximate entropy (APEN). Although the FD of heart rate was significantly lower in the standing posture, APEN was significantly decreased after treatment in either posture and was the most sensitive measure in this study. These findings suggest a decreased cardiac vagal function with a relative increase in sympathetic responsiveness, which may in part be related to the cardiotoxicity of these drugs. These findings are discussed in relation to the cardiovascular side effects of TCAs.     

Normal Ranges of Heart Rate Variability During Infancy and Childhood

Heart rate variability is a noninvasive index of the neural activity of the heart. The present study examined heart rate variability indices in 210 infants and children aged 3 days to 14 years to obtain normal ranges for all age classes. Heart rate variability was measured by calculating mean RR interval over the length of the analysis, mean RR interval during quiet sleep, 5 time-domain (SDNN, SDNN-i, SDANN-i, r-MSSD, pNN50), and 4 frequency-domain (VLF, LF, HF, LF/HF ratio) indices. Our data show a significant positive correlation between all indices and the mean RR interval over the length of the analysis, except for the LF/HF ratio for which the correlation was binomial. A positive power correlation was also found between all parameters and age. The multiple correlation analysis confirmed the independent effect of age and mean RR interval on the heart rate variability. These data in a healthy pediatric population confirm a progressive maturation of the autonomic nervous system during childhood and may be utilized to examine the effects of underlying disease processes or therapeutic interventions on cardiac autonomic tone during infancy and childhood.     

Autonomic Nervous System Function in Infants and Adolescents: Impact of Autonomic Tests on Heart Rate Variability

Measurement of heart rate variability (HRV) shows information on the functional state of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). In adults there are standardized autonomic tests and well-established ranges of normal values, which is not the case in children. The aim of the present study was (1) to introduce an ANS test battery, especially for children and adolescents; (2) to establish normative HRV parameters; and (3) to determine the impact of ANS tests on HRV parameters compared with baseline measurements. We investigated 100 healthy children and adolescents between 6 and 15 years old. We subdivided the investigated group into a group of children (5–11 years old) and adolescents (12–15 years old) and measured HRV by time and frequency domain parameters during baseline, rhythmic breathing, Valsalva test, active standing, tilt-table testing, and handgrip test. The normative HRV data are presented by means, SDs, medians, and percentiles. The results described refer to baseline values for each HRV parameter separately to demonstrate the influence of age on HRV parameters. The study results present not only first normative HRV data for an autonomic test battery especially adapted to children and adolescents, but they also quantify the autonomic changes induced by test procedures compared with baseline measurements.     

哮喘儿童心动周期信号混沌特征和功率谱分析

目的 研究哮喘儿童心动周期信号(HPS)的混沌特征和功率谱特征,探讨其混沌特征、谱特征在哮喘发作与缓解时的差别,分析其自主神经系统功能的变化。方法：采用儿童心动周期信号混沌特征分析系统,计算47例哮喘儿童和103例正常儿童HPS的混沌特征参数和谱特征参数。同时分析其中18例哮喘儿童发作期和缓解期上述指标的变化,并分析HPS的功率谱和动态谱。结果：47例哮喘儿童HPS的混沌特征参数中,相对分散度为 4.50±2.06,李氏指数为 3.17±1.26,混沌度为 26.34±13.78,均低于正常儿童［(7.29±1.62),(5.09±0.99),(51.08±17.32)］(P＜0.01或0.05＝;其HPS的谱特征参数［超低频带功率(PVV)为(320.61±372.28)ms2,低频带功率为(221.00±243.86)ms2,高频带功率为(224.38±327.51)ms2,超低频带相对功率为(42.84±18.47)%,高频带相对功率为(26.58±17.63)%,超低频带与高频带功率比为2.72±2.74,低频带与高频带功率比为1.79±1.58,总功率］为(827.44±933.22)ms2)与正常儿童比较,差异亦有显著性(P＜0.01或0.05＝。18例哮喘儿童缓解期上述各指标与发作期比较均有不同程度恢复,差异有显著性(P＜0.01或0.05＝。结论：哮喘儿童心脏状态的复杂性降低,自主神经系统对心脏的调控能力也相应降低,且以交感成分相对占优势。哮喘儿童发作期的自主神经功能紊乱可能是暂时的和可逆的。     

不同剂量生长激素治疗生长激素缺乏症患儿的疗效

目的探讨不同剂量生长激素治疗生长激素缺乏症(GHD)的疗效。方法GHD患儿35例分为2个治疗组。A组16例,rhGH每周的总剂量为0.5IU/kg,分5d皮下注射,每次注射剂量为0.1IU/kg;B组19例,rhGH总剂量为0.7IU/(kg.周),分7d皮下注射,每次注射剂量为0.1IU/kg。患儿均连续使用rhGH皮下注射最少6个月。观察指标为治疗前后身高增长速度、治疗前后实际年龄的身高均值标准差计分、胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)和胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-3(IGFBP-3)、治疗前后骨成熟情况(骨龄/实际年龄的变化)。结果治疗期间二组患儿身高均明显增加,生长速度均明显增快,身高均值标准差记分均明显升高,同一组患儿治疗前后差异有统计学意义。二组患儿治疗前后各指标比较无统计学差异。结论GHD儿童应用rhGH每周0.5IU/kg,与每周0.7IU/kg比较疗效相同。每周0.5IU/kg,可节省药物剂量,延长患儿用药时间,也减轻了患儿注射的痛苦。     

儿童复杂先天性心脏病肺动脉环缩术后二期手术时机的探讨

目的探讨儿童复杂先天性心脏病肺动脉环缩术后最佳二次手术时机,并对二期手术效果进行评价。方法2002年1月至2007年12月,本中心对32例儿童复杂先天性心脏病实施肺动脉环缩术。32例超声心动图估测环缩近远端压差平均为43.7±9.0mm Hg。22例实施二期手术患儿中,男18例,女4例,年龄15.5±21.9个月。二期手术前经皮血氧饱和度为82.7%±9.1%。术前肺动脉压力为19.5±6.5mm Hg。结果二期手术距第1次手术时间平均7.6±10.8个月（10d至40个月）。其中6例行大动脉调转术,8例行双向腔肺分流术,8例行其他双心室修补术。1例围术期死亡,5例发生围术期并发症。术后经皮平均血氧饱和度为92.0%±8.7%（76%～100%）。按二期手术方法分为单心室修补组、完全性大动脉转位组和双心室修补组,2次手术间隔时间分别为3.9±3.6个月、5.7±9.3个月和12.9±14.1个月。结论肺动脉环缩术后二期手术需根据原发病及进行肺动脉环缩的目的选择个体化二期手术方案和时机,以创造最佳手术条件,减轻肺动脉环缩姑息手术带来的并发症。